鄱阳湖湖流特性分析与研究

根据1962—1983年大量观测资料研究表明,鄱阳湖湖流主要有吞吐流和风生流,因江湖关系而导致吞吐流呈顺畅型、倒灌型和顶托型分布。其时程变化规律是日变化小,年内呈马鞍型变化,年际变化显著且呈周期性。面上分布不均衡,湖流大小的顺序是湖口水道、五河入湖区、主湖区、湖湾区。垂直分布,顺畅型接近对数曲线,倒灌型和顶托型复杂多变。低水河相,流速大,流向规则稳定;高水湖相,流速小,流向紊乱多变。风生流对吞吐流的影响有显著的风向效应和水位高低、湖面宽窄的差异。     

东太湖风生流套网格模式模拟

根据１９８４年８月水位、１９９３年９月湖流资料，通过建立太湖风生流模式，并在此基础上采用数值嵌套技术，设计太湖风生流套风格模式，对不同风情下的东太湖风生流进行模拟研究，结果表明：湖区风场了东太湖风生流的流型及流向，对峙方位风场形成的风生流流向几乎相反，稳定风生流流态表现为湖中若干环流区和沿岸流的有机结合风场作用初期，风生流流各与湖区风向近乎一致。偏ＮＷ风向作用，西太湖湖水流水流入东太湖，并在东太湖     

贡湖及其相关水域风生流模拟研究

在太湖风生流的数值模拟研究的基础上，设计模拟贡湖及其相关水域风生流的套网格数值模式。应用该模式研究不同风情下，梅梁湖，太湖主体湖水对贡湖的影响。     

北部湾三维风生流及密度流模拟

将Casulli差分格式引入三维物理海洋模型计算，模拟了北部湾风生流及密度流。模拟结果表明，夏季西南季风在北部湾导致一个顺时针环流，夏季海水密度梯度导致一个逆时针方向的环流，密度流明显强于风生流；冬季东北寒潮导致一个逆时针环流。模拟结果不支持北部湾夏季为一顺时针环流、冬季为逆时针环流的传统结论，而支持终年为逆时针环流的观点。     

南海北部冬季和夏季逆风流机制初探──Ⅰ．季风逆风流诊断方程及其诊断判据

通过简化原始运动方程，得到南海北部季风逆风流诊断方程，对季风逆风流诊断方程进行必要的数学处理后，导出南海北部产生季风逆风流的必要条件和诊断判据；指出南海北部季风逆风流由风生直接逆风流与风生间接逆风流叠加而成，风生间接过风流由风生间接正压地转逆风流与风生间接斜压地转逆风流组成，还导出风致巴士海峡以东的黑潮水影响季风逆风流的判据，在合适的风向及适当的摩擦系数情况下，黑潮水可成为间接逆风流的热源。并首次提出风生直接逆风流、风生间接逆风流、正压逆风流、斜压逆风流、风生间接正压地转逆风流和风生间接斜压地转逆风流概念。     

北部湾三维风生及密度流模拟

将Casulli差分格式引入三维物理海洋模型计算,模拟了北部湾风生流及密度流.模拟结果表明,夏季西南季风在北部湾导致一个顺时针环流,夏季海水密度梯度导致一个逆时针方向的环流,密度流明显强于风生流;冬季东北寒潮导致一个逆时针环流.模拟结果不支持北部湾夏季为一顺时针环流、冬季为逆时针环流的传统结论,而支持终年为逆时针环流的观点.     

南海北部冬季和夏季逆风流机制初探：I.季风逆风流诊断方程及其诊断判据

通过简化原始运动方程，得到南海北部季风逆风流诊断方程，对季风逆风流诊断方程进行必要的数学处理后，导出南海北部产生季风产风流和必要条件和诊断判据；指出南海北部季风逆风流由风生直接逆风流与风生间接逆风流叠加而成，风生间接逆风流由风生间接正压地转逆风流与风生间斜压地转逆风流组成，还导出风致巴士海峡以东的黑潮水影响季风逆风流的判据，在合适的风向及适当的摩擦系数情况下，黑潮水可成为间接逆风流的热源，并首次提     

太湖大浦口湖区湖流特征分析

湖流是造成湖泊污染扩散,泥沙起动与输移等过程的主要动力学因素。构成湖水运动的物理机制很杂。风将其部分能量传给湖水,湖水在湖盆形态因素制约下,在吸收风能的同时,产生摩擦流。在派生力场,水位压力梯度场的作用下,形成风波流及补偿流。另外,由于湖水定振振荡而引起的波流也是重要形式。湖泊中以密度流和吞吐流形式存在的流场一般较弱。本文所分析的湖流,实为各种形式湖流的合成流。     

渤、黄海风生流场季节循环时空模态与变异

根据1978—2015年渤、黄海沿岸观测风应力场与二维非线性垂直平均风生流模式，以及旋转经验正交函数（REOF）、调和分析等方法，研究了渤、黄海月平均风生流速度势、流函数场季节循环时空模态与年际变异.渤、黄海月平均风生流速度势、流函数场主要有两种时空模态，季节周期分量是时空模态的主要分量.由于风应力场季节循环变异，渤海流函数场季节时空循环变异程度大于速度势场，速度势、流函数场第二模态是季节变异的主要分量，黄海速度势场季节时空循环变异程度大于流函数场，速度势场第二模态是季节变异的主要分量.由于月平均风应力场强度年际变化显著线性减弱，渤、黄海季节平均风生流场强度年际变化也显著减弱.渤、黄海暖流与冷水团季节生消是风生流水平环流与垂直对流对冷 暖水体输送与汇集共同作用的结果，渤、黄海春、夏季辐合上升环流延缓及减弱了浅层暖水向深层传播，是春、夏季冷水团与温跃层形成的重要动力因素，因此，速度势是研究渤、黄海风生流场十分重要的因素.冬季渤海中部、黄海东部反气旋型及辐散下沉环流与黄海中部气旋型环流、辐合上升环流是黄海暖流季节转换与强度的主要动力控制因素，夏季黄海东部气旋型环流、辐合上升环流与黄海中部反气旋型环流、辐散下沉环流是黄海冷水团季节转换与强度的主要动力控制因素.     

POM模式边界条件的数值试验及其在环台湾岛海域风生流模拟中的应用

通过一个数值试验，对运用POM模式做风生流模拟时边界条件的选取方案做了初步的讨论。试验表明，POM“外模式”采用辐射边条件、“内模式”采用辐射方案的改进形式是一种可行的方法：如果用水位作为控制条件，也可以使用辐射边条件。文章同时给出了环台湾岛海域冬、夏风季生流的模拟结果。     

Modelling the circulation and exchange of Kingston Basin and Lake Ontario with FVCOM

An unstructured grid, finite-volume, 3-dimensional primitive equation, sigma-coordinate terrain following ocean model (FVCOM) has been applied to Lake Ontario to investigate its monthly climatological circulation with a focus on Kingston Basin. Kingston Basin, in the northeastern end of Lake Ontario, sits between the main body of the lake and the outflowing St. Lawrence River and is adjacent to the Bay of Quinte Area of Concern designated by the International Joint Commission. The focus of this study is to use the unstructured model FVCOM to model the mean circulation in the Basin. Results showed that the FVCOM model can take up to 3 years to spin-up from rest for a wind-forced, almost fully enclosed lake model. The model accurately reproduced the current flow field within the main body of the lake and compared favourably to the flow field observed during the International Field Year for the Great Lakes (IFYGL) in Kingston Basin. Transport streamfunction results show that the structure of the flow into Kingston Basin from the main body of the lake changes throughout the year.     

吞吐流量对湖泊流场结构影响的数值试验

本文利用EcoTaihu三维生态模型中的三维水动力学模型,开展了典型背景风场、多个吞吐流量条件下的湖流数值试验,分析比较流场达到稳定状态时。沿垂直方向平均流场随吞吐流量大小的变化特征。结果表明:随着吞吐流量的增加,湖泊垂向平均流场逐渐由受风生流控制转变成受吞吐流场控制,在此转变过程中存在临界吞吐流量值。当吞吐流量大小超过该值时,流场结构发生明显的改变,湖泊内小尺度的环流先消失,规模最大的环流最后消失;环流中流向和吞吐流流向一致的区域流速得到加强.而与吞吐流流向相反或差异较大的区域.流速先减小,后增加。风向和风速是影响临界吞吐流量值大小的主要因素。本文的研究结果对认识湖泊流场特征和了解物质在湖泊内的输移扩散具有重要意义,为合理规划引调水、准确预测水质、重建健康生态湖泊提供基础科学依据。     

Simulation of the Seasonal Variability of Hydrothermodynamical Fields in Lake Kinneret

We discuss the results of a numerical experiment devoted to the investigation of the variability of the three-dimensional fields of temperature and current velocity brought about by the seasonal variability of external factors: solar radiation, atmospheric fields, discharge of the river Jordan, and water intake for economic necessities. We use a multilayer model in isopycnic coordinates with an upper mixed layer. We set atmospheric factors in the form of monthly average fields that are uniform over space and linearly interpolated in time. We compare the computed fields of heat flux and evaporation through the lake surface, level, temperature, and currents with data of observations. We note a qualitative agreement of temperature fields during the whole year and current velocities in winter when the lake is, in fact, barotropic. In summer when the lake is stratified, currents in the model turn out to be weaker than in observations.     

Development of the current induced by the topographic heat accumulation (I)

Some numerical experiments were made to examine the possibility of large anticlockwise circulation at Lake Biwa in summer caused by horizontally uniform heat flux across the lake surface. Flow is induced by the “topographic heat accumulation effect” due to the non-uniform water depth. To evaluate this flow, an axisymmetric model basin is used. Dependence of the magnitude of velocity on the horizontal and vertical Ekman numbers is also investigated. If the heating continues as long as the vertical diffusion time, fairly large velocity is created indicating a possibility that this is the origin of the lake current.     

Study on the currents in Lake Biwa (II)

Some numerical experiments are made using a linear barotropic model of Lake Biwa to investigate the current induced by the spatially uniform wind stress. Concerning the phenomena whose time scale is longer than the inertial period, we integrate the non-divergent vorticity equation.It is found that the topographic curl of the wind stress which comes from the bottom topography and the wind stress induces circular currents and that the current, generated by the wind, attenuates gradually accompanying the topographic Rossby wave whose period is about 9 half-pendulum days in Lake Biwa. This mechanism of the barotropic response of the lake water to the wind will explain well the unsteady lake current in Lake Biwa in winter.     

风速变化对竹湖流场结构影响的数值试验

利用EcoTaihu生态模型中的压缩坐标系下三维水动力学子模型，对4种吞吐流量（换水周期分别为36d、7．2d、3．6d、35h），东、西、南、北风向，不同风速的风场作用下的浅水湖泊进行了数值模拟，分析比较了不同风速作用下湖泊分层流场及垂向平均流场结构的差异。结果表明，随着风速的增大，湖泊垂向平均流场逐渐由受吞吐流控制转变成受风生流场控制；在此转变过程中存在着临界风速值，当风速大小超过该值时，流场结构发生明显的改变；风向和吞吐流量是影响临界风速值大小的主要因素。风速变化对稳定状态的湖泊表层、次表层流场有较大影响，而对底层和次底层影响不大。在水深水平变化较大的区域，垂直平均流场结构对风速变化的响应较为敏感，易形成环流，浅水区垂向平均流向和风向一致，深水区则和风向相反；水深变化较小的水域，流场结构对风速变化的响应则较为迟钝。     

Field calibration of a formula for entrance mixing of river inflows to lakes: Lake Taupo,North Island,New Zealand

Field measurements were used to validate predictions for the initial dilution of negatively buoyant, cold‐water inflows to Lake Taupo, as part of a study to quantify mixing processes associated with the two largest inflows to the lake. The predictions were made using a formulation originally derived for positively buoyant, warm‐water inflows to cooling ponds. The formulation predicts the total dilution of an inflow during its inertia‐dominated phase between its entrance to the lake and the point where buoyancy forces are great enough to cause the inflow to plunge and form a submerged density current. In one of the measured inflows, the inflowing jet was free to entrain from both sides; in the other, entrainment was restricted on one side by attachment of the inflowing jet to the shoreline of a bay just upstream of the plunge point. In the former example, the unmodified coefficients from the cooling pond formulation provided an excellent prediction of initial dilution. In the latter example, entrainment was reduced and different coefficients were derived. In both examples the inflows remained attached to the lake bed throughout their course until their liftoff at depths of 45–55 m to form interflows. The difference between coefficients for the two inflows indicates that the coefficient values should be considered site‐specific. The formulation is not valid for inflows that separate from the bottom of the inflow channel before plunging. The entrance mixing formulation was incorporated in a more general model of lake stratification, DYRESM, which already includes a well‐documented routine for routing underflows down submerged channels on the bed of a lake. Application of the model to the inflows measured in Lake Taupo gave good results for two model outputs that were not involved in the calibration of the entrance mixing formulation, but that are affected by the result of the initial dilution calculation—the temperatures in the river plume after it has plunged, and the insertion depth.     

Wind forced circulation and sediment disturbance in a temperate lake

Meteorological forcing on the surface of a lake can generate mixing and transport processes that alter water quality. This study examined how meteorological forcing affected water currents in Lake Rotorua—a large, shallow, temperate, polymictic lake—during a period of sustained vertical mixing and strong winds. Acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements were recorded at two sites and a hydrodynamic model (ELCOM) was used to simulate water movement over the period of ADCP measurements. Model simulations show circulation patterns in Lake Rotorua are strongly influenced by the topography of the lake and, to a lesser extent, the catchment, with little variation in currents with depth during winter mixing. Northeasterly winds produced a clockwise circulation around the mid-lake island with a second anticlockwise gyre between the island and the western shore. This circulation pattern is consistent with topographic gyres found in other large lakes. A shift to a weaker southwesterly wind caused these circulation patterns to reverse direction over a period of c. 6?h, with a weak secondary gyre also occurring within the main anticlockwise circulation. The effect of this circulation pattern on the resuspension of sediment and thus potential in-lake phosphorus control strategies is considered.     

Wind Fields over Funka Bay and Their Effect on Water Circulation in the Bay

Horizontal wind fields over Funka Bay during cold air outbreaks were simulated using a 3-D meso-scale atmospheric model. The simulated wind fields over the bay have a positive curl in the north and a negative curl in the south. These wind fields were used to simulate the current in Funka Bay using a barotropic ocean model. The simulated current pattern was composed of two vortices—one with anti-clockwise vorticity in the north and the other with clockwise vorticity in the south—and was in the opposite direction to that simulated by the uniform wind fields. This is because the wind stress curl effect on the vorticity production in Funka Bay opposes and overwhelms the bathymetry torque effect during cold air outbreaks. These results show that the non-uniformity of the wind fields caused by the land topography around a shallow lake or bay cannot be neglected in simulating its currents.