利用砂岩中波痕的特征估算沉积环境的物理参数--以宣化地区长城系下部石英砂岩为例

从20 世纪70 年代开始，沉积学步入了定量和半定量的阶段，欧洲学者在20 世纪80 年代对阿尔卑斯地区海相沉积和英国的设得兰地区的陆相沉积的波痕构造作了大量的开创性工作，建立了一系列的数学表达规律。本文利用了他们的研究成果，在宣化地区长城系下部石英砂岩中进行了应用研究。结果表明，处于特殊沉积环境下的石英砂岩A、B、C 的环境物理参数有规律地变化，石英砂岩A!石英砂岩B!石英砂岩C，水质点的运动速度由大到小，再由小变大；运动周期（T）由长变短，又由短变长；水深由深至浅，又由浅至深；波浪的高度由大变小；又由小变大；水体的能量由大到小，又由小到大。计算结果与实际观察较吻合。结合粒度分析，三层石英砂岩中砂质颗粒在水体中主要作跳跃运动，其次是跳跃运动与悬浮运动的转换运动，部分质点作悬浮运动，反映了水体浅，能量较高。     

鄂东地区上泥盆统五通组砂岩沉积相及其古地理特征

对鄂东地区上泥盆统五通组砂岩的成因，一直存在河流相和滨海相的不同认识。野外研究和室内分析表明：该组主要为一套成熟度较好纯净的石英砂岩和含海绿石石英砂岩。概率累积曲线斜率较大，以跳跃组分为主，悬浮组分和滚动组分含量低，有的砂岩跳跃组分具两段式，粒度参数属于分选好的滨海砂范围。微相和粒度分析都表明其具有明显的高能碎屑海岸的滨海沉积特征。砂岩中发育大型冲洗交错层理、大型不对称浪成波痕、不规则的坑凹面等典型的海滩沉积构造。纵向上为临滨下部一临滨上部一临滨下部一临滨上部一前滨一后滨沉积特征，上部为一个完整的退积型海滩沉积序列。区域古地理分析反映下扬子的鄂东地区晚泥盆世时期处于滨浅海环境，其北部可能与秦岭古海洋相通。     

青海赛多浦岗日地区雀莫错组粒度特征及沉积环境

在羌塘盆地北部赛多浦岗日地区,侏罗纪雁石坪群下部雀莫错组有大面积的出露,岩性主要为一套碎屑岩夹碳酸盐岩。其下、上段的岩石薄片鉴定为砂岩及粉砂岩。雀莫错组上下段的粒度分析均反映岩石组分由跳跃组分和悬浮组分构成,并且跳跃组分总体的含量占主导地位,反映样品的分选较好。最终认为雀莫错组的沉积环境总体是三角洲相,以三角洲前缘相的砂岩、粉砂岩沉积为主,砂岩类型主要为细粒岩屑砂岩、长石砂岩、石英砂岩等;其中下段是三角洲前缘相靠近前三角洲的部分,上段是三角洲前缘相靠近三角洲平原相的部分。     

宁夏香山群徐家圈组发现深水复合流沉积构造

宁夏香山群徐家圈组是由灰绿、黄绿色轻微变质中—细粒砂岩、钙质砂岩及粉砂岩和页岩(板岩)组成的深水沉积。在上部灰绿色页岩所夹的中层钙质粉砂岩中发现了复合流层理、准平行层理、不对称小型丘状交错层理;在下部灰绿色厚层—块状中—细粒长石石英砂岩的顶面发现了小型波痕,波痕的形态、波长与波高的分布规律均表现出复合流(combined-flow)的沉积特征。本文根据水槽实验和现代海洋沉积观测所总结出的复合流底床相图和前人在研究地层中较浅海浊流(超重流)与波浪所形成的复合流沉积时给出的复合流沉积示意图,分别对徐家圈组所发现的①小型2D波痕至小型3D波痕的演化和②复合流层理、平行层理、准平行层理和小型丘状交错层理的叠置关系及其纹层所反映的流动方向与沉积时浊流方向的关系,进行了解释。结果表明,所发现的复合流层理、准平行层理、不对称小型丘状交错层理及小型波痕应为复合流沉积,并依据徐家圈组存在内波、内潮汐沉积的事实,推测为深水短周期内波与浊流形成的复合流沉积。这可能是地层中深水复合流沉积构造的首次发现,同时也是内波与浊流形成的复合流沉积的首次发现。     

宁夏香山群徐家圈组波痕特征及成因分析

宁夏香山群为一套遭受轻微区域变质的砂岩、页岩、石灰岩和硅岩,可分为徐家圈组、狼嘴子组和磨盘井组。徐家圈组为深海斜坡沉积,狼嘴子组和磨盘井组为深海平原沉积。在宁夏中卫大柳树沟和下石棚的徐家圈组下部发现波痕,波长分别为13～15 cm和8～12.5 cm,波高分别为约2 cm和1.1～2 cm。波痕所在岩层底部和下伏岩层见槽模,波痕上覆岩层中见交错层理。通过对波痕、槽模、交错层理进行野外资料的采集,对古流向进行了分析。大柳树沟的波痕、槽模、交错层理反映古流向分别为SSE向、SSE向和NE向;而在下石棚地区分别为NW向、SSW向和SWW向。本文用复合流模式分析了波痕的成因,并对槽模、波痕、交错层理组成的沉积构造组合的形成过程进行了阐述。     

辽宁兴城地区中元古界长城系大红峪组石英砂岩质砾岩古沉积环境研究

通过对辽宁兴城地区中元古界长城系大红峪组底部的石英砂岩质砾岩的野外调研、砾石颗粒统计分析,在显微镜下分别对砾石的砂岩和填隙物的砂岩进行了岩相学研究、粒度统计分析等研究工作,结果显示砾石粒径大小为5 mm～420 mm,组成砾石的砂岩主要为细粒砂岩和粉砂岩,其中石英碎屑颗粒以跳跃方式搬运为主;填隙物砂岩的石英碎屑颗粒包括悬浮、跳跃、滚动形式搬运的3个次总体,其概率累积曲线研究显示代表性填隙物砂岩的各项参数为:平均粒径Mz=2.3、标准偏差σ1=0.83、偏度Sk1=-0.06、尖度KG=1.025、粒度参数Y=-5.585.因此认为:构成砾石的石英砂岩其沉积环境为滨浅海环境中的前滨与后滨亚相;填隙物的石英砂岩形成于滨岸带,属无障壁海岸相中的海岸沙丘亚相沉积;石英砂岩质砾岩的形成环境为冀鲁古陆边缘与胶辽边缘海交界处.此砾岩层的出现证实本区在大红峪早期发生过一次构造抬升.     

贺兰山地区中元古代微生物席成因构造

贺兰山中段中元古界黄旗口组石英砂岩中发现丰富的微生物席成因构造（MISS）,包括由微生物席生长、破坏和腐烂过程形成的3种类型、9种不同形态的构造;与华北大红峪组发现的同类构造在成因类型与多样性方面具有很强的可对比性。砂岩中发育双向交错层理、冲洗层理、高角度单斜层理系和波痕,泥质粉砂岩夹层中发育波痕与泥裂,表明微生物席主要发育于潮间带上部至潮上带下部环境。MISS构造在华北地台长城系下部砂岩中的广泛存在表明在16 Ga前以蓝细菌为主的微生物群在环潮坪碎屑环境也很活跃,可能代表了微生物由海洋向陆地环境发展的过渡阶段。具光合作用功能的制氧蓝细菌的蓬勃发展可能是引发中元古代海洋化学条件发生转变、含氧量增高的重要原因,并为真核生物及宏观藻类的兴起创造了条件。研究表明,黄旗口组与华北大红峪组大致同时,反映了Columbia超大陆裂解期华北地台开始拉伸—张裂、缓慢沉降的构造古地理背景。     

一种新的波痕类型——涡流波痕

笔者在研究现代沉积时,在我国舟山群岛的现代海滨沙滩上发现了一种前人未曾报道的新波痕类型,实录了其形态,分析了其成因,取名为涡流波痕。涡流波痕形态奇特,若干列波痕呈放射状排列;单列波痕中段呈弧形前凸。将沉积构造与水动力相联系是国际上尚处于研究早期的沉积动力学的主要内容。流体动力学中有一种水质点绕轴作旋转     

贺兰山地区中元古代微生物席成因构造

贺兰山中段中元古界黄旗口组石英砂岩中发现丰富的微生物席成因构造(MISS),包括由微生物席生长、破坏和腐烂过程形成的3种类型、9种不同形态的构造;与华北大红峪组发现的同类构造在成因类型与多样性方面具有很强的可对比性.砂岩中发育双向交错层理、冲洗层理、高角度单斜层理系和波痕,泥质粉砂岩夹层中发育波痕与泥裂,表明微生物席主要发育于潮间带上部至潮上带下部环境.MISS构造在华北地台长城系下部砂岩中的广泛存在表明在1.6 Ga前以蓝细菌为主的微生物群在环潮坪碎屑环境也很活跃.可能代表了微生物由海洋向陆地环境发展的过渡阶段.具光合作用功能的制氧蓝细菌的蓬勃发展可能是引发中元古代海洋化学条件发生转变、含氧量增高的重要原因,并为真核生物及宏观藻类的兴起创造了条件.研究表明,黄旗口组与华北大红峪组大致同时,反映了Columbia超大陆裂解期华北地台开始拉伸-张裂、缓慢沉降的构造古地理背景.     

安徽巢北地区五通组沉积环境分析

下扬子地区广泛发育泥盆系五通组地层, 因为处于海侵初期, 地层中陆相和海相特征共存, 导致对该组沉积环境认识上的分歧;安徽巢北地区泥盆系五通组为一套厚层砂岩夹泥岩组合, 其沉积环境和沉积特征一直不清。为此, 在前人研究成果和野外剖面实测基础上, 采用沉积学、地层学等方法, 结合室内磨片和粒度分析方法, 对其厚层砂岩段进行了详细分析, 研究发现巢湖地区五通组形成于海相沉积环境, 即具滚动组分和跳跃组分组成的多段式的后滨-前滨, 跳跃组分和悬浮组分组成的两段式的前滨-上临滨, 有跳跃组分和悬浮组分组成的两段式的沙泥混合坪, 结合沉积序列特点和沉积特征, 最终确定五通组的观山段下部为滨岸相的后滨-前滨的砾石海滩沉积, 观山段上部为滨岸相的前滨-上临滨的砂质海滩沉积, 擂鼓台段下部为滨岸相的混合坪粉砂岩泥岩沉积, 擂鼓台段中部为滨岸相的泥坪、海湾、滨岸沼泽沉积间有前滨的砂质海滩沉积, 擂鼓台段上部为滨岸相的含铁质的混合坪沉积。该文不仅具有理论价值, 也具有一定的教学示范作用。     

Thin section and S.E.M. textural criteria for the recognition of cement-dissolution porosity in sandstones

Cement-porosity relationships are described from the Lower Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group and the Middle Jurassic Ravenscar Group in the United Kingdom. Calcite cemented sandstones display a variety of replacement textures, with preferential replacement of grains and of overgrowth faces with high free-surface energy. Dolomite and siderite cemented sandstones display similar textures but replacement is less specific and euhedral overgrowth surfaces are commonly embayed by carbonates. Examination of the more porous sandstones with the scanning electron microscope reveals a range of pitting and embayment textures in authigenic overgrowths and in detrital grains. These range from small ‘v’-shaped notches and pits, through regular and irregular shaped embayments, into large depressions. These textures appear to be morphologically similar to the quartz surfaces seen in thin sections of carbonate cemented sandstones, and are interpreted to have been formed by the dissolution of pore-filling and grain replacive authigenic carbonates. This is confirmed by examination of experimentally exhumed overgrowth surfaces from carbonate cemented sandstones. These textures indicate that part of the intergranular porosity in these sediments is secondary in origin, and has been generated by the dissolution of carbonate cements. The identification of such textures may lead to a more confident interpretation of the nature of intergranular porosity in the subsurface.     

Influence of eolian processes on Precambrian sandstones of the Godavari valley,South India

The shallow marine Precambrian Pakhal sandstones (Middle Proterozoic, about 1400 Ma) of the Godavari valley are composed of first-cycle terrigenous grains derived from the crystalline Basement Complex. The sandstones include a large number of rounded and well rounded grains of quartz and feldspar. The rounded grains, without exception, occur in intimate association with angular grains. The sandstones are also characterised by several other types of textural inversions.Relative effectiveness of several processes with regard to the development of roundness of the Pakhal sands has been considered. Simple sedimentary differentiation fails to explain the high degree of roundness of the first-cycle sands. Solutions rich in organic matter cannot be considered effective in rounding Proterozoic sands. Chemical action is inconsistent with the presence of fresh grains of feldspar. Beach processes also fail to explain the presence of large numbers of feldspar grains. The roundness of these sands is best explained by eolian processes, that can effectively round grains of quartz as well as feldspar.The textural inversions of the Pakhal sandstones can be attributed neither to mixing of sands derived from multiple sources nor to mixing of materials coming from different environments. They possibly resulted from mixing of sands with contrasting mechanisms of transport, viz., eolian and aqueous, in a common area of sedimentation.Eolian transport and abrasion processes probably played a more significant role during the time of Pakhal sedimentation than at present, because of the absence of protective vegetation in Proterozoic time.     

藏南早白垩世火山岩屑砂岩对印度大陆北缘火山事件的约束

藏南古错地区早白垩世以出现一套火山岩屑砂岩为特征。通过系统的岩石学、地球化学及物源区综合分析表明,砂岩中的火山岩岩屑来源于同期的印度大陆北缘的板内火山作用。侏罗纪晚期,砂岩物源来自于稳定的被动大陆边缘,早白垩世Barremian期砂岩物源来自于被动大陆边缘和火山弧的双重供应,随地层变新火山物质的输入逐渐增加,至Albian早期达到顶峰。随后,火山物质输入终止,砂岩基本消失,取而代之的是一套黑色页岩。古错砂岩物源区的变化反映了印度大陆北缘在早白垩世存在一次强烈的板内火山作用,可能与印度大陆与澳大利亚大陆、南极大陆的裂解有关。     

早期碳酸盐胶结作用对砂岩孔隙演化的影响——以塔里木盆地满加尔凹陷志留系砂岩为例

塔里木盆地满加尔凹陷志留系砂岩为无障壁的潮坪、滨岸及辫状河三角洲沉积的岩屑砂岩和岩屑质石英砂岩,对满北和满东、满南地区志留系砂岩成岩作用序次尤其是碳酸盐胶结的时间、方式和特征、物性的对比研究认为:砂岩中碳酸盐胶结的时间早晚对砂岩孔隙演化具有重要影响,满北地区志留系砂岩发育有大量早期泥晶碳酸盐胶结,显微镜下研究表明这种胶结作用发生在岩石受到充分压实之前,呈基底式胶结,岩石颗粒呈点接触或漂浮状分布于早期碳酸盐胶结物之中,这种胶结作用抑制了岩石后期的压实作用。尽管目前其埋藏达5 000～6 500 m,但其经历的压实作用并不强烈,粒间发育大量早期的碳酸盐胶结物,后来这些胶结物被溶蚀,形成了大量次生孔隙。而在满东和满南地区的志留系砂岩,碳酸盐胶结发生在岩石经过充分压实之后,晚期的碳酸盐胶结物仅分布于岩石经充分压实后的粒间孔隙中,含量较前者低,后期可供溶蚀的碳酸盐比前者少,因而溶蚀形成的次生孔隙有限。因此,尽管满东满南地区志留系埋藏比满北浅（3 700～5 000 m）,碳酸盐胶结物含量也低,也发育晚期碳酸盐胶结物的溶蚀,但岩石的压实作用比满北强,物性比满北低差。这主要与碳酸盐胶结的早晚有关,早期碳酸盐胶结对孔隙演化具有明显控制作用,有利于岩石孔隙的保存,为后来的溶蚀形成次生孔隙提供了条件。     

西秦岭岷县地区红层砂岩成因分析

岷县西江盆地红层地层为上白垩统磨沟组,这套地层底部为一套紫红色厚块状砾岩,砾岩上部为厚度巨大的红层砂岩。本文试图通过对这套砂岩的研究,揭示其成因背景,对恢复晚白垩世西秦岭岷县地区古地理具有重要意义。根据岷县地区红层砂岩良好出露剖面测绘和取样资料,从沉积序列特征、粒度特征、石英颗粒表面特征方面对其成因进行分析。研究表明,这套砂岩厚度大,岩层中发育薄砾石层与干河床沉积物夹层,薄砾石层中砾石具沙漠漆等特征。粒径相对集中,缺乏粉砂和粘土组分,以中砂、细砂、极细砂组分为主。石英颗粒磨圆度好,表面发育碟形和新月形坑、溶蚀坑、硅质薄膜等典型特征。综合各种特征,认为这套砂岩为干热气候环境下风沙活动的产物。     

Stress effects on the relative permeabilities of tight sandstones

This note deals with the study of stress-sensitive relative permeability experimentally observed in low permeable sandstones. These sandstones are made up of quartz grains surrounded by permeable interfaces between grains and pores. A micromechanical model of relative permeability behaviour under loading highlights the role of the closure of interfaces. Morphological models adapted to permeable sandstones show conversely that the relative permeabilities do not depend on the loading.     

彭阳油田延长组长3段砂岩储层质量控制因素研究

彭阳油田位于鄂尔多斯盆地西南部,其上三叠统延长组长3段砂岩已发现商业油流,但是对其储层砂岩质量控制因素仍然缺乏了解。本文根据钻井、测井、岩心观察、铸体薄片、扫描电镜与岩心物性资料,研究了长3段层序格架与沉积相、砂岩成分与成岩作用特征及其对长3段砂岩储层质量的影响。长3段砂岩为发育在高位体系域早期的具有加积-进积准层序组特征的小型辫状河三角洲平原分流河道沉积,砂体孤立而不连续,成岩环境流体循环不畅而相对封闭,不利于早成岩期酸性大气水的普遍淋滤。长3段砂岩以长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑砂岩为主。高岩屑和长石含量使砂岩在早期成岩压实中损失了大量粒间孔,高白云岩岩屑含量促进了埋藏成岩期间硬石膏与铁白云石的大量胶结,进一步减少了粒间孔隙。三角洲平原环境促进了早期成岩过程中颗粒蒙脱石包膜的形成,并在埋藏成岩过程中转换为绿泥石包膜或伊利石,尤其是绿泥石包膜抑制了石英增生,使粒间孔得以保存。早成岩期的酸性大气水与埋藏成岩期的有机酸对长石、云母或岩屑的溶蚀对砂岩储层质量的贡献相对有限。长3段砂岩孔隙以残余粒间孔为主,这暗示长3段砂岩在晚三叠世末期剥蚀与侏罗纪末期-新生代的抬升（降低了长3段压实程度）以及埋藏成岩过程中绿泥石颗粒包膜的形成是长3段砂岩孔隙保存的最重要因素。成岩作用促进了长3段孤立砂体的致密化,加剧了该砂岩储层预测难度。     

Effect of cutting depth and line spacing on the cuttability behavior of sandstones by conical picks

Various types of conical picks in different shapes are produced and widely employed on mechanical excavators. Depending on the mechanical and abrasivity properties of rocks, appropriate shape of pick is selected. In order to obtain maximum efficiency from the pick during excavation, the interaction between the pick and rock and the cutting mechanism play very important role. In this context, linear cutting tests were conducted by using a conical pick at the cutting depths between 3 and 18 mm and also at the various line spacings on sandstones exhibiting different mechanical properties. The results indicated that cutting depth and line spacing have significant influences on the tool forces acting on the pick, the ratio of normal to cutting force, and the specific energy. Accordingly, strong correlations and empirical models were developed. In conclusion, the empirical models proposed for estimating the forces and specific energy would be used for producing the conical bits and also designing the cutter heads of mechanical excavators on soft and medium-hard strength sandstones.     

Detrital carbonate grains as provenance indicators in the Upper Cretaceous Pietraforte Formation (northern Apennines)

The Upper Cretaceous Pietraforte Formation, an allochthonous unit of the Ligurian domain in the northern Apennines, provides a case study of the importance of detrital carbonate grains for provenance determination in sandstones. The Pietraforte Formation is composed of turbidite sandstones with subordinate conglomerate, deposited in an external sector of the Ligurian ocean, close to the Adriatic margin. The sandstones have a lithic composition, characterized by abundant sedimentary and metasedimentary rock fragments (35–56% of the terrigenous framework), little feldspar (<7%) that is almost exclusively plagioclase, and a high ratio of fine- to coarse-grained polycrystalline quartzose grains to total quartzose grains (average Q_p/Q_t=0.37). Carbonate rock fragments dominate the lithic association of both sandstones and conglomerates and provide the most detailed information for provenance determination. They are composed primarily of dolostones and a wide variety of limestones containing identifiable age-diagnostic microfossils. Fossils and rock textures of carbonate clasts document the erosion of Upper Triassic to Lower Cretaceous shelf and pelagic carbonate units which can be matched with Mesozoic rock types present in the Tuscan domain of the northern Apennines. Compositional results constrain the source of the Pietraforte Formation sandstones to the western margin of the Adriatic plate, from uplifted sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks of the Tuscan domain and its low-grade metamorphic basement. Coeval intrabasinal sources provided additional supplies to the depositional basin of the Pietraforte Formation; this intrabasinal supply consists of shelf carbonate allochems, planktonic foraminifera and argillaceous rip-up clasts. The presence of carbonate grains from shallow-water environments may indicate the existence during deposition of marginal shelf areas favourable for carbonate allochem production.