阿拉伯半岛-北太平洋型遥相关及其与亚洲夏季风的关系

利用相关分析和经验正交分解方法对过去57a NCEP-NCAR夏季亚洲-北太平洋地区海平面气压场进行了分析,揭示了一种新的遥相关模态,即阿拉伯半岛．北太平洋型遥相关（Arabian Peninsula-North Pacific Oscillation,APNPO）．研究表明,APNPO在本质上反映的是对流层低层北太平洋高压和南亚夏季风低压之间的一种共变特征,它的变化与亚洲夏季风的变化之间有着密切的联系．在年际尺度上,APNPO与东亚夏季风（East Asian summer monsoon, EASM）和南亚夏季风（South Asian summer monsoon, SASM）均存在显著的关联;在年代际尺度上,该遥相关与东亚夏季风的关系更为密切：两者均在20世纪60年代中期和70年代末发生了两次明显的年代际突变．通过分析与APNPO相关的环流场,探讨了APNPO与亚洲夏季风联系的物理过程．发现当APNPO偏强时,索马里急流、SASM气流、EASM气流以及南亚高压均得到加强,同时还通过高层的纬向波列在中国东北地区上空形成了一个异常的反气旋性环流．此外,强的APNPO还可加强对亚洲季风区的水汽输送,由此在印度半岛及中国华北地区造成强的水汽辐合．所有的这些大气环流和水汽条件的改变最终导致亚洲夏季风及印度和中国华北地区降水的异常．研究还发现APNPO的变化从春到夏具有较好的持续性,春季的APNPO与亚洲夏季风变化也存在显著的相关关系．从这个意义上讲,春季APNPO变化的超前性对于后期亚洲夏季风降水的预测具有潜在的重要参考价值．     

全球海温对太阳射电通量异常的响应及其对降水的影响

太阳活动对全球气候的影响一直是人们关心的热门话题,尤其是太阳活动对海温和降水的影响吸引更多学者的目光.本文通过研究全球0～700m海温对太阳射电通量(Solar Radio Flux,缩写为SRF)的响应,发现全球海温对太阳活动响应具有空间分布不均匀性特征,显著响应的地区集中在太平洋和南大西洋,显著响应的层次主要在0～200m.利用响应太阳活动显著区域的海温资料,定义一个响应太阳活动的海温异常指数,研究该指数与同期和滞后1年全球冬夏季降水的相关分布,发现指数高时夏季热带中太平洋降水增多,南北半球中高纬地区降水增加,呈带状分布,南极地区降水显著减少;我国江南东部地区、青藏高原和山东半岛降水减少.冬季热带中部太平洋和东南太平洋地区降水增多,赤道西太平洋降水明显偏少,北极地区降水显著偏多,热带西太平洋和孟加拉湾降水减少,南北两个半球中高纬度地区降水增多;我国华南地区广西和广东西部、海南一带降水增多,东北地区降水减少,青藏高原地区降水显著增加.当海温异常指数低时,情况相反.研究结果表明,海温异常通过影响降水放大了太阳活动的作用.由此推测,在考虑夏季降水的预测问题时,由太阳活动引起的太平洋和大西洋海温异常对降水的影响应该引起重视.     

印度夏季风的爆发与中国长江流域梅雨的遥相关分析

利用印度和中国地区的降水资料及NCEP／NCAR再分析环流资料,通过相关分析和合成分析,详细讨论了印度夏季风的爆发与中国长江流域梅雨的遥相关关系．结果发现：印度西南部的克拉拉邦地区夏季风爆发后两周左右,中国长江流域梅雨开始．印度夏季风爆发后,形成从印度西海岸经孟加拉湾到达中国长江流域及日本南部地区的遥相关型,它在时间和空间上都不同于盛夏期间印度夏季风经青藏高原影响中国华北降水的遥相关型．前者可称为亚洲夏季风的“南支”遥相关型,主要发生在季风爆发初期;后者可称为“北支”遥相关型,主要形成于亚洲季风盛期．在“南支”遥相关型形成的过程中,亚洲季风环流发生了一系列重要变化,印度夏季风爆发、南亚高压北进、中层爆发性涡旋出现、低层热带西风带不断加强东传及西太平洋副高北跳东退．结果,在印度夏季风爆发后两周左右,高层南亚高压控制了整个亚洲地区,而在中低层,则形成一条从阿拉伯海经印度南部、孟加拉湾和南海,再沿西太平洋副热带高压的西边界到达中国长江流域及日本南部的强西风带;由于副热带急流的北跳,在东亚地区上空形成相互耦合的高、低空西风急流,而长江流域则正好位于高、低空急流之间,高空急流入口区右侧和低空急流左侧的上升运动区,因此触发了长江流域梅雨的发生．     

不同时间尺度青海湖沉积物总有机碳对气候变化的敏感性

湖泊沉积物总有机碳（TOC）含量通常作为表征流域和湖泊生产力的指标,在亚洲季风区也常常被当作夏季风的代用指标,被广泛应用于气候与环境变化研究.本文梳理了过去千年、全新世以及冰期-间冰期时间尺度上青海湖沉积物TOC的变化特征,并探讨了其指示气候变化的敏感性与有效性.结果表明,过去千年青海湖沉积物TOC含量与区域暖季温度和降水表现出较为一致的周期性波动.通过对比全新世区域夏季温度、基于孢粉的降水定量重建结果,以及湖泊水位、风沙活动反映的湿度状况等,发现不能简单地将青海湖沉积物TOC含量或沉积通量作为夏季风强度或者季风降水强度的代用指标.青海湖沉积物TOC含量在冰期和间冰期表现出巨大的差异,指示了冰期-间冰期时间尺度上较大的温度与降水变幅.因此,不同地域条件及不同时间尺度下,湖泊沉积物TOC对气候变化的敏感性不同,将湖泊沉积物TOC含量作为亚洲夏季风的代用指标需要特别谨慎,特别是在高寒气候区.     

中国典型夏季风影响过渡区夏季降水异常时空特征及成因分析

基于1961-2016年国家气象信息中心整编的气象台站逐日降水以及NCAR/NCEP再分析等资料,对我国典型夏季风影响过渡区夏季降水的异常时空特征及成因进行分析,结果表明：典型夏季风影响过渡区夏季降水EOF展开第一模态呈全区一致性特征,而且该模态时间系数没有明显的长期变化趋势,第二模态呈西北和东南反位相变化特征.相关分析表明夏季中纬度西风带是影响典型夏季风影响过渡区夏季降水异常的最主要因子,高原夏季风为次要因子,东亚夏季风的影响较弱,而且东亚夏季风主要通过其子系统——西太平洋副热带高压的东西摆动来影响.此外在夏季中纬度西风偏弱年,高空急流位置偏南,急流轴在典型夏季风影响过渡区向东南方向发生了"倾斜",对应500 hPa呈异常的西北气流控制,同时由于高空急流在过渡区减弱,使得高层发生异常的气流辐合,低层辐散,通过高低层环流之间的质量和动量调整,垂直场表现为异常下沉运动,低层的辐散也减弱了西南暖湿气流的北上,水汽来源少,最终使得典型夏季风影响过渡区夏季降水偏少,反之亦然.这是夏季中纬度西风带影响典型夏季风影响过渡区夏季降水的可能机理.     

东亚副热带夏季风建立与中国汛期开始时间

采用谐波等分析方法,讨论了季节转化过程中东亚大陆降水和对流层风场时空分布特征、海-陆热力差异以及大气加热与风场和降水之间的季节变化关系,确定了春季中国江南降水的副热带夏季风性质.分析认为,3月份中国江南春雨是东亚副热带夏季风降水的孕育阶段,4月初东西向海陆热力差异在东亚副热带地区最早完成冬夏的季节性反转,时间早于南海夏季风爆发并对应华南前汛期的开始,标志着东亚副热带夏季风的建立和中国汛期降水的开始.东亚副热带夏季风主要活动在东亚100°E以东、20°N以北地区,春季（3~4月份）中南半岛和江南地区大气加热的持续作用可能导致了东亚东西向海陆热力差异在副热带地区完成反转.其中,江南上空大气热源是导致该地区对流层低层西南风、上升运动和降水增强的主要原因.     

大气环流对中东亚干旱半干旱区气候影响研究进展

亚洲干旱半干旱区占据北半球中纬度的大片区域,其主体是中东亚干旱半干旱区,该区域降水稀少、生态环境脆弱,对全球气候变化响应敏感.中东亚干旱半干旱区东部处于东亚季风区的边缘,受西风环流和季风环流的共同影响;中部和西部主要处于西风带气候区,为西风环流所控制.研究大气环流对中东亚干旱半干旱区气候的影响,对于认识和预测该区域的气候具有重要意义.基于近年来国内外学者针对大气环流对亚洲中、东部干旱半干旱区气候影响的研究,文章进行了系统回顾和总结.已有研究表明,大气环流对中东亚干旱半干旱区的气候具有不可忽视的影响.在强夏季风年,中国西北地区东南部受东亚夏季风影响,水汽通量显著增加,降水偏多;而弱夏季风年则相反,随着东亚夏季风的减弱,季风边缘的半干旱区气候呈现变干趋势;南亚季风的加强则使得更多的水汽输送至亚洲干旱半干旱区;高原夏季风与中亚地区夏季降水呈显著的正相关关系,而与中国华北地区、蒙古地区的夏季降水呈负相关.西风指数与中东亚干旱区的气温有显著的正相关关系,西风环流的变化可能是影响中亚干旱区降水变化的主要因素.     

2650年东亚-北印度洋热力差异与东亚夏季风变化

利用观测资料研究发现,东亚-北印度洋对流层热力差异指数（East Asian-North Indian Ocean index,IEANI）与东亚夏季风及相应的中国东部季风降水都具有密切的关系.当IEANI偏高（低）时,东亚中纬度夏季风偏强（弱）,华北地区降水偏多（少）,江南地区降水偏少（多）.为了研究东亚夏季风的长期变化特征,我们利用北京和澳大利亚塔斯曼尼亚地区的重建气温回归了BC665～AD1985年的IEANI.研究发现,在过去2000多年里,重建的IEANI总体上能够指示世纪尺度上的东亚夏季风变化和中国东部降水异常.重建的IEANI与中国东部降水的关系与现代气候所表现出来的关系非常相似,表明这种相关特征也出现在过去2000多年来的世纪尺度上.对于IEANI在更长时间尺度（数百至千年）上的变化特征及其与降水的关系,尚需利用更多类型的代用资料进一步验证.     

全球变暖加强了ENSO和亚洲-澳州夏季风之间的关联

亚澳季风与ENSO之间的动态关联及其机制是全球变化研究的难点,而过去气候重建为解决该难题提供了一种可行的途径. Xu等重建了1588～2013年亚洲和澳洲夏季风降水变化,发现亚-澳夏季风之间及ENSO-季风之间的关联自1850年以来均持续增强,认为全球变暖导致的ENSO变率增加是其影响因素.     

太阳活动千年尺度的准周期性波动

2004年，Solanki等人利用树木年轮中δ14C含量变化重建的太阳黑子数序列研究太阳活动的论文被Nature发表，该黑子序列自1895年起向历史时期延伸了11400年.本文采用最大熵谱分析方法和小波变换方法分析了这一重建的太阳黑子序列，重点讨论太阳活动在千年尺度上的周期性波动.结果表明，太阳活动的长期变化中存在接近千年和略大于两千年的准周期信号，以及可能存在约7千年的波动，得到了这些准周期分量的参数.这些准周期分量的周期长度和振幅是随着时间变化的，文中给出了它们的时变图象并讨论了它们的时变特征.     

The possible influence of solar activity on Indian summer monsoon rainfall

The Indian summer monsoon rainfall （ISMR） plays an important role in the climate system of South Asia. Recently, studies about ISMR variations have been going into more depth. In this present paper, we mainly use the Scargle periodogram and wavelet transform methods to study the periodicity of ISMR changes between 1871 and 2004 and review the possible influence of solar activity on the rainfall. Analysis results show complicated ISMR variations have periodicities with remarkable time-variable characteristics. Investigating a possible connection between the rainfall and solar variations, we believe that solar activity affects the ISMR variations to some extent.     

Certain regularities of solar activity variations during the 11-year cycle

The relationships between a number of the main characteristic parameters of the cycle—amplitude, half-width, and growth phase duration—and the approximation parameters, which make it possible to estimate the average behavior of 11-year activity, have been derived based on the obtained analytical representations of the regularities in the solar activity variations during the cycle. Quasibiennial variations proceeding against a background of the cycle are distinctly associated with the solar magnetic field structure and the structure representation variations in the corona and in the flux of the solar neutrino radiation. This makes it possible to state that all these processes are parts of the common physical mechanism of solar variability.     

Indian summer monsoon rainfall prediction using artificial neural network

Forecasting the monsoon temporally is a major scientific issue in the field of monsoon meteorology. The ensemble of statistics and mathematics has increased the accuracy of forecasting of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) up to some extent. But due to the nonlinear nature of ISMR, its forecasting accuracy is still below the satisfactory level. Mathematical and statistical models require complex computing power. Therefore, many researchers have paid attention to apply artificial neural network in ISMR forecasting. In this study, we have used feed-forward back-propagation neural network algorithm for ISMR forecasting. Based on this algorithm, we have proposed the five neural network architectures designated as BP1, BP2, $\ldots, $ … , BP5 using three layers of neurons (one input layer, one hidden layer and one output layer). Detail architecture of the neural networks is provided in this article. Time series data set of ISMR is obtained from Pathasarathy et al. (Theor Appl Climatol 49:217–224 1994) (1871–1994) and IITM (http://www.tropmet.res.in/, 2012) (1995–2010) for the period 1871–2010, for the months of June, July, August and September individually, and for the monsoon season (sum of June, July, August and September). The data set is trained and tested separately for each of the neural network architecture, viz., BP1–BP5. The forecasted results obtained for the training and testing data are then compared with existing model. Results clearly exhibit superiority of our model over the considered existing model. The seasonal rainfall values over India for next 5 years have also been predicted.     

Evidence for solar forcing of climate variation from δ18O of peat cellulose

There have been a number of investigations for examining the possible link between long-term climate variability and solar activity.A continuous δ18O record of peat cellulose covering the past 6000 years and the response of climate variation inferred from the proxy record to solar forcing are reported.Results show that during the past 5000 years the abrupt climate variations,including 17 warming and 17 cooling,and a serious of periodicities,such as 86,101,110,127,132,140,155,207,245,311,820 and 1050 years,are strikingly correlative to the changes of solar irradiation and periodicity.These observations are considered as further evidence for a close relationship between solar activity and climate variations on time scales of decades to centuries.     

Basin‐scale stream‐flow forecasting using the information of large‐scale atmospheric circulation phenomena

It is well recognized that the time series of hydrologic variables, such as rainfall and streamflow are significantly influenced by various large‐scale atmospheric circulation patterns. The influence of El Niño‐southern oscillation (ENSO) on hydrologic variables, through hydroclimatic teleconnection, is recognized throughout the world. Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) has been proved to be significantly influenced by ENSO. Recently, it was established that the relationship between ISMR and ENSO is modulated by the influence of atmospheric circulation patterns over the Indian Ocean region. The influences of Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode and equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation (EQUINOO) on ISMR have been established in recent research. Thus, for the Indian subcontinent, hydrologic time series are significantly influenced by ENSO along with EQUINOO. Though the influence of these large‐scale atmospheric circulations on large‐scale rainfall patterns was investigated, their influence on basin‐scale stream‐flow is yet to be investigated. In this paper, information of ENSO from the tropical Pacific Ocean and EQUINOO from the tropical Indian Ocean is used in terms of their corresponding indices for stream‐flow forecasting of the Mahanadi River in the state of Orissa, India. To model the complex non‐linear relationship between basin‐scale stream‐flow and such large‐scale atmospheric circulation information, artificial neural network (ANN) methodology has been opted for the present study. Efficient optimization of ANN architecture is obtained by using an evolutionary optimizer based on a genetic algorithm. This study proves that use of such large‐scale atmospheric circulation information potentially improves the performance of monthly basin‐scale stream‐flow prediction which, in turn, helps in better management of water resources. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evidence for solar forcing of climate variation from δ18O of peat cellulose

There have been a number of investigations for examining the possible link between long-term climate variability and solar activity. A continuous δ¹⁸O record of peat cellulose covering the past 6 000 years and the response of climate variation inferred from the proxy record to solar forcing are reported. Results show that during the past 5 000 years the abrupt climate variations, including 17 warming and 17 cooling, and a serious of periodicities, such as 86, 101, 110, 127, 132, 140, 155, 207, 245, 311, 820 and 1 050 years, are strikingly correlative to the changes of solar irradiation and periodicity. These observations are considered as further evidence for a close relationship between solar activity and climate variations on time scales of decades to centuries.     

Long-range forecasts of River Po discharges based on predictable solar activity and a fuzzy neural network model / Prévisions à long terme des débits du Fleuve Pô basées sur l’activité solaire prévisible et sur un modèle de réseau de neurones flou

Abstract

Abstract Is it possible to make seasonal and interannual forecasts of hydrological variables if one cannot predict next week’s rainfall? Contrary to common view, some scientists support the hypothesis that variations in mean global temperature and precipitation are controlled more by external forcing (solar variability and volcanic eruptions) than by increasing atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases. Temperature and precipitation are connected with special phases of the 11-year sunspot cycle, which coincide with significant accumulation of energetic solar eruptions. Because of the possibility of identifying years with many solar eruptions, the attractive prospect emerges of the long-term hydrological forecasting based on cycles of solar activity. Starting from this assumption, an expert system was built based on a fuzzy neural network model for seasonal and interannual forecasting of the Po River discharge. It was found that indices of solar activity and of global circulation are sufficient to yield useful forecasts of hydrological variables.     

地磁活动对气候要素影响的研究进展

地磁活动是太阳爆发现象引起地球近地空间磁场扰动的重要空间天气过程之一.地球磁场的变化具有多种时间尺度,其中从数十年到数世纪的长时间地磁场变化主要是由地核磁场引起的,而从数秒到数年的短时间地磁变化与太阳活动有关.近年来,越来越多的统计研究表明,地磁活动与太阳活动和地球气候变化之间存在着显著的相关性.地球磁场和地球大气系统的耦合现象驱动着人们探索地磁活动对地球天气和气候系统影响的研究.本文的目的就是综述国内外地磁变化对气候影响的研究进展,介绍我们最新的研究成果,探索地磁活动对气候要素的影响特征和可能机理过程,为深入研究地磁活动对地球天气和气候的影响提供基础和依据,以期对地磁活动和气候要素关系有进一步的认识.     

On the 18-day quasi-periodic oscillation in the ionosphere

The presence and persistence of an 18-day quasi-periodic oscillation in the ionospheric electron density variations were studied. The data of lower ionosphere (radio-wave absorption at equivalent frequency near 1 MHz), middle and upper ionosphere (critical frequencies f₀E and f₀F2) for the period 1970–1990 have been used in the analysis. Also, solar and geomagnetic activity data (the sunspot numbers Rz and solar radio flux F10.7 cm, and a_N index respectively) were used to compare the time variations of the ionospheric with the solar and geomagnetic activity data. Periodogram, complex demodulation, auto- and cross-correlation analysis have been used. It was found that 18-day quasi-periodic oscillation exists and persists in the temporal variations of the ionospheric parameters under study with high level of correlation and mean period of 18–19 days. The time variation of the amplitude of the 18-day quasi-periodic oscillation in the ionosphere seems to be modulated by the long-term solar cycle variations. Such oscillations exist in some solar and geomagnetic parameters and in the planetary wave activity of the middle atmosphere. The high similarities in the amplitude modulation, long-term amplitude variation, period range between the oscillation of investigated parameters and the global activity of oscillation suggests a possible solar influence on the 18-day quasi-periodic oscillation in the ionosphere.     

Transition of solar cycle length in association with the occurrence of grand solar minima indicated by radiocarbon content in tree-rings

In this paper, we review the variation of the 11-year solar cycle since the 15th century revealed by the measurement of radiocarbon content in single-year tree-rings of Japanese cedar trees. Measurements of radiocarbon content in absolutely dated tree-rings provide a calibration curve for accurate dating of archaeological matters, but at the same time, enable us to examine the variations of solar magnetic activity in the pre-historical period. The Sun holds several long-term quasi-cyclic variations in addition to the fundamental 11-year sunspot activity cycle and the 22-year polarity reversal cycle, and it is speculated that the property of the 11-year and the 22-year solar cycle varies in association with such long-term quasi-cycles. It is essential to reveal the details of solar variations around the transition time of solar dynamo for illuminating the mechanisms of the long-term solar variations. We therefore have investigated the property of the 11-year and 22-year cycles around the two grand solar minima; the Maunder Minimum (1645–1715 AD) and the Spoerer Minimum (1415–1534 AD), the periods of prolonged sunspot minima. As a result, slight stretching of the “11-year” and the “22-year” solar cycles was found during these two grand solar activity minima; continuously during the Maunder Minimum and only intermittently during the Spoerer Minimum. On the contrary, normal or slightly shortened 11-year cycles were detected during the interval period of these two minima. It suggests the inverse correlation between the solar cycle length and solar magnetic activity level, and also the change of meridional flow during the grand solar activity minima. Further measurements for the beginning of the grand solar minima will provide a clue to the occurrence of such prolonged sunspot disappearance. We also discuss the effect of solar variations to radiocarbon dating.