Life-cycle CO_2 Emissions and Their Driving Factors in Construction Sector in China

As the construction sector is a major energy consumer and thus a significant contributor of CO_2 emissions in China,it is important to consider carbon reduction in this industry.This study analyzed six life-cycle stages and calculated the life-cycle CO_2 emissions of the construction sector in 30 Chinese provincial jurisdictions to understand the disparity among them.Results show that building materials production was the key stage for carbon reduction in the construction sector,followed by the building operation stage.External variables,e.g.,economic growth,industrial structure,urbanization,price fluctuation,and marketization,were significantly correlated with the emission intensity of the construction sector.Specifically,economic growth exhibited an inverted U-shaped relation with CO_2 emissions per capita and per area during the period examined.Secondary industry and land urbanization were negatively correlated with CO_2 emission intensity indicators from the construction sector,whereas tertiary industry and urbanization were positively correlated.Price indices and marketization had negative effects on CO_2 emission intensity.The policy implications of our findings are that cleaner technologies should be encouraged for cement providers,and green purchasing rules for the construction sector should also be established.Pricing tools(e.g.,resource taxes)could help to adjust the demand for raw materials and energy.     

IMPACT OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION ON VEGETATION ALONGSIDE QINGHAI-XIZANG HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY

Based on the field investigation in August 2001 and August 2002, digital China Vegetation Map in 2001 and Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet) Plateau Vegetation Regionalization Map in 1996, vegetation characteristics along two sides of Qinghai-Xizang highway and railway are studied in this paper. Meanwhile, the impact of Qinghai-Xizang highway and railway constructions on the vegetation types are analyzed using ARCVIEW. ARC/1NFO and PATCH ANALYSIS. It was found that: 1) Qinghai-Xizang highway and railway span 9 latitudes, 12 longitudes and 6 physical geographic regions (East Qinghai and Qilian mountain steppe region, Qaidam mountain desert region,South Qinghai-Xizang alpine meadow steppe region. Qiangtang alpine steppe region, Golog-Nagqu alpine shrubmeadow region and South Xizang mountain shrub steppe region); 2) the construction of Qinghai-Xizang highway and railway destroyed natural vegetation and landscape, especially in 50m-wide buffer regions along both sides of the roads, it was estimated that the net primary productivity deceased by about 30 504.62t/a and the gross biomass deceased by 432 919.25-1 436 104.3t. The losing primary productivity accounted for 5.70% of the annual primary productivity within lkm-wide buffer regions (535 005.07-535 740.11t/a), and only 0.80%-0.89% of that within 10km-wide buffer regions (3 408 950.45-3 810 480.92t/a). The losing gross biomass was about 9.47%-17.06% of the gross biomass within lkm-wide buffer regions (7 502 971.85-25 488 342.71t), and only 1.47%-2.94% of that within 10km-wide buffer regions (43 615 065.35-164 150 665.37t).     

基于AHP法的鲁中某高铁岩溶塌陷易发性评价

鲁中地区隐伏岩溶广泛分布,多年来岩溶塌陷灾害频发,给区内高速铁路的勘察、施工与运营管理带来了较多困难。本文以泰安东地区某拟建高速铁路为研究对象,在对线路穿越段地质构造、水文地质条件、岩溶塌陷发育现状总结分析的基础上,选取了8项岩溶塌陷影响因子作为评价指标,并运用AHP法计算了各评价指标的权重,构建了有针对性的评价指标体系,结合GIS空间分析方法进行了岩溶塌陷易发性评价。结果表明：研究区易发性高区面积约11.0km²,占比37.6%,易发性中等区面积约9.6km²,占比32.9%,易发性低区面积约7.8km²,占比26.8%,需在高速铁路建设过程中有针对性地采取进一步的防治工程措施。本研究成果可为高铁线路方案的确定及工程处理提供地质依据,也可为同类覆盖型岩溶区高速铁路工程的规划建设与防灾减灾管理提供参考。     

基于时序InSAR的京津高铁北京段地面沉降监测

京津高铁是中国第一条高速运行的城际铁路,其安全运行对轨道的平顺性有着严格的要求。地面沉降,尤其是不均匀地面沉降会引起部分路基和桥梁变形,威胁着高速铁路的运营安全。合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术可以大范围监测地表形变,对高速铁路沿线地面沉降具有较好的监测能力。本文以45景高分辨率TerraSAR-X 数据为基础,采用 PS-InSAR技术监测京津高铁北京段沿线地面沉降,获取京津高铁北京段沿线地面沉降的分布信息,从动静载荷视角结合北京地区地下水、断裂带、地质条件和含水层系统介质等数据,综合分析高铁沿线不均匀地面沉降的原因,为京津高铁的安全运营提供技术支撑。研究结果表明：京津高铁北京段沿线地面沉降发展在空间上存在一定差异性,北京南站至十里河区间,年沉降速率小于10 mm/a; 至十八里店区间,年沉降速率在10~40 mm/a范围内浮动;过亦庄站至东石村以东区间,最大年沉降速率达到90 mm/a;至永隆村以西,年沉降有所缓解,往东至坨堤村,沉降较为稳定,年沉降速率小于10 mm/a。地下水超采是沿线区域地面沉降的主要因素,动静载荷共同作用下对地面沉降产生一定的影响,沿线地面沉降一定程度上受到南苑—通县断裂带和旧宫断裂带构造控制,沉降量较大的路段位于粘土层较厚的大兴迭隆起。     

Effects of Environmental Conditions and Aboveground Biomass on CO_2 Budget in Phragmites australis Wetland of Jiaozhou Bay,China

Estuarial saline wetlands have been recognized as a vital role in CO_2 cycling.However,insufficient attention has been paid to estimating CO_2 fluxes from estuarial saline wetlands.In this study,the static chamber-gas chromatography(GC) method was used to quantify CO_2 budget of an estuarial saline reed(Phragmites australis) wetland in Jiaozhou Bay in Qingdao City of Shandong Province,China during the reed growing season(May to October) in 2014.The CO_2 budget study involved net ecosystem CO_2 exchange(NEE),ecosystem respiration(Reco) and gross primary production(GPP).Temporal variation in CO_2 budget and the impact of air/soil temperature,illumination intensity and aboveground biomass exerted on CO_2 budget were analyzed.Results indicated that the wetland was acting as a net sink of 1129.16 g/m~2 during the entire growing season.Moreover,the values of Reco and GPP were 1744.89 g/m~2 and 2874.05 g/m~2,respectively;the ratio of Reco and GPP was 0.61.Diurnal and monthly patterns of CO_2 budget varied significantly during the study period.Reco showed exponential relationships with air temperature and soil temperature at 5 cm,10 cm,20 cm depths,and soil temperature at 5 cm depth was the most crucial influence factor among them.Meanwhile,temperature sensitivity(Q10) of Reco was negatively correlated with soil temperature.Light and temperature exerted strong controls over NEE and GPP.Aboveground biomass over the whole growing season showed non-linear relationships with CO_2 budget,while those during the early and peak growing season showed significant linear relationships with CO_2 budget.This research provides valuable reference for CO_2 exchange in estuarial saline wetland ecosystem.     

Balancing Carbon Emission Reductions and Social Economic Development for Sustainable Development: Experience from 24 Countries

The impact of human carbon emissions on climate has generated widespread global concern. We selected 24 countries as research objects and analysed the changes in carbon emissions in different countries between the establishment of emission reduction actions in 1990 and 2014. Then, we selected 19 factors representing four categories(economy, population, technology and energy) to explore the key factors that led to changes in carbon dioxide(CO_2) emissions in different countries. Emission reduction actions since 1990 did not lead to marked improvements, and only five countries(Russia, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy and France) achieved reductions in carbon emissions. The factors that influenced CO_2 emissions varied among countries. In most developing countries, reductions in CO_2 emissions were caused by reductions in poverty and inherent natural conditions. Moreover, the extent of influence of a given factor on CO_2 emissions differed among countries. The global economic crisis may cause similar fluctuations in CO_2 emissions in many countries. Adjustments to energy and industrial structures are the main reason for the reduction in carbon emissions, whereas economic growth and urbanization are the two major contributors to the growth of carbon emissions. According to historical carbon emissions data, a green energy revolution must be implemented to address global climate change and ensure the sustainable development of human societies.     

济南新火车东站及轨道交通建设对济南白泉泉群的影响分析

近年来,随着经济的快速发展和城市的大规模建设,济南市的泉水保护与经济建设产生了一些矛盾。根据规划,济南市拟在白泉泉域的周边建设济南新火车东站、地下轨道交通等项目,项目建设将会对白泉泉群的喷涌产生影响,根据野外实际调查成果,从白泉泉群的补、径、排角度分析了项目建设对泉群产生的影响,提出在保护泉群的前提下进行新火车站及轨道交通建设的合理化建议。     

泰安市岩溶塌陷形成的地质环境背景及其与影响因素的关系

泰安市岩溶塌陷集中分布在泰山火车站南侧以旧镇铁路三角区为中心的城区岩溶水源地、牟汶河畔的旧县岩溶水源地、东西羊娄村3个塌陷分布区。岩溶塌陷经历了发生→发展→高峰→衰减的历程。该文概述了泰安市岩溶塌陷发育历史与现状及其危害,形成的地质环境背景,阐述了岩溶塌陷与岩土体类型、地质构造、大气降水、人类对岩溶地下水开采活动等影响因素的关系。     

济南市环境水文地质现状及保泉问题

泉城济南的城市供水是石灰岩岩溶地下水,每天的开采量达80万米~3。由于超量开采,造成了水位下降,泉水断流,水质污染的局面,泉城受到了“水荒”的威胁。本文根据多年监测资料,叙述了济南地区环境水文地质现状,并提出了保护泉水的措施。     

ANALYSIS ON THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION VARIATION CHARACTERISTIC OF URBAN HEAT ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND ITS MECHANISM——A Case Study of Hangzhou City

Urban heat environmental quality(UHEQ) is affected by the interacting of weather condition and underlying surface framework of urban area .In the last two decades,many researchers from domestic and overseas have studied many problems at the aspect of urban heat environment such as urban heat islands ,urban air temperature and their rela-tion with urban land cover,city population,air pollution etc,In the recent years,Hangzhou,acting as a center city of Zhejiang Province in China,its urbanization quantum and quantity have both changed greatly,in particular ,representing as business affairs building,resident real property and all kins of specialty market having arisen in built-up zone,Based on Landsat TM images data in 1991 and 1999,urban underlying surface temperature value and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were calculated using image interpreting and supervised classification technique by remote sensing software ERDAS image 8.4,The relation model between urban underlying surface temperature (UUST )and urban air temperature was setup according to the certain correlation patten .Reference to the relational standard of assessing human comfort and other meteorology data of Hangzhou City in summer,the spatial distribution characteristic and the spatial varia-tion degree of human comfort of heat environmental quality are estimated and mapped on a middle scale,that is ,in six districts of Hangzhou City .Then the paper reveals the main characteristic of spatial variation from 1991 to 1999.Lastly,the change mechanism is analyzed and discussed from the viewpoint of city planning,construction and environmental protec-tion.     

伊宁至阿克苏铁路那拉提山越岭段关键性工程地质问题遥感解译与分析

伊宁至阿克苏铁路由北至南需2次翻越天山, 北侧那拉提山越岭段自然气候恶劣、地质环境复杂, 线路方案的设计、选择明显受地质条件的约束, 前期选线勘测需要彻底摸清区内各类地质问题。在分析区域地质构造背景的基础上, 采用高分二号、Landsat8卫星影像和航空高分辨率影像等多源数据, 对区内存在的恰普河中游及巩乃斯镇东滑坡群、近EW-NEE向地震活动断裂带、巩乃斯河上游危岩落石区等关键地质问题开展了详细的解译分析, 结合现场调查, 对其发育位置、规模、形态、稳定性等进行了评价, 为外业工程地质勘察、线路方案比选提供了可靠的基础资料, 充分发挥了遥感技术在复杂山区铁路勘察中的指导作用。      

基于TCP-InSAR的采动区铁路动态沉降监测与时序分析

为高效获取采动区长时间序列形变，监控煤炭开采对矿区铁路的影响，研究一种基于TCP-InSAR(temporarily coherent point interferometric synthetic aperture radar)的采动区铁路形变监测方法。该方法根据时间序列SAR影像间的相干性，选取临时相干点构建Delaunay三角网，并通过离群值探测去除具有相位模糊度的TCP间的弧段，最后采用最小二乘解算得到区域地表变形。实验使用2016-10~2017-04时间段内的15景Sentinel-1A数据，利用TCP-InSAR技术获得某矿区的铁路形变。结果表明，受采动影响，该时间段内铁路最大下沉值为95 mm，最大倾斜坡度为0.37‰。利用TCP-InSAR技术可实现采动区内铁路长时间的动态形变监测。     

冻土路基微动探测方法应用探讨

以哈尔滨某高铁路基勘探为例,采用空间自相关方法提取微动信号频散特征,获取地下150 m介质的横波速度结构及分层特征。结果表明,微动方法可穿透冻土区较厚的覆盖层探测基岩面,且分层界面与钻孔资料一致。该方法施工便利、适用性强,结合钻探资料可精确刻画地下地质层位分布,减少钻探工作量,节约经济成本,具有较高的应用价值和科学意义。     

基于遥感和GIS的哈尔滨城区热岛效应研究

本文利用遥感和GIS技术对LandsatETM 热红外遥感数据进行处理,反演市区的地面亮温,并进行正规化处理和等级划分,研究城市热岛的时空变化规律和温度场的空间分布规律,揭示城市热岛效应空间格局。通过对哈尔滨市区热岛效应分析,可以确定城区内热岛效应的分布及监测城市化进程,为城市热环境质量评价和热源调查提供准确、丰富的信息。     

铁路交通用地GIS分析制图--以金华-温州线为例

随着我国土地产权制度的建设和不断完善,铁路、公路等线路用地的土地登记工作越来越多,而线路用地不同于常规的土地登记,探讨此类用地的土地登记实践,具有重要的现实意义。本文以金温铁路为例,在对铁路用地具有连续性、整体性及地籍调查界址数据形式多样等特点分析的基础上,应用GIS,通过面向对象的编程实现界址点数据精确上图,建立登记发证的图形数据库,并应用其制图功能和丰富的空间分析与统计分析功能,制定出金华-温州铁路(简称金温铁路)用地发证图件制作的技术流程,完成土地登记制图。     

G317线汶川至马尔康段公路崩塌滑坡灾害危险性评估

为减少公路工程建设项目和地质灾害之间的相互影响,工程建设之前必须对工程建设用地存在的地质灾害进行评估。结合国道317线汶川至马尔康段公路改建工程的特点,对工程遭受或工程建设可能诱发加剧的滑坡和崩塌灾害发生的可能性作了分析,并提出相应的防治对策,为拟改建的公路建设提供指导性建议。     

基于多源数据的长江经济带内河港口区位优势度评估

内河港口是内河航运纽带的重要节点,评估内河港口的区位优势度对长江经济带港口基础设施建设等具有重要意义。以2021年长江沿岸内河港口为研究对象,采用多源数据,结合长江内河港口辐射范围内的3个指标并对原模型进行改进,结合AHP-EWM模型计算长江经济带长江沿岸28个港口的区位优势度,研究结果显示：① 除重庆和武汉以外,江苏省以外的其他省份港口辐射范围内交通网络密度都比较低;从交通干线影响度来看,分布比较均衡且数值较为相近;而城市经济影响力的空间分布较为无序;② 根据区位优势度的高低以及空间分布得出长江经济带货运港口空间格局为“三中心,一组团”的空间格局;③ 将内河港口按长江岸线所属省份进行划分后发现：江西省3个港口区位优势度差异最小,但其优势度也整体偏低;安徽省与江西省类似;江苏省整体优势度较高且差异小,湖北省的优势度差异最大,表明存在基础设施建设不均衡等问题且亟需改善。研究成果可对长江经济带内各个港口范围内基础设施建设、道路交通规划、港口选址等方面提供指导性意见帮助打通铁路、高等级公路进港“最后一公里”。     

京津冀都市圈城乡建设用地空间扩张特征分析

本文采用1990、2000、2006 年3 期多源影像数据、基础地理数据、DEM数据、社会经济统计数据及其他相关资料, 采用遥感信息提取GIS 空间分析及土地科学相关模型等综合研究方法, 首次提取近20 多年来京津冀都市圈城乡建设用地的空间信息(误差在10%以内), 并分析了城乡建设用地变化的幅度、速度、空间增长格局及其相关性。结果表明, 京津冀都市圈城乡建设用地总面积持续增加, 1990-2006 年, 建设用地年平均变化率为2.81%;建设用地年变化速率较大的地区是唐山、保定、石家庄, 大于全区平均变化率。京津冀都市圈城镇用地空间增长格局中, 70%左右的新增城镇用地分布在城中心40km范围内, 80%以上的新增建设用地集中在高速公路沿线20km范围内, 并且新增城镇用地呈现沿城市中心、高速公路向外扩张的趋势。城乡建设用地增长具有较为明显的集聚特征。它们为京津冀地区土地利用规划及生态环境研究提供一定的科学数据和决策借鉴。     

Spatial Impact of High-speed Railway on the Urban Scale:An Empirical Analysis from Northeast China

The emergence of rapid transit, primarily represented by high-speed railway(HSR), while reshaping the regional traffic patterns, leads to the reconstruction and redistribution of population and industry. This leads to either shrinkage or expansion of urban scale. However, research on the influence mechanisms of the urban scale has mostly concentrated on historical, economic and social factors. The influence of traffic factors is rarely mentioned in current research. Therefore, this study examines Northeast China, where the change in urban scale is most significant, to discuss the spatial impact of high-speed railway on the urban scale. This is of great significance in terms of enriching current understanding of the factors affecting the urban scale. The results included the following: 1) The high-speed railway produced considerable space-time convergence effects, however, simultaneously aggravated the imbalance in traffic development in Northeast China. The increase in accessibility presents attenuation characteristics from the high-speed railway. Additionally, the high-speed railway has changed the mode of cooperation between cities in the provinces, inter-regional and inter-provincial cooperation models gradually become popular. 2) The change rate of accessibility and the urban scale present significant spatial coupling phenomena, with the change rate of the Harbin-Dalian trunk lines and its surroundings being more significant. 3) There are predominantly four modes of the influence of high-speed railway on the urban scale, which make difference city present expansion or shrinkage.     

近20年京津唐地区不透水面变化的遥感监测

不透水面是衡量城市化程度的重要指标之一,对京津唐城市群的不透水面进行深入研究,可以量化城市群扩张过程及其影响,对该区域多城市协调发展及规划布局具有重要意义。本文结合高分辨遥感影像、生长季及落叶季的Landsat TM遥感影像和夜间灯光数据等,采用分类和回归树（Classification and rRegression Tree, CART）算法,构建了适于京津唐地区不透水面盖度提取的技术方案,获取了京津唐地区1995-2016年共5期地表不透水面盖度专题信息,并分析了地表不透水面的时空演变规律,结论为：① 适于京津唐地区不透水面盖度提取的CART算法的最佳输入变量组合为：生长季和落叶季的Landsat TM图像以及对应的夜间灯光数据;其次为生长季Landsat TM遥感图像和夜间灯光数据组合方案。利用该组合方案,ISP估算输出结果的交叉验证精度R值可以达到约0.85,可以满足地表不透水面纵向对比分析的需要。② 从地表不透水面总面积数量值来看,1995-2016年京津唐主体城市区域整体上呈增长趋势,其中2011-2016年地表不透水面积增加愈加明显;③ 从地表不透水面盖度值的高低来看,1995-2016年京津唐中、高盖度不透水面的占比都是在不断增长的,低盖度不透水面占比存在少量下降现象,且京、津、唐3城市的主体城区各阶段变化差异较大,反映出了各城市扩张具有各自不同的时空演变特征。