三维激光扫描技术在溶洞探测中的应用

由于溶洞的特殊性,传统测量仪器已经不能满足当前对溶洞探测的要求。三维激光扫描技术采用非接触式高速激光测量方式,能在复杂的现场和空间对被测物体进行快速扫描测量,从而获得点云数据。文中介绍激光扫描的工作原理及三维激光扫描的工作流程,并给出采用Riegl LMS_Z420i三维激光扫描仪对吉首至茶洞高速公路吉首岸索塔基坑下的溶洞进行探测的实例。     

GPS地震仪:PANDA软件测试结果与验证

介绍了基于PANDA软件的高采样率GPS数据非差精密定位方法,为了验证高采样GPS技术与地震仪观测结果的一致性,进行了震动平台模拟数据试验。试验结果表明,高采样GPS和地震仪均能有效地恢复平台震动位移和震动主频率。对2010年Baja地震实际观测的GPS和强震仪进行分析,结果表明,利用高采样GPS技术不仅能成功获取地震波信号;而且能同时获得地表永久形变信息;而地震仪只能获取地震波信息,而不能直接获得地表永久形变信息。     

环境小卫星S波段SAR监测土壤水分变化应用分析

通过IEM正演模型的模拟数据，发展了一种用S波段(3.0GHz)、VV极化数据反演土壤含水量相对变化的算法；选择典型的土壤含水量、地表粗糙度及入射角变化范围，模拟出两幅SAR图像，并把该算法应用到模拟图像中，对算法进行验证和改进； 将结果与输入值对比，结果表明，该算法能较好地提取土壤含水量时间和空间变化信息。     

机载LiDAR辅助下的电力线路弧垂分析及应用

使用激光扫描技术进行输电线路运维能够有效发现线路本体缺陷和通道缺陷,但受巡视频次限制,不能保证发现输电线路缺陷的及时性。本文介绍了一种电力线工况分析模型来模拟实时动态的电力线状态信息。该模型考虑到输电线路受环境条件影响,如温度、风、覆冰等,其输电线弧垂状态会随之改变,运用架空线路电线力学计算,最终实现了电力线状态动态模拟,并结合扫描点云数据对典型气象条件下模拟电力线进行了安全距离检测,可及时发现输电线走廊下的隐患点。     

一种裸露土壤湿度反演方法

针对目前土壤湿度反演方法研究较少且缺少实时性的现状,该文提出一种土壤湿度反演方法——最小二乘支持向量机技术。以积分方程模型为正向算法,数值模拟不同雷达参数(频率、入射角及极化)下后向散射系数随土壤含水量和地表粗糙度的变化情况。经过数据敏感性分析,选取C-波段和X-波段、小入射角下的同极化后向散射系数作为支持向量回归的训练样本信息;经过适当的训练,利用支持向量回归技术对土壤含水量进行了反演研究;并考虑通过多频率、多极化、多入射角数据的组合,消除地表粗糙度的影响,提高反演精度。模拟结果表明,该方法反演土壤湿度具有较高的精度和较好的实时性;同时,与人工神经网络方法的结果比较,证明了该方法的有效性,为土壤湿度的反演研究提供了一种方法。     

陆基散射计的水稻空间聚集特性分析

地物的空间分布状态会影响微波后向散射特性,针对因生长特性而无明显行列向的水稻,该文利用L、C双频段全极化后向散射计对水稻整个生长季进行后向散射系数测量,提出了聚集度指数表征这类植被不同时相的空间特性。通过分析不同空间聚集度的水稻散射特性,研究了水稻后向散射系数在高低频的时空响应。实验结果表明,拔苗期至分蘖前期,下垫面土壤散射为主要散射分量时,C波段后向散射响应随着水稻聚集度变化而规律变化,从分蘖后期开始,随着生物量变大植被体散射增加,L波段后向散射相较C波段对空间聚集度响应更为明显。     

GPS多频观测数据的模拟仿真

GPS现代化后增加了L5频率,多个频率观测值的使用可以组成更多的线性组合。但由于目前很难获取L5的实测载波数据,只能在双频载波的基础上通过多频载波相位观测值和伪距观测值的模拟模型获取L5载波的模拟数据。探讨了利用非差思想对L5进行数值模拟的方法,以相同方法模拟不同采样率下的L2载波数据并与实测的L2载波数据进行对比分析,验证了该模拟方法在高采样率下的可行性。     

水库溶洞中的断面测量

本文介绍了为计算水库的泄洪能力而进行的溶洞断面测量的方法和实施方案     

星载方位多波束ScanSAR 成像

提出了一种新型星载方位多波束ScanSAR 工作模式, 实现了在保持方位向高分辨率的前提下对距离向 测绘带大幅扩展。分析了该工作方式的特点及主要相位误差, 给出了相应的误差补偿方法。介绍了该工作方式下回 波数据的模拟方法, 并讨论了几种适合该工作方式的成像算法。最后通过仿真对该工作方式的可行性及补偿方法的 有效性进行了验证。     

基于元胞自动机的崂山林火蔓延模拟

采用流行的林火蔓延模型结合元胞自动机理论,对崂山地区进行了给定气象、地形等参数条件下的林火蔓延情况模拟,模拟过程综合考虑了林火在地形、风、植被等因素影响下的蔓延扩散速度及元胞燃烧状态,最后对模拟蔓延结果的可靠性进行了分析.     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。