三种典型低轨增强星座与北斗系统联合应用的RAIM性能分析

接收机自主完好性监测(receiver autonomous integrity monitoring,RAIM)是终端用户高可靠导航定位的保障,低轨卫星的发展为完好性监测带来新的机遇,然而不同低轨星座增强下的终端RAIM性能可能会存在显著差异。基于高轨道倾角(80颗)、中轨道倾角(120颗)和混合轨道倾角(168颗)3种典型的低轨星座,系统评估了低轨卫星增强下的北斗卫星导航系统（BeiDou navigation satellite system,BDS）RAIM可用性及故障检测效果。仿真计算结果表明：对于高纬区域,高轨道倾角增强下的RAIM可用性效果最好,而在中、低纬区域,中轨道倾角星座增强下的RAIM可用性效果最优;在全球范围内,高轨道倾角、中轨道倾角和混合轨道倾角星座增强下非精密进近阶段的RAIM可用性较BDS分别提升30.5%、29.0%和41.0%。由此可知,由不同轨道倾角组成的混合星座可较好地弥补可视卫星在空间覆盖上的缺陷,其全球RAIM可用性增强效果最优,增强下的RAIM可检测到的最小伪距偏差较之前平均减小33.3 m。     

基于粗时段导航与RAIM算法的A-GNSS室内定位

针对GNSS接收机在室内环境中面临的强烈的信号衰减、非视距传播和互相关效应的问题,提出了一种基于粗时段导航和RAIM算法解决A-GNSS室内定位问题的方法,并利用BDS数据验证了该方法的可靠性。结果表明,粗时段导航算法能够提供连续可靠的定位结果,应用于微弱信号环境;基于组合FDE的RAIM算法能够增加定位结果可用率,解决室内卫星信号存在的非视距传播和互相关效应的问题。基于粗时段导航与RAIM算法的A-GNSS定位技术能够应用于室内定位,仿真定位结果水平方向RMS在10 m以内。     

Estimation and exclusion of multipath range error for robust positioning

In integrated systems for accurate positioning, which consist of GNSS, INS, and other sensors, the GNSS positioning accuracy has a decisive influence on the performance of the entire system and thus is very important. However, GNSS usually exhibits poor positioning results in urban canyon environments due to pseudorange measurement errors caused by multipath creation, which leads to performance degradation of the entire positioning system. For this reason, in order to maintain the accuracy of an integrated positioning system, it is necessary to determine when the GNSS positioning is accurate and which satellites can have their pseudorange measured accurately without multipath errors. Thus, the objective of our work is to detect the multipath errors in the satellite signals and exclude these signals to improve the positioning accuracy of GNSS, especially in an urban canyon environment. One of the previous technologies for tackling this problem is RAIM, which checks the residual of the least square and identifies the suspicious satellites. However, it presumes a Gaussian measurement error that is more common in an open-sky environment than in the urban canyon environment. On the other hand, our proposed method can estimate the size of the pseudorange error directly from the information of altitude positioning error, which is available with an altitude map. This method can estimate even the size of non-Gaussian error due to multipath in the urban canyon environment. Then, the estimated pseudorange error is utilized to weight satellite signals and improve the positioning accuracy. The proposed method was tested with a low-cost GNSS receiver mounted on a test vehicle in a test drive in Nagoya, Japan, which is a typical urban canyon environment. The experimental result shows that the estimated pseudorange error is accurate enough to exclude erroneous satellites and improve the GNSS positioning accuracy.     

Identification of GPS positioning solutions deteriorated by signal degradations using a fuzzy inference system

The accuracy of GPS positioning based on pseudorange measurements under signal degradation environments is limited by poor satellite geometry and signal distortions due to diffraction and multipath. As a result, the GPS position solutions could become unreliable. Those deteriorated solutions should be identified and not used for navigation. For that purpose, methods for reliable identification of deteriorated GPS positioning solutions from a navigation receiver should be developed. In this paper, a fuzzy inference system is proposed to classify the quality of GPS positioning solutions. The input for the system includes the signal quality evaluated by the difference between the measured and expected carrier-to-noise density ratio (C/N0) and the satellites geometry strength evaluated by the dilution of precision (DOP) number. The proposed fuzzy inference system is developed based on the human knowledge and understanding of the problem under consideration and is further optimized using data acquired from the field. The test results indicate that the proposed method can be used for reliable identification of deteriorated GPS position solutions affected by signal degradations.     

CNMC方法改进北斗/伪卫星协同定位精度分析

目前北斗卫星导航系统在轨卫星数量有限,在山坳及高楼林立的"城市峡谷"等特殊环境中,卫星信号易受遮挡造成用户定位精度降低或中断用户定位的连续性,通过加入伪卫星可有效减弱用户可见北斗卫星数目不足的问题。在北斗卫星和伪卫星协同定位中,需要正确处理北斗卫星和伪卫星伪距观测值中的多路径,以获取更好的定位精度。目前CNMC方法可有效减弱北斗卫星伪距观测值中的多路径影响,但由于信号传播路径不同所导致的观测误差特性不同,该方法不能直接应用于伪卫星的伪距数据处理中。针对伪卫星多路径处理问题,本文对CNMC方法进行了改进。在实际伪卫星试验场中进行了北斗/伪卫星动态协同定位试验,结果表明:使用CNMC方法对北斗卫星和地面伪卫星的伪距观测值处理后,三维定位精度由2.326m改进到了1.936m,定位稳定性也得到提升。     

GPS接收机基于奇偶矢量的RAIM算法研究

RAIM是指用户接收机利用多余观测量为定位解自主地提供完善性监测,其基本功能包括故障检测（FD）及故障排除（FE）两个部分。文中对基于奇偶矢量法的GPS接收机自主完善性监测（RAIM）算法进行分析与研究,并以具体数据为例,对该算法进行验证分析。     

微弱信号下基于模糊度搜索的辅助式GPS定位算法研究

针对微弱信号下GPS接收机无法测量得到完整信号发射时刻的问题,提出了一种基于模糊度搜索的辅助式GPS定位算法。基于该算法接收机不需要位同步、帧同步和解调导航电文,仅对GPS信号进行伪码相位测量,在获取卫星星历、卫星钟差参数等辅助信息的基础上完成定位解算。论文从数学上严格推导了消除信号发射时刻模糊度的条件,并对五颗以上的观测卫星建立了定位解算方程,给出了算法流程。利用实测数据仿真验证了该算法的有效性。比较表明,该算法的定位精度与常规GPS定位算法(信号发射时刻不存在模糊度)相当。     

北斗／GPS双模定位中快速选星算法研究

采用双系统组合定位模式,导航接收机能在同一时刻接收到超过20颗可见星,大大增加了可见星的数量,能提供十分精准的定位。但可见星数量大幅度增加带来定位精度提升的同时也带来了大量的计算量,加上实际作业中的一些问题,都大大增加了选星时间。本文从GDOP与星座几何布局的关系出发,结合实际应用场景,提出了基于仰角和方位角排序的选星算法。该方法以满足定位要求为前提,根据可见星仰角排序初筛卫星,对不同仰角卫星进行合理的顶星选择,以卫星均匀分布为原则,将在理想情况和实际情况下寻找有效定位平衡点,以规避无效选星并减少计算量,从而大大减少选星时间,有效实现了在北斗和GPS双模定位中的快速选星。      

GEO卫星条件下的辅助式定位算法性能分析

在卫星导航定位过程中,当辅助式定位算法在信号质量不佳时,利用更多的观测卫星数据进行冗余计算,能够补齐缺失的信号时间并得到定位结果. 由我国自行研制的北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)采用了混合卫星星座,有一类地球同步轨道(GEO)卫星,具有24 h可见、轨道高覆盖面大、信号功率强等优势. 论文分析了在特殊情况下,只能接收到GEO卫星时的辅助式定位算法以及算法的性能差异. 结果表明:在没有高程等先验信息辅助的情况下,直接使用5颗GEO卫星也能获得一定的定位精度保障.      

面向北斗三号的湖北省北斗地基增强系统建设

随着北斗三号卫星导航系统(BDS-3)的全面建成,湖北省北斗地基增强系统需要进行整网软硬件升级与改造,以实现对BDS-3卫星的兼容. 本文详细介绍了此次升级的内容:包括72台True CORS R1接收机的板卡硬件升级与固件包升级,增加对BDS-3的支持;TrueNET平台的软件升级;升级之后进行了接收机回归测试及系统精度测试:开展了新增频点的数据质量分析及双差质量分析,以及对RINEX原始文件进行了卫星数、高度角等分析;接收机软件研发完成后进行了整机性能测试,各项指标均满足要求;系统精度测试结果标明:网络实时动态(RTK)定位精度水平优于3 cm,垂直优于5 cm;差分全球导航卫星系统(DGNSS)定位精度水平优于1 m,垂直优于2 m.      

风云三号D卫星GPS信号功率调整及干扰分析

全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)卫星的IIR和IIF卫星能够在各个信号分量之间重新分配其发送信号的功率,一个或多个GPS信号可以在指定区域根据需要进行功率调整或者关闭。分析GPS信号的变化特征对于地面和空间应用有重要的意义。风云三号D(FengYun-3D,FY-3D)卫星是中国极轨气象卫星之一,利用FY-3D卫星实际测量数据可以帮助GPS用户全面了解GPS功率调整的特点。首先,利用FY-3D运行轨道全球覆盖的特点分析GPS信号的强度,特别是GPS信号功率调整时间段信号变化的特点;然后,使用在轨数据研究了全球范围L波段信号干扰的特征,得到了干扰对全球导航卫星系统掩星探测仪掩星天线的自动增益控制和基底噪声的影响。结果表明：从2020-02-14开始的GPS功率调整以[35°N,37°E]和[35°N,69°E]为中心,覆盖半径约为7 500 km,在该区域内GPS P(Y)码功率增加约10 dB;GPS L1和L2频段在中东地区持续受干扰的影响,该区域的基底噪声比其他区域增加约3～10倍;干扰区域中心点和GPS功率调整区域中心点大致在同一位置。G...     

相位单差残差评估北斗区域导航系统载波相位观测量质量

由于北斗区域导航系统采用混合星座设计,其不同类型卫星载波相位观测量的质量得到广泛关注。当基线较短且模糊度正确固定后,卫星残差信息可有效反映观测数据质量。本文采用优化的站际单差算法获取不同卫星单差残差序列,并对其进行统计分析与假设检验。结果表明,北斗GEO与IGSO卫星数据质量无系统性差异,其质量随卫星高度角的降低而明显变差。良好环境下,GEO与IGSO卫星相位单差残差基本服从正态分布,可依据卫星高度角等信号质量指标建立合适的随机模型。     

Enhancing mobile applications by combination of GNSS and W-CDMA

The location requirements for emergency callers outside urban areas can hardly be fulfilled without global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Consequently, interest in positioning techniques based on use of a GNSS such as GPS or on the cellular network infrastructure itself is growing rapidly in the mobile-telephone community. Moreover, the increasing demand for commercial location-based services (LBS) has driven cellular-phone and network manufacturers to focus on positioning solutions which are even more accurate than the regulatory mandates for positioning of emergency callers. One example of these upcoming LBS is our PARAMOUNT project, which aims at improving user-friendly info-mobility services for hikers and mountaineers by combining wireless communications (GMTS), satellite navigation (GNSS) and geographic information systems (GIS), based on a mobile client/server architecture. The availability of mobile phones or PDAs with combined GNSS and cellular network-based wireless communication on a high integration level is one primary demand of such LBS applications. Based on this, we will give some initial answers to the question of whether mobile handset architecture synergies exist for the combination of GNSS with wireless location in CDMA cellular wireless networks. In order to identify synergies, we will outline similarities and differences between wireless communication and satellite navigation. In this respect, we pay particular attention to the so-called RAKE receiver architecture employed in mobile CDMA cellular handsets. Our initial investigations will show that the RAKE receiver architecture, on which mobile CDMA cellular handsets are based, will most likely be the one most suitable for achieving synergies between the two positioning techniques within the same mobile handset architecture. Consequently, several receiver components could be used to handle both types of signals (navigation and communications), resulting in a reduction of manufacturing costs and in a decrease in energy consumption. Electronic Publication     

基于三频SNR数据探测北斗GEO卫星多径效应

多径误差是全球卫星导航系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）高精度实时定位的主要误差源。由于多径效应具有时变特性且与观测环境有关,难以有效探测与剔除,尤其是动态定位领域。鉴于多径效应对于同颗卫星不同频率观测值影响不同,本文采用三频信噪比（signal-noise ratio,SNR）频率间差分数据,设计算法探测北斗对地静止卫星（geostationary orbit satellite,GEO）多径误差,并依据开阔环境SNR频间差分数据序列进行统计分析,确定其探测阈值。实验结果表明,北斗GEO卫星易受多径误差影响,传统方法难以实时有效探测,本文提出的新方法可有效探测GEO多径误差,并基于设定的阈值对其数据进行降权或剔除,可应用于GNSS数据质量控制。     

GPS卫星信号Doppler频移的计算与分析

在GPS导航定位系统中，多普勒频率偏移直接影响接收机性能。为了克服多普勒频率偏移的影响，提高接收机的GPS信号捕获速度，对多普勒频移估计算法进行研究。通过分析可视卫星的判定、Doppler频移计算方法，基于NewStar150GPS原理实验平台，使用C＋＋语言编程，开发Doppler频移计算程序。实验结果表明，Doppler频移的大小与a有关。当a〈90°时，多普勒频移为正，用户接收机收到的频率比卫星发射的频率要低。当a〉90°时，多普勒频移为负；当a=90°时，多普勒频移为0。     

改进M估计的抗多个粗差定位解算方法

随着导航卫星数量的增多,观测数据中出现多个粗差的概率显著增大,基于单个粗差假设的RAIM算法不能保证多个粗差的有效抑制。抗差估计在定位可靠性要求高的场合受到了广泛关注。针对传统M-估计受初值误差影响的问题,提出了一种基于改进M-估计的抗差定位解算方法。该算法采用S-估计方法计算初值,根据可用卫星数实时调整S-估计中的参数使得初值能够最大限度抑制粗差。GPS观测数据处理结果表明改进的M-估计能够有效抑制多个粗差。     

卫星导航欺骗干扰信号检测技术综述

卫星导航欺骗干扰信号检测是卫星导航接收机实施欺骗干扰抑制、防止产生错误定位和测速、定时信息的必要步骤.在介绍了导航战背景下卫星导航欺骗干扰技术的基础上,分析比较了当前主要卫星导航欺骗干扰信号检测技术的实现难度、效果和场景适应性,指出了现阶段卫星导航接收机端最具研究价值的欺骗干扰信号检测技术.最后对欺骗干扰检测技术研究的趋势和发展方向进行了总结展望.      

A study on the dependency of GNSS pseudorange biases on correlator spacing

We provide a comprehensive overview of pseudorange biases and their dependency on receiver front-end bandwidth and correlator design. Differences in the chip shape distortions among GNSS satellites are the cause of individual pseudorange biases. The different biases must be corrected for in a number of applications, such as positioning with mixed signals or PPP with ambiguity resolution. Current state-of-the-art is to split the pseudorange bias into a receiver- and a satellite-dependent part. As soon as different receivers with different front-end bandwidths or correlator designs are involved, the satellite biases differ between the receivers and this separation is no longer practicable. A test with a special receiver firmware, which allows tracking a satellite with a range of different correlator spacings, has been conducted with live signals as well as a signal simulator. In addition, the variability of satellite biases is assessed through zero-baseline tests with different GNSS receivers using live satellite signals. The receivers are operated with different settings for multipath mitigation, and the changes in the satellite-dependent biases depending on the receivers’ configuration are observed.     

基于BDS三频信噪比的多径误差检测技术研究

多径误差指间接波对直接波的破坏性干涉而引起的接收机与卫星的距离误差,具有时变特性,难以通过模型改正或差分技术等方法予以消除. 但在存在多径干扰的情况下,同一颗卫星不同频率上的信噪比会发生波动,基于该特征,本文提出一种用信噪比检测多径误差的方法:基于北斗卫星导航系统（BDS）三频信噪比的多径误差数据,建立一个关于信噪比的统计量Ss_a?(实验环境)以及计算开阔环境(低多径环境)的检测阈值T,通过比较Ss_a 与T的大小关系来检测BDS卫星多径误差. 实验结果表明:该方法可以有效探测BDS卫星多径误差,并基于检测阈值和位置精度因子(PDOP)的变化对该某段时间内的卫星予以剔除,获得更好的定位效果.      

北斗卫星伪距码偏差特性及其影响分析

在北斗导航卫星伪距码偏差特性分析的基础上,建立了倾斜地球同步轨道卫星（IGSO）和中轨卫星（MEO）的伪距码偏差多项式改正模型;并利用星间单差宽巷小数周一致性,分析建立北斗地球同步轨道卫星（GEO）卫星伪距码偏差改正模型。采用武汉大学北斗试验网、中国陆态网络和MGEX网不同位置、不同类型接收机观测数据进行分析验证,结果表明,北斗卫星伪距码偏差特性与观测值频率、卫星类型相关,所有GEO和IGSO卫星变化规律相同,所有MEO卫星变化规律相同,与接收机类型、测站位置和观测时间无关,偏差值大小随卫星高度角变化,其变化规律稳定,可以采用建立的两类改正模型（GEO/IGSO和MEO）进行修正。通过偏差修正后的伪距无电离层组合的残差、双频SPP以及单频PPP三个方面验证了伪距码偏差改正模型的正确性。