基于高分辨率遥感影像的矿山开发监测研究

矿产资源是一种不可再生的自然资源,传统的矿山监测方法已不再满足当今矿山发展的需要,遥感技术的发展为矿山的开发和管理提供了有力的技术支撑.文中以国土资源部整顿和规范矿产资源开发秩序的重点矿区——宜昌磷矿区为研究区,通过对QuickBird高分辨率遥感影像进行数据处理,分析矿山开发的标志地物并建立解译标志,将解译结果进行野外调查验证,得出该研究区矿山种类共有11类,优势矿种是磷矿,有221个开采点或开采面,其中界内开采159个,越界开采17个,无证开采28个,以采代探17个,停产或关闭76个.将解译结果和历年参考数据进行对比显示,宜昌磷矿区矿山开发秩序良好,矿山数量有所减少,但界外开采和以采代探的情况仍然存在,需要进一步加强对研究区矿山的监管,以保证矿山的可持续发展.     

基于高分辨率影像的矿山开发遥感调查与监测应用研究

本文以安徽省主要矿集区为研究区域,采用高分辨率Ikonos、Quickbird、Geoeye-1、Worldview-2、高分一号、高分二号、无人机遥感影像数据,通过图像的几何纠正、正射校正、增强和融合处理,结合野外调查和室内初步判读,对开发状况和勘探状况等信息建立解译标志,通过采矿权、探矿权数据与遥感影像进行叠加,实现对矿产资源开发利用状况、矿山环境调查与监测工作。结论:(1)在数据处理上,Pansharping融合方法在矿山开发地物的识别上较好,能够很好的保持图像的光谱、空间和纹理特征;(2)建立露天开采、地下开采与勘探的解译标志;(3)能够及时的识别越界开采、无证开采、以采代探、井工变露采和违法勘查等多种违规类型矿山;(4)能够满足1:1万矿山开发遥感调查与监测的要求。因此,采用高分辨率遥感数据能够及时、准确的监测到矿山的开发状况,为政府整顿矿山开发秩序、矿山地质环境恢复治理提供重要技术支撑和决策依据。     

遥感技术在安徽省重点矿区动态监测中的应用

针对重点区域矿产资源监测的局限性,以遥感技术为基础,根据遥感影像几何纠正、融合、镶嵌、信息提取等方法原理,选取2011-2014年SPOT、IKONOS影像为数据源,对安徽省重点矿山进行动态监测,建立重点矿山开发遥感动态监测技术体系及技术方法。结果表明:(1)安徽省2011年到2014年重点矿山合法开采比例呈现逐年上升趋势;(2)重点区域内主要违法开采矿种为非金属矿山,其中,开采建筑石料用灰岩的矿山最多。这些结论为制定重点区矿产资源规划、整顿矿产资源开发秩序、治理矿山地质环境、建立长效矿山监测监督管理机制等提供技术支撑和决策依据。     

锡林郭勒盟停产整顿149座矿山

锡林郭勒盟按照自治区人民政府《关于加强矿业生产管理、依法保护环境、保障民生的紧急通知》和锡林郭勒盟行署《关于进一步整顿和规范矿产资源开发秩序工作的紧急通知》要求,深入833个勘查项目和矿山企业进行了逐个排查。通过此次排查共发现无证开采26起,越界开采22起,以采代探9起;查出矿山违法用地5814公顷。共计违法违规总数94起,现场取缔6起,立案查处20起,关闭矿山19个。停产整顿矿山149个,注销探矿权14个,注销采矿权20个。对于因证照不全、破坏生态环境、存在安全隐患、影响群众正常生产生活的149个勘查项目和矿山进行停产整顿。     

浅谈内蒙古自治区矿山地质环境动态监测工作发展方向

内蒙古自治区矿产资源丰富,矿山开采类型多样,开采历史悠久,资源的开发利用对内蒙古自治区国民经济发展产生了巨大的推动作用,为我区的各项事业发展做出了重要贡献。但随着矿山开采规模不断扩大,也产生了许多矿山地质环境问题,致使矿山所在地的地质环境不断恶化,生态环境遭到了严重破坏,给矿区本身及周边居民的生产、生活环境造成了不良影响。国土资源主管部门为了加强矿山地质环境管理,促进全区矿产资源开发与环境保护协调发展,最大限度地减少因矿产开发所引发的地质环境问题,更好地保护和改善矿山地质环境,促进社会经济可持续发展。从2000年至今,出台了一系列关于矿山地质环境治理相关的政策措施及重点调查项目,并于2010年配合国土资源部启动了内蒙古自治区矿山地质环境动态监测上报机制。本文围绕内蒙古自治区矿山地质环境动态监测现状,浅谈未来我区矿山地质环境动态监测工作发展方向。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的矿山遥感监测解译标志研究

基于中国产高分辨率遥感影像(TH-1、ZY-102C、ZY-3、GF-1、GF-2、YG14、SJ9)及国外高分辨率遥感影像(P1、SPOT6)的数据特征和矿产资源开发状况(界内开采图斑、疑似违法图斑)、矿山开发占地(地下开采硐口、井口/露天开采面、中转场地、固体废弃物、矿山建筑物)、矿山地质灾害(崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷)、矿山环境恢复治理等矿山遥感监测的主要地物目标特征,全面系统地建立了矿山遥感监测的解译标志。总结讨论了因影像的分辨率、时相的不同而造成的解译精度差异及对最终结果造成的影响。     

贵州省务川县瓦厂坪铝土矿综合机械化开采应用分析

综合机械化开采铝土矿是通过探索使用煤矿开采工艺开采铝土矿所提出的大规模开采方法,贵州省务川县瓦厂坪铝土矿(山)采用综合机械化开采铝土矿在我国有色金属矿山中尚属首次应用,通过前期开采的情况来看,该工艺相对传统采矿方法有优势,也有弊端。优势主要体现在开采效率高、节省开采成本、安全保障程度高;劣势主要表现为受矿体附近小断层、岩溶、矿体厚度变化、顶底板岩层起伏、无矿天窗的影响,限制了该工艺采矿的连续性,增加了开采成本。笔者在系统分析限制综合机械化开采因素的基础上,结合矿体地质体征以及钻孔、井下开采揭露的地质现象,对后续生产勘探提出了合理建议,以便于发挥综合机械化开采铝土矿的优势,对综合机械化开采工艺在同类型铝土矿的开采应用中具有重要意义,也为务正道地区其他铝土矿山开采积累了宝贵经验。     

基于D-InSAR的煤矿区开采沉陷遥感监测技术分析

该文在综合分析国内外开采沉陷监测技术现状、合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)和差分干涉测量(D-In SAR)技术发展及其在地表沉陷监测中应用成果的基础上,分析了D-InSAR技术在煤矿开采沉陷变形监测中的特点与技术优势。指出:应用D-InSAR进行煤矿区开采沉陷监测的具体目标是矿区地表沉降演变过程分析、采区地表沉陷动态监测与分析和矿区DEM数据更新;亟须研究解决的关键技术问题有:源数据获取与选择、数据处理方法、地面配合措施、精度与可靠性评价、多源信息集成分析等。D-InSAR为煤矿区地表时空演变过程研究和开采沉陷实时动态监测提供了新的技术方法;作为"数字矿山"的重要内容,D-InSAR可以有效地指导矿区生产、整体规划与长远发展,并为矿区可持续发展服务。     

高精度卫星遥感技术在昆明市矿山地质灾害调查中的应用

以采矿活动较为活跃的昆明市为研究区,高精度卫星遥感影像为数据源,在3S技术的支持下,对昆明市的矿山地质灾害进行了遥感监测调查研究。通过ENVI5.1对遥感影像进行了预处理,建立了崩塌、滑坡、泥石流和地面塌陷矿山地质灾害的遥感解译标志,开展了昆明市矿山地质灾害遥感解译和野外调查工作。结果表明:研究区主要发育了崩塌、滑坡、泥石流和地面塌陷4类矿山地质灾害,以崩塌灾害为主;区内共解译了矿山地质灾害193处,野外调查验证了168处,遥感解译精度为87.05%;昆明市的矿山地质灾害主要分布在矿产资源极为丰富并且开发活动较为强烈的安宁市和东川区境内。     

预防非法开采矿产资源造成环境地质破坏工作存在问题及对策研究——以安徽省萧县地区建筑石料用灰岩矿为例

近年来由于经济发展的需求,安徽省萧县地区发生多处矿产资源被盗采、越界开采、超深开采的行为,具有点多、隐蔽性强、监测难的特点,并且破坏了当地的生态环境。本文以萧县地区建筑石料用灰岩矿盗采为例,调查了该地区建筑石料用灰岩矿的分布、非法开采现状情况、盗采活动频发的原因,提出了矿产资源环境地质保护的有效建议。     

Availability of Bauxite Reserves

Based upon a large database, this paper analyzes the record of bauxite mine production, exploration success, and resource depletion and evaluates the availability of bauxite reserves in the near future. The record clearly shows that for the past 50 years world bauxite production rose by an annual increase of over 5% while per capita consumption rose during the same period by about 4%. Time trends of the world bauxite reserve life index (RLI); that is, known world reserves of a given year divided by world production of the same year, are episodic and seem to follow bauxite price cycles. The present-day RLI indicates adequate bauxite supply for about 180 years and is the same as it was in 1950. However, if an annual growth rate of 5% is considered, the currently known reserves will be exhausted within the next 20 years and the reserve base will be adequate for not more than 25 years. This scenario is based, of course, on the unrealistic assumption that future exploration efforts fail to discover additional reserves. Evaluation of the quality, in terms of bauxite signatures, and quantity of presently known bauxite prospects that may be mined in future suggests that there is sufficient potential for adequate bauxite supply for the next 20 to 25 years at least. Bauxite signatures cover a wide range of values that allows selection of the most favorable bauxite prospects for future mining, both in economic as well as environmental terms. Although, there is the general believe that the world abundance of bauxite resources will ensure sufficient supply to meet future demands significant additional reserves have to be discovered if exponential growth rates continue. As the question of future bauxite supply is subject to economic and geologic principles one has to take into consideration that increasing exploration maturity in many mineral provinces will make it difficult to locate additional bauxite reserves and that decreasing real commodity prices will influence the level of investment in bauxite exploration.     

A multivariate statistical and geostatistical study on the geochemistry of allochtonous karst bauxite deposits in Hungary

A geochemical evaluation of the Szc-Halimba-Kisld area, Hungary, covering an area of more than 200 km² is presented using different statistical and geostatistical methods. The study area is a representative example of allochtonous karst bauxite accumulation. The three groups of deposits studied here have been explored and mined since 1950. Several thousand boreholes have been drilled, and bauxite cores were analyzed for the five main chemical components. A total of 80,000 pleces of analytical data were processed, followed by a geological examination of borehole logs and of mining excavations.The quantitative geochemical evaluation of the data set led to both geochemical and practical results: The geochemical behavior of the allochtonous, clastic karst bauxite deposits differs essentially from that of the autochtonous and parautochtonous ones, as well as that of the lateritic bauxite deposits. The deposits of the study area can be split into several subsequent geochemical-sedimentological units, each representing an event of bauxite transport and accumulation. Clear regional patterns can be revealed in the composition of these units. The geostatistically measured chemical variability of the geochemical units is rather different, the lowest units showing the smallest variability. The interrelations of the main chemical components are weaker and more irregular in the studied deposits than in the autochtonous lateritic bauxite deposits. Additional local genetic features, such as transport routes, can be delineated by the methods applied. Within each deposit, local changes of chemical composition and of its variability can be determined more precisely. These results can be used in bauxite prospecting and exploration, because areas of high or low bauxite quality can be predicted.     

Diverging Discourses on Bauxite Mining in Eastern India: Life-Supporting Hills for Adivasis or National Treasure Chests on Barren Lands?

This article identifies the two dominant discourses that attempt to explain socioenvironmental change from bauxite mining in Eastern India and compares them to empirical material from three proposed mining locations. The anti-mining “life-giving hills” discourse understands the bauxite-bearing hills as an essential part of a wider ecosystem that supports sustainable, indigenous communities. The pro-mining “treasure chest” discourse, on the other hand, sees barren, uninhabited hilltops with rich ore deposits possible to extract for the benefit of the nation without harming nearby forests or communities. It is found that both discourses hold universalizing aspirations not backed up by available evidence. The technical rationality of mining proponents create sweeping generalizations resulting in unmitigated socio-environmental change, while the eco-romanticist opposition fails to see how communities and environments are differentially affected by mining. Two untenable discourses at present underpin seemingly intractable conflict without addressing wider resource politics dominated by political and business elites.     

Spatial Prediction of Lateral Variability of a Laterite-Type Bauxite Horizon Using Ancillary Ground-Penetrating Radar Data

Tropical laterite-type bauxite deposits often pose a unique challenge for resource modelling and mine planning due to the extreme lateral variability at the base of the bauxite ore unit within the regolith profile. An economically viable drilling grid is often rather sparse for traditional prediction techniques to precisely account for the lateral variability in the lower contact of a bauxite ore unit. However, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) offers an inexpensive and rapid method for delineating laterite profiles by acquiring fine-scale data from the ground. These numerous data (secondary variable) can be merged with sparsely spaced borehole data (primary variable) through various statistical and geostatistical techniques, provided that there is a linear relation between the primary and secondary variables. Four prediction techniques, including standard linear regression, simple kriging with varying local means, co-located cokriging and kriging with an external drift, were used in this study to incorporate exhaustive GPR data in predictive estimation the base of a bauxite ore unit within a lateritic bauxite deposit in Australia. Cross-validation was used to assess the performance of each technique. The most robust estimates are produced using ordinary co-located cokriging in accordance with the cross-validation analysis. Comparison of the estimates against the actual mine floor indicates that the inclusion of ancillary GPR data substantially improves the quality of the estimates representing the bauxite base surface.     

辽中地区矿业城市生态承载力分析与预测

辽中地区矿业城市是我国重要的能源生产和重工业基地,研究其生态承载力状况并预测其发展趋势,有利于区域经济、生态协调发展。基于资源保障率、环境承载力和社会经济增长相统一的原则,运用系统动力学方法建立了辽中地区矿业城市生态承载力评价模型,评价了1997-2006年研究区生态承载力状况,预测了2006-2020年研究区生态承载力变化趋势。结果表明：1997-2006年,辽中地区矿业城市生态承载力总体处于超载状态,但发展趋势差别显著。鞍山生态承载力指数从1.686下降到1.301,年均下降2.56%,但仍处于超载状态;抚顺生态承载力指数从1.169下降到0.909,年均下降2.49%,生态承载力从超载变为盈余;本溪生态承载力指数从1.070上升到1.249,年均上升1.56%,超载程度不断加大。2006-2020年,辽中地区矿业城市生态承载力总体上处于超载程度加大的趋势,鞍山、抚顺和本溪生态承载力指数年均增长率分别达到0.89%、1.56%和1.81%。作为矿业城市,鞍山、抚顺和本溪需要优先保障水资源和能源的供需平衡,改善水环境质量,从而达到生态承载力的提高。     

基于SPOT-VGT NDVI的矿区植被遥感监测方法

以SPOT-VGT NDVI为遥感数据源,结合中国北方矿区环境特点,研究矿区植被和土地荒漠化的遥感监测方法,包括时间序列数据合成、植被变化趋势分析和土地荒漠化分级3方面.对每个像素的NDVI时间序列数据进行线性拟合,据直线斜率将NDVI变化程度分为7级;依据NDVI转换得到的植被覆盖度,将矿区土地荒漠化程度分为5级.以中国西北神东矿区为例,对该文提出的方法进行验证.     

基于MCR模型的南方稀土矿区生态安全格局分析

南方稀土矿区是世界上主要的离子型稀土矿生产基地，对当地乃至中国都带来了不可估量的经济价值，但是在追求稀土开采的经济效益的同时，由于采矿工艺的不足，产生了一系列环境问题，威胁矿区的生态安全。以赣州岭北稀土矿区为例，基于景观生态安全格局理论及最小累积阻力模型（Minimum Cumulative Resistance Model，MCR）方法，对矿区的生态源地、生态廊道、生态节点等进行判别与分析，构建了矿区2009、2013和2018年3个年份的景观生态安全格局。结果表明：① 稀土矿区的生态源地的斑块面积较小，主要集中于矿区的东西两侧。② 在选取年份期间，稀土矿区的生态源地面积、生态廊道、辐射通道及生态节点数量都在不断增加，表明在这9 a间，稀土矿区景观生态安全状况得到了一定的改善，但相关部门仍需对稀土矿区的生态安全格局进行进一步的规划和优化。     

神府煤田风沙区采煤塌陷对粒度成分特征的影响

为了研究采煤塌陷对地表环境的粒度成分(机械组成)影响作用与过程,通过野外调查和取样,以神府煤田风沙区采煤塌陷1年、塌陷2年的塌陷区和非塌陷区(对照)为研究对象,采用对比法系统地分析了采煤塌陷区粒度变化特征。结果表明:塌陷1年、塌陷2年塌陷区粒度组成以粗沙和中沙为主,占整个组成的65%以上,非塌陷区以中沙和细沙为主,约占80%;多变量方差分析表明,塌陷1年、塌陷2年塌陷区粒径变化无明显差异存在,而与非塌陷区粒径变化有显著差异;塌陷区沙粒起动风速随着平均粒径的增大,以对数函数增加,而风蚀量与平均粒径的关系则随着起动风速的增大,以指数函数增大。塌陷1年、塌陷2年塌陷区粒度分布曲线均为双峰态,峰值出现在0.54 mm和0.125 mm处,众数组出现在0.63~0.45 mm和0.1~0.065 mm,而非塌陷区粒度分布曲线为单峰,其极值出现在0.125处。塌陷区地表(0~10 cm)范围内细粒和极细粒基本被风带走,地表颗粒呈现粗化现象,潜在的可风蚀性程度加强。     

兖滕两淮地区采煤塌陷地的动态演变规律与综合整治

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