CCD光谱的IRAF和FITS格式转换

美国国立光学天文台的ＩＲＡＦ软件系统，已成为国内光谱处理的主要计算机软件之一。由射电天文需要发展起来的ＦＩＴＳ格式，已作为国际上交换磁带数据资料的通用格式。本文简单地介绍了ＦＩＴＳ格式，讨论了如何将厚片ＣＣＤ光谱观测资料转换为ＩＲＡＦ图像，继而转换为标准ＦＩＴＳ格式，这对于使用ＩＲＡＦ系统进行光谱处理，以及国内国际间的资料交换是有用的。     

在Windows／VC ＋＋环境下编程实现FITS图像的显示

FITS是广泛应用于天文领域中数据转换、分析和数据存储的标准计算机数据文件格式,如何在Windows环境下开发出方便有效的FITS图像应用软件具有现实意义.本文简要介绍了FITS格式文件的概况、演化和最新进展,重点描述了如何在Windows/VC 6.0环境下编程实现FITS图像的显示.     

FITS数据文件的检索和访问

普适图像传输系统(Flexible Image Transport System,FITS)是天文学领域应用最广泛的数据格式.自从20世纪80年代FITS格式被国际天文联合会(IAU)正式公布为国际标准以来,大部分的天文数据都是以FITS文件的形式在世界各地的数据中心和天文学家手中保存和交换.采用文件系统方式保存管理的FITS数据文件,很难适应程序化的检索和定位需求.随着FITS文件数量的不断增加以及虚拟天文台技术的发展,为这些以文件形式保存的天文数据提供检索功能的需求越来越迫切.FITS头以关键词值对的形式确切定义了所属FITS文件的结构,还提供了数据本身诸多特性的重要信息.FITS头中保存的这些信息可以满足大部分FITS数据文件查询检索的需求.将FITS头中的信息利用数据库来保存和管理,可以极大的方便对FITS文件的检索和定位.FITS头归档入库系统(FitHAS)是中国虚拟天文台项目开发的一个简单实用的FITS头信息归档入库工具,能够方便的将单个或者多个FITS文件的主FITS头信息导入到数据库中,为FITS数据文件的查询检索奠定基础,进而为虚拟天文台等更高层次的数据访问服务部署创造条件.本文介绍FITS数据格式,FITS头的基本结构;探讨虚拟天文台环境下FITS数据文件检索定位的实现方式;阐述FitHAS的功能特点、设计开发和使用方法.     

AstroGridCEA架构的应用研究

AstroGrid是一个成熟并已广泛运用的英国虚拟天文台（VO-Virtual Observatory）项目。公共执行架构（Common Execution Architecture,CEA）作为其重要组成部分,通过构建一套合理的接口和框架实现对虚拟天文台天文应用执行过程的建模。详细介绍了AstroGrid CEA的实现原理、基本架构、接口分析和应用模型,并通过CEA实现中国科学技术大学光谱处理数据的发布,完成基于FITS格式的锥型检索服务,最后在此基础上就如何运用CEA进行完整的讨论。     

FITS变长数组在暗物质卫星数据存储中的应用研究

FITS是空间天文领域广泛使用的一种数据格式,空间天文数据文件通常采用定长数据结构存储为FITS文件。作为我国首颗发射的空间科学卫星,暗物质粒子探测卫星科学数据源包具有长度可变的特点。在暗物质卫星数据处理过程中,急需设计支持可变长度数据的存储结构和处理方法。设计了一种支持长度可变数组的FITS格式,并实现了采用该数据结构的数据处理、存储和管理。应用于暗物质卫星地面处理中,验证结果表明,该方法实现了编辑级产品数据存储,显著降低了产品数据量,节约了存储空间,同时提升了处理效率。     

中国频谱射电日像仪FITS-IDI文件格式研究

我国新一代中国频谱射电日像仪（Chinese Spectral Radio Heliograph,CSRH）原始观测数据采用自定义格式,在进行后续处理与共享使用时必须转换相应的格式.在分析FITS-IDI（FITS Interferometry Data Interchange）格式的基础上,结合CSRH的实际观测模式与数据产出方式,定义与设计了符合项目情况的FITS-IDI格式及字段,并对FITS-IDI文件中若干字段的值如何获取、计算进行了深入讨论.根据定义生成的FITS-IDI文件已成功导入CASA软件,并可以进行后续处理.经过对CASA测量集文件的核实,证明了数据生成的正确性.本研究有效地推进了CSRH的建设工作,也对其他射电干涉阵数据存储有一定的参考价值.     

AstroGrid CEA架构的应用研究

AstroGrid是一个成熟并已广泛运用的英国虚拟天文台(VO-Virtual Observatory)项目。公共执行架构(Common Execution Architecture,CEA)作为其重要组成部分,通过构建一套合理的接口和框架实现对虚拟天文台天文应用执行过程的建模。详细介绍了AstroGrid CEA的实现原理、基本架构、接口分析和应用模型,并通过CEA实现中国科学技术大学光谱处理数据的发布,完成基于FITS格式的锥型检索服务,最后在此基础上就如何运用CEA进行完整的讨论。     

FITS文件管理器设计与实现

FITS文件管理器(FITS Manager)着眼于对中小规模数量的FITS文件的管理,实现对FITS文件的快速查找、预览以及相关处理。在不改变天文学家现有工作习惯的前提下融入虚拟天文台先进的技术和功能。FITS Manager采用了日趋流行的插件式软件开发模式,在完成了软件跨平台的同时极大地增强了软件的可扩展性。在FITS Manager中,所有的应用功能都由功能插件完成,软件核心组件则为应用插件提供了简便的接口、提高公用功能的复用程度。通过社区开发的模式不断添加各种功能的插件,FITS Manager将努力成为天文学家处理FITS文件的高效平台。     

BFOSC长缝光谱自动处理软件

在天文观测中,长缝光谱仪是一种常用的光谱观测设备。国家天文台兴隆观测基地2.16 m望远镜搭载的北京暗天体摄谱仪(Beijing Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera, BFOSC)的长缝光谱模式应用广泛,但没有配备专用的数据处理软件,通常用户观测后采用IRAF(Image Reduction and Analysis Facility)软件利用交互方式处理。介绍了一款针对BFOSC长缝光谱的自动化数据处理软件,数据处理过程包括本底(bias)和平场(flat)改正、背景改正、抽取光谱和波长定标等,展示了对实测数据进行处理的结果,并与IRAF软件处理的结果进行了对比。该软件在完成所有光谱处理必需步骤的基础上实现了自动化运行,并采用优化抽谱方法,能够自动扣除大部分宇宙线,保证了高精度的输出结果。     

FITS图像处理技术荟萃及在太阳观测中的应用

针对FITS图像文件的特点,结合其在天文学领域的广泛应用,对其各种处理技术进行了简明扼要的介绍.包括FITS文件完整性的检查、文件头和数据内容的查看、图像特性的伪彩编码、文件格式的转换、数据的压缩及相关太阳物理信息的提取等内容.     

FITS、BMP和SCR图象格式及相互转换

本文详细介绍图象的ＦＩＴＳ格式、ＢＭＰ格式和ＳＣＲ格式。ＦＩＴＳ格式已经是天文界的通用格式，几乎所有的天文软件包都支持这一格式，而ＢＭＰ格式在ＰＣ计算机上有广泛的运用，有大量ＰＣ软件支持ＢＭＰ图象的显示，处理和打印。云南天文台的ＳＣＲ格式是ＰＣ机采集ＣＣＤ图象所使用的格式。实现这三种格式的相互转换，就可以自由的将ＣＣＤ图象在ＰＣ机和工作站上进行各种处理。转换的包括图象头和图象数据的转换，其关键在于交换数据的高低字节。     

微机数据流磁带机驱动接口和软件的研究

对于数据采集处理微机系统来说,采集预处理后的数据往往需要按预定的格式转换,再到功能更强的计算机上作进一步的处理,因此可装卸的大容量外存设备就显得日益重要。然而装备在PC机上的这类设备相应的驱动软件只支持固定的磁带文件格式,加之软硬件资料的缺乏,给这类设备的信息交换和高效使用带来了困难。本文针对微机上广泛使用的数据流磁带机,在硬件接口分析的基础上,全面描述我们新近开发的驱动软件包里的基本I/O过程,用户软件可方便地调用以实现对任意数据格式磁带进行读写。     

The Euro3D data format: A common FITS data format for integral field spectrographs

As integral field spectrographs have become more common around the world and in Europe in particular, the need for a common data format has been recognized. Here, we present the Euro3D format that is adapted as a post‐instrumentalsignature‐removal format for all instruments within the Euro3D network. It follows the FITS standard, and includes several extensions, all of them being binary FITS tables. This article is intended to give a comprehensive overview, but does not attempt to serve as a full definition document. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Alternative Astronomical Software Packages

At a time when the United Nations, in collaboration with Wolfram Research, has selected the Mathematica software package to inform developing countries about available scientific tools, it is important to review other choices of software being used by active scientists around the world. For observational astronomers with large volumes of digital data to be analyzed, the main challenges are data reductions, image handling, model comparisons, interactive fits, data simulations and visualizations, etc. There are several good alternative software packages such as: AIPS, IRAF, MIDAS and IDL The first three packages can be obtained free of charge by contacting the sponsoring institutions. Information can be obtained, via the World Wide Web, from the URLs indicated in the footnotes. IDL is a commercial package that can be used in all kinds of computer platforms and is extensively used in space astronomy (e.g., main language of software reduction packages of missions like IUE, HST, ROSAT, SOHO, etc). All of these packages are able to handle some of the most common commercial and scientific data formats (FITS, CDF and HDF). These software packages provide general tools for image processing and data reduction with emphasis on, but not limited to, astronomical applications. All of these packages have good active customer support strategies, the most useful ones being periodic newsletters, related meetings (e.g., annual meeting on Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems), software user groups, bulletin board discussions, FAQs, etc. The purpose of this paper is to present the relative usefulness, available platforms, associated libraries, related resources, of these software packages and the many already existing and potential astronomical applications. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Enhanced management of personal astronomical data with FITSManager

Although the roles of data centers and computing centers are becoming more and more important, and on-line research is becoming the mainstream for astronomy, individual research based on locally hosted data is still very common. With the increase of personal storage capacity, it is easy to find hundreds to thousands of FITS files in the personal computer of an astrophysicist. Because Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) is a professional data format initiated by astronomers and used mainly in the small community, data management toolkits for FITS files are very few. Astronomers need a powerful tool to help them manage their local astronomical data. Although Virtual Observatory (VO) is a network oriented astronomical research environment, its applications and related technologies provide useful solutions to enhance the management and utilization of astronomical data hosted in an astronomer’s personal computer. FITSManager is such a tool to provide astronomers an efficient management and utilization of their local data, bringing VO to astronomers in a seamless and transparent way. FITSManager provides fruitful functions for FITS file management, like thumbnail, preview, type dependent icons, header keyword indexing and search, collaborated working with other tools and on-line services, and so on. The development of the FITSManager is an effort to fill the gap between management and analysis of astronomical data.     

Libraries of High and Mid-Resolution Spectra of F, G, K, and M Field Stars

I have compiled here the three libraries of high and mid-resolution optical spectra of late-type stars I have recently published. The libraries include F, G, K and M field stars, from dwarfs to giants. The spectral coverage is from 3800 to 1000 Å, with spectral resolution ranging from 0.09 to 3.0 Å. These spectra include many of the spectral lines most widely used as optical and near-infrared indicators of chromospheric activity. The spectra have been obtained with the aim of providing a library of high and mid-resolution spectra to be used in the study of active chromosphere stars by applying a spectral subtraction technique. However, the data set presented here can also be utilized in a wide variety of ways. A digital version of all the fully reduced spectra is available via FTP and the World Wide Web (WWW) in FITS format. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

晚型星计算机自动光谱分类

在对恒星形成区（ＳＦＲ）中ＲＯＳＡＴ选弱发射线ＴＴａｕｒｉ星（ＷＴＴＳ）进行光谱证认的过程中,发展了一套基于北京天文台２．１６米光学望远镜及其ＯＭＲ卡焦光谱仪系统的晚型星中色散（５０Ａ／ｍｍ）光谱计算机自动光谱分类方法．对ＲＯＳＡＴ选ＷＴＴＳ候选作中晚型星进行自动光谱分类的结果表明,一般情况下,光谱型的分类精度可达±１个次级,个别源为±２个次级．该自动光谱分类方法同时适用于其他光谱晚型星．