洪泽湖风生流数值模拟

湖流是湖泊中污染物质扩散，悬浮物沉降及输移等的主要水动力学要素，造成湖水运动的成因机制很复杂，其中风生流是重要形式，本文通过构造一个二维闭边界数值模拟，对不同风情下的洪泽湖湖流流态进行模拟研究，探讨其入流较小，沿岩各闸关闭的枯季情况下的风生流特征。     

定常风场和吞吐流对乌梁素海流场的影响

风场和吞吐流是浅水湖泊运动的主要驱动力,影响着湖区污染物的迁移转化.基于二维非结构网格,构建了乌梁素海水动力模型.通过对比定常风作用下湖流的方向、环流的分布及形式与无风条件下的区别,模拟不同算例吞吐流作用下湖区流速及环流结构的差异,探究了定常风和吞吐流对乌梁素海流场的影响.结果表明:乌梁素海在无风条件下出现大面积的滞流...     

峡山湖沙坝的现代沉积

以现代沉积考察为基础,结合粒度分析资料,对湖泊中沙坝的沉积特征进行了详细的探讨。研究认为峡山湖沙坝微相分为坝前、坝主体、坝后3个沉积单元。坝前受湖浪作用明显,沉积物以湖浪作用形成的浪成沙和冲洗沙为主,发育滩脊和席状沙沉积体。坝主体沉积物以厚度较大、受湖水及风改造明显的中细沙为主,可进一步细分为坝-滩复合体和坝-沙丘复合体。坝后受坝主体阻隔,丰水期为局限湖湾沉积,枯水期发育沼泽沉积。湖泊中沙坝的形成是在滨浅湖环境中水动力和岸线、地貌等因素的影响下,受湖浪、湖流以及暴露环境下风的改造等共同作用的结果,湖浪所派生的沿岸流对沙坝的演化起着至关重要的作用;丰水期沙坝体接受湖水动力的改造,枯水期沙坝体接受风的改造。     

湖泊水库湖流模拟系统

在系统研究湖泊、水库各项水动力影响因素的基础上,建立了湖流模拟系统,其中包括水流叠加波浪后波流的共同作用、波浪剩余动量流、风作用剪应力、风吹流以及悬移质扩散分布等。数值模拟中还采用了几种处理技术,并对ADI法进行了双向双步扫描改进。在引滦入津输水工程中的于桥水库湖流计算预报的应用表明,计算结果与现场实测吻合良好,具有计算精度高、收敛快、稳定性好、通用性强等优点。     

我国湖泊水温状况的初步研究

湖泊温度状况,是引起湖水各种理化过程和动力现象的主要因素,是湖泊生物界最重要的环境条件,也是影响生物的新陈代谢和物质分解、决定湖泊生物生产量的重要指标。一、水温的垂直分布由于湖水的增温与冷却的作用,使湖泊水温沿垂线方向呈现一定的变化。我国湖泊湖水温度随深度的变化而变化,因位置、水深及面积大小的不同,而有着     

吞吐流量对湖泊流场结构影响的数值试验

本文利用EcoTaihu三维生态模型中的三维水动力学模型,开展了典型背景风场、多个吞吐流量条件下的湖流数值试验,分析比较流场达到稳定状态时。沿垂直方向平均流场随吞吐流量大小的变化特征。结果表明:随着吞吐流量的增加,湖泊垂向平均流场逐渐由受风生流控制转变成受吞吐流场控制,在此转变过程中存在临界吞吐流量值。当吞吐流量大小超过该值时,流场结构发生明显的改变,湖泊内小尺度的环流先消失,规模最大的环流最后消失;环流中流向和吞吐流流向一致的区域流速得到加强.而与吞吐流流向相反或差异较大的区域.流速先减小,后增加。风向和风速是影响临界吞吐流量值大小的主要因素。本文的研究结果对认识湖泊流场特征和了解物质在湖泊内的输移扩散具有重要意义,为合理规划引调水、准确预测水质、重建健康生态湖泊提供基础科学依据。     

湖泊水文学的发展及趋势

一、我国历代对湖泊的利用与研究 湖泊水文学是以湖水为研究对象,研究湖水的来源与去路、湖水的理化性质及湖水中各种水文现象的发生、发展过程及其内在联系,以及湖泊资源的控制和利用的学科。在古代,湖泊水文学尚未形成一门独立的学科,而湖泊学的发展,则是     

湖相沉积中粒屑灰岩分布区的动力学预测

动力学预测,可指出厚层粒屑灰岩分布的根据,大多数粒屑灰岩是内源异化颗粒经过古湖泊中风浪及湖流的搬运、分选和再分配的结果,厚层粒屑灰岩主要发育于湖水动能由强转弱的突变区,主要分布在多砂水系入湖区以外,岸线平直的湖盆四角、岸线曲折的湖盆湾口,岛屿的近陆一侧,水下隆起的顶部及斜坡上的凹折带.曾对济阳坳陷第三系厚层粒屑灰岩分布区作了预测,并己为钻探所证实.     

云贵高原湖泊沉积物─水界面碱度扩散通量研究

于1991-1995年间5次在云贵高原泸沽湖、洱海湖和贵州阿哈湖、百花湖的湖心采集沉积物柱芯、界面水和湖水样品，通过其pH值和HCO-3浓度剖面及界面碱度扩散通量的研究，首次定量评估高原湖泊界面扩散作用上覆水体碱度的影响程度。研究结果表明，云贵高原某些湖水寄宿时间相对较长、湖水深度相对小的湖泊，界面扩散作用是水体碱度的重要来源之一;湖水寄宿时间较短、深度较小的湖泊，界面扩散对上覆水体的影响可以忽略不计。     

琵琶湖南湖、太湖的一个多层水动力学数值模式

一、引言近年来,在物理湖泊学研究中,为探讨湖泊水动力学过程形成的物理机制,预测各种水文气象条件,包括极端条件作用下形成的水动力学过程,研究者们常采用数值模拟的研究方法。它也是湖泊中污染物扩散、泥沙冲淤、水质变化等的数值研究的重要基础。太湖及日本琵琶湖南湖均属浅水湖泊。关于琵琶湖已做了大量研究工作。通过大量观测分析、物理模型模拟和数值研究,已基本弄清了琵琶湖北湖冬季和夏季环流的特征及其形成机制。但对琵琶湖南湖湖流的数值研究开展得较少。目前,为了建立南湖透明     

风速变化对竹湖流场结构影响的数值试验

利用EcoTaihu生态模型中的压缩坐标系下三维水动力学子模型,对4种吞吐流量（换水周期分别为36d、7．2d、3．6d、35h）,东、西、南、北风向,不同风速的风场作用下的浅水湖泊进行了数值模拟,分析比较了不同风速作用下湖泊分层流场及垂向平均流场结构的差异。结果表明,随着风速的增大,湖泊垂向平均流场逐渐由受吞吐流控制转变成受风生流场控制;在此转变过程中存在着临界风速值,当风速大小超过该值时,流场结构发生明显的改变;风向和吞吐流量是影响临界风速值大小的主要因素。风速变化对稳定状态的湖泊表层、次表层流场有较大影响,而对底层和次底层影响不大。在水深水平变化较大的区域,垂直平均流场结构对风速变化的响应较为敏感,易形成环流,浅水区垂向平均流向和风向一致,深水区则和风向相反;水深变化较小的水域,流场结构对风速变化的响应则较为迟钝。     

Modeling drift currents in a shallow basin with allowance for variations in tangential stresses induced by wind waves

A coupling model for calculating wind-driven currents and waves in a shallow basin with allowance for current-wave interactions is introduced. The model is constructed on the basis of the three-dimensional σ-coordinate model of currents [3] and the SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) spectral wave model [4]. The effect of waves on currents is taken into account in the coefficients of surface and bottom friction through roughness parameters. Results of combined modeling of stationary fields of currents and waves generated by spatially homogeneous wind are correlated with the corresponding results of separate modeling for a cylindrical basin of constant depth and the water area of Lake Donuzlav (the northwestern coast of the Crimea). The allowance for the effect of waves during calculation of tangential wind stresses in the model of currents is shown to be among major factors intensifying water circulation and forming spatial inhomogeneities of the vortex type. In addition, some cases of local decreases in tangential wind stresses are revealed; they appear when the lake is penetrated from the side of the open sea by relatively long waves, which significantly decrease the roughness of the water surface.     

天津港主航道连续观测点潮流和余流特征分析

基于天津港主航道连续观测点31 d的实测海流资料,利用调和分析对主航道潮流和余流特征进行研究,同时结合同步风速资料研究风对表层余流的影响。结果表明:(1)航道附近属于弱流海区,表层平均流速为31.4 cm/s,流速总体上由表至底逐渐减小,流速方向大致集中在NW—SE向。(2)观测海域潮流以正规半日往复潮占主导,优势分潮为M₂,浅水分潮较为显著,涨潮流流速大于落潮流流速。(3)观测期间表层平均余流流速为2.8~13.8 cm/s,随着深度增加余流流速逐渐减小,方向大多为NW向。该站表层余流受风的影响显著,东南风将使余流方向偏向西北。     

基于高频地波雷达的多时间尺度海流研究

近海海流受多种动力过程及岸线岛屿的作用呈现空间和时间尺度上的复杂变化,而地波雷达由于其探测面积广、时间分辨率高的特点成为研究这些变化的有效手段。本文利用舟山海域多年高频地波雷达资料,通过潮流调和分析、低通滤波和相关性分析对该海域海流潮周期、极端事件、季节、年际尺度的动力过程进行了解译。研究表明,舟山海域属于正规半日潮,潮流运动形式以顺时针旋转流为主,流速大小在空间上为东北方向较大,往西南方向逐渐减小,并在近岸处得到增强。余流的年际变化并不显著,但存在着明显的季节变化,例如冬季为南向流,流速减小,空间分布上近岸较外海大,而夏季与之反向,为北向流,流速较大,空间分布较为均匀。进一步分析了风与余流之间的相关性,在大风期间,风与余流的速度相关系数在0.48～0.90之间,方向相关系数在0.55～0.68之间。极端事件发生时,速度、方向的相关系数分别高达0.92与0.91。总体而言,通过分析高频地波雷达数据能够较好地反映舟山海域海流的时空特征,为海洋灾害监测和污染物、藻华的输运研究提供依据。     

东海沿岸海区垂直环流及其温盐结构动力过程研究I．环流的基本特征

利用三维斜压流体动力学模型 ,通过对东海沿岸海区冬、夏季的斜压环流及其温盐结构的数值研究 ,揭示研究海区垂直环流及其温盐结构的动力过程及其成因。垂直环流的模拟结果表明 :冬季 ,沿岸海区的垂直环流以逆时针流动 ,近表层为向岸流 ,沿岸为下降流 ,近表层以下为离岸流 ,其在外海有明显的上升趋势 ,沿岸下降流自表层至底层逐渐由强变弱 ;夏季 ,沿岸海区的垂直环流以顺时针流动 ,近表层以下为向岸流 ,沿岸为上升流 ,近表层为离岸流 ,其在外海有明显的下降趋势 ,沿岸上升流自底层至表层逐渐由弱变强。就整个沿岸海区而论 ,冬季沿岸下降流和夏季沿岸上升流的强度都随着岸界地形坡度、风速及风向与岸线偏角的变化而变化。沿岸下降流形成的主要原因是由于冬季东北风与岸界地形的耦合效应及海区温盐分布不均匀所致 ,而沿岸上升流形成的主要原因则是由于夏季西南风与岸界地形的耦合效应及海区温盐分布不均匀所致。     

锦州港潮流悬沙淤积模型试验研究

本文首先分析了锦州湾的自然条件，明确了风浪掀沙和潮流输沙是引起港池和航道淤积的主要原因并得到了海水含沙量与风、浪、潮的定量关系，为确定模型中应施放的特征含沙值提供了依据。文中首次将窦国仁全沙模型相似理论应用于海湾潮流泥沙模型并取得了成功。验证试验表明，模型中潮位、潮流速、流向、含沙最分布，淤积强度分布，淤积量和淤沙粒径级配等均与原型基本一致。利用此泥沙模型对锦州港各期工程方案的淤积量和淤积强度分布进行了预报并对今后港口扩建工程布置提出了建议。     

Simulation of the Seasonal Variability of Hydrothermodynamical Fields in Lake Kinneret

We discuss the results of a numerical experiment devoted to the investigation of the variability of the three-dimensional fields of temperature and current velocity brought about by the seasonal variability of external factors: solar radiation, atmospheric fields, discharge of the river Jordan, and water intake for economic necessities. We use a multilayer model in isopycnic coordinates with an upper mixed layer. We set atmospheric factors in the form of monthly average fields that are uniform over space and linearly interpolated in time. We compare the computed fields of heat flux and evaporation through the lake surface, level, temperature, and currents with data of observations. We note a qualitative agreement of temperature fields during the whole year and current velocities in winter when the lake is, in fact, barotropic. In summer when the lake is stratified, currents in the model turn out to be weaker than in observations.     

Modelling of a medium-term dynamics in a shallow tidal sea, based on combined physical and neural network methods

The paper presents an approach towards a medium-term (decades) modelling of water levels and currents in a shallow tidal sea by means of combined hydrodynamic and neural network models. The two-dimensional version of the hydrodynamic model Delft3D, forced with realistic water level and wind fields, is used to produce a two-year-database of water levels and currents in the study area. The linear principal component analysis (PCA) of the results is performed to reveal dominating spatial patterns in the analyzed dataset and to significantly reduce the dimensionality of the data. It is shown that only a few principal components (PCs) are necessary to reconstruct the data with high accuracy (over 95% of the original variance). Feed-forward neural networks are set up and trained to effectively simulate the leading PCs based on water level and wind speed and direction time series in a single, arbitrarily chosen point in the study area. Assuming that the spatial modes resulting from the PCA are ‘universally’ applicable to the data from time periods not modelled with Delft3D, the trained neural networks can be used to very effectively and reliably simulate temporal and spatial variability of water levels and currents in the study area. The approach is shown to be able to accurately reproduce statistical distribution of water levels and currents in various locations inside the study area and thus can be viewed as a reliable complementary tool e.g., for computationally expensive hydrodynamic modelling. Finally, a detailed analysis of the leading PCs is performed to estimate the role of tidal forcing and wind (including its seasonal and annual variability) in shaping the water level and current climate in the study area.     

Analysis of the influence of water exchange through the Kerch Strait on the surge processes and currents in the Azov Sea

We present the results of numerical modeling of the influence of water exchange through the Kerch Strait on the stationary motions in the Azov Sea. We use a three-dimensional nonlinear numerical model to perform the analysis of extreme deviations of the sea level and the surface and deep-water currents depending on the direction and velocity of constant wind with and without regard for the water exchange through the strait. It is shown that the influence of water exchange with the Black Sea leads to the increase in the maximum deviations of the sea level and the velocities of stationary currents. Thus, in particular, it is shown that, for a wind velocity of 10 m/sec, the maximum values of the surge and current velocities in the presence of the strait are higher than in the absence of the strait by 36 and 42%, respectively. In this case, the highest current velocities are induced by the south wind.