西北太平洋热带气旋活动影响区域大尺度环流的数值模拟研究

本文利用"模式手术"方法研究了西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)对东亚—西北太平洋区域大尺度环流的影响.结果表明,夏季频繁的西北太平洋TC活动导致东亚夏季风增强,季风槽加深;西太平洋副热带高压东退,位置偏北;东亚副热带高空急流强度增强,北太平洋(东亚大陆)上急流轴偏北(偏南);热带地区(副热带地区)的对流层中低层出现异常上升气流(下沉气流),并且从低纬向高纬呈现异常上升气流和异常下沉气流交替分布特征.在中国东南沿海,TC降水导致夏季降水量明显增加;而在长江中下游和华北地区,TC活动引起的异常下沉气流使夏季降水量显著减少.因此,夏季西北太平洋TC活动对东亚—西北太平洋区域气候有显著影响.     

夏季亚洲极涡的长期变化对东亚环流和水汽收支的影响

主要分析了1951～2004年夏季亚洲极涡强度和面积的长期变化趋势及其对东亚夏季环流,水汽输送和降水量的影响,发现1951～2004年,夏季亚洲极涡表现出了明显的强度减弱,面积缩小的变化趋势,并以面积缩小更为显著,这正对应于北极涛动（AO）指数在该时段的显著升高.在这种北半球中高纬大尺度环流变化的影响下,东亚夏季高空西风急流在近54年显著南移,冷空气活动的南侵程度明显增强,从而造成低空偏北风显著增强而偏南风减弱.与此相应,近54年整个中国区域内低空纬向风速呈明显的减小趋势.总的来看,东亚夏季风环流发生了明显减弱.同时,流经中国的中纬度西风水汽输送在近54年也表现出一致减弱的趋势,而南风水汽输送大致以110°E为界,以东的夏季风区呈显著的减弱趋势而以西则有明显的增加趋势.这种水汽输送的变化影响了中国不同区域内水汽输送通量散度的改变,进而使得夏季降水量发生变化.分析表明,夏季亚洲极涡的面积和强度与东北、华北和西北东部的水汽输送通量散度和夏季降水呈正相关,而与长江中下游、华南、西南、青藏高原和西北西部呈显著负相关,夏季亚洲极涡在近几十年的面积缩小和强度减弱是中国夏季降水长期变化的一个可能原因.     

影响东北初夏和盛夏降水年际变化的环流特征分析

东北地区是我国主要的粮食生产基地,而夏季是东北农作物的主要生长季,也是降水集中的季节,降水量的多少及其分布是影响东北地区粮食产量的重要因素之一.本文利用中国东北地区79个台站观测的月平均降水资料和ECMWF再分析资料,通过相关分析和回归分析,讨论了影响东北地区夏季5~8月降水年际变化的大尺度环流特征.结果发现：东北地区降水年际变化对应的环流异常在5,6月（初夏）和7,8月（盛夏）具有明显不同的特征;初夏降水异常以冷涡活动的影响为主,而盛夏则以东亚夏季风的影响为主.初夏,东北地区降水偏多年,东北地区西北部出现随高度向西倾斜的异常气旋性环流,东北地区冷涡活动频繁.盛夏,东北地区降水异常主要受到局地对流层高层东亚高空西风急流北移以及低层的西太平洋副热带高压西伸北进的影响.随着西太平洋副热带高压西北侧西南风异常的加强,向北输送到东北地区的水汽显著增多,东北地区盛夏降水偏多.此外,与7月份相比,8月东北降水除了受到夏季风的影响以外,还受到中高纬度东北亚阻塞高压的影响.     

大气环流对中东亚干旱半干旱区气候影响研究进展

亚洲干旱半干旱区占据北半球中纬度的大片区域,其主体是中东亚干旱半干旱区,该区域降水稀少、生态环境脆弱,对全球气候变化响应敏感.中东亚干旱半干旱区东部处于东亚季风区的边缘,受西风环流和季风环流的共同影响;中部和西部主要处于西风带气候区,为西风环流所控制.研究大气环流对中东亚干旱半干旱区气候的影响,对于认识和预测该区域的气候具有重要意义.基于近年来国内外学者针对大气环流对亚洲中、东部干旱半干旱区气候影响的研究,文章进行了系统回顾和总结.已有研究表明,大气环流对中东亚干旱半干旱区的气候具有不可忽视的影响.在强夏季风年,中国西北地区东南部受东亚夏季风影响,水汽通量显著增加,降水偏多;而弱夏季风年则相反,随着东亚夏季风的减弱,季风边缘的半干旱区气候呈现变干趋势;南亚季风的加强则使得更多的水汽输送至亚洲干旱半干旱区;高原夏季风与中亚地区夏季降水呈显著的正相关关系,而与中国华北地区、蒙古地区的夏季降水呈负相关.西风指数与中东亚干旱区的气温有显著的正相关关系,西风环流的变化可能是影响中亚干旱区降水变化的主要因素.     

中国东部土壤湿度异常和厄尔尼诺对中国东部夏季降水的作用比较

利用中国气象科学研究院气候系统模式CAMS-CSM中大气和陆面的耦合版本进行了土壤湿度和热带太平洋海温异常影响东亚夏季风的数值模拟,探讨了中国东部从长江中下游到华北(YRNC)春季土壤湿度和厄尔尼诺(El Ni?o)在影响夏季东亚环流和中国东部降水中的作用及其机理.结果表明,中国东部春季土壤湿度和El Ni?o海温异常均对东亚夏季风有显著的影响,其中土壤湿度对中国东部夏季降水的影响略大于海温的作用,然而两者对东亚夏季风环流和中国夏季降水的作用显著不同. YRNC土壤偏湿(干)引起的降水异常模态为中国北部和东南降水偏少(多),而长江流域和东北降水偏多(少),环流上YRNC土壤偏湿(干)能引起西太平洋副热带高压显著偏强(弱)偏西(东)和东亚大槽偏深(浅),表现为弱(强)夏季风形态. El Ni?o对降水的影响显著不同于土壤湿度的作用,在El Ni?o发展期的夏季,中国东北和华北地区为异常反气旋,长江中下游和华南地区为异常气旋,西太平洋副热带高压偏弱,引起长江下游、华南降水偏多,华北降水偏少.在El Ni?o衰减期的夏季,中国东北地区存在一个异常气旋,华南有一个异常反气旋,异常反气旋西部的偏南气流和异常气旋西部的偏北气流在中国中部和北部地区汇合,使得夏季华北和长江中游地区降水增多,其余地区降水偏少.     

春季Hadley环流异常对夏季西北太平洋热带气旋频数影响的数值模拟试验

观测事实揭示出春季Hadley环流与夏季西北太平洋热带气旋频数之间存在显著的负相关关系.由春季Hadley环流异常引起的西北太平洋地区夏季纬向风垂直切变、大气辐合辐散等的异常变化是这一关系存在的内在原因.本文通过数值试验对这一关系的真实性进行了验证,即利用中国科学院大气物理研究所发展的9层大气环流模式（IAP9L-AGCM）模拟了春季Hadley环流异常偏强情景,并分析了该情景下影响西北太平洋热带气旋生成的环境场的响应.结果表明,在春季Hadley环流偏强情景下,夏季西北太平洋地区纬向风垂直切变幅度加大,低空大气异常辐散,高空大气异常辐合,东亚夏季风减弱,这种环流背景不利于热带气旋生成和发展,因此,西北太平洋热带气旋频数异常偏少.数值模拟结果与已有的诊断结果相吻合,进而证实了春季Hadley环流与夏季西北太平洋热带气旋频数负相关关系的存在.因此,春季Hadley环流信号可以用于西北太平洋热带气旋活动的气候预测.     

亚洲夏季风水汽输送的年际年代际变化与中国旱涝的关系

利用1958～2002年的NCEP-R1和ERA-40逐日再分析资料以及中国160站点月平均降水资料探讨了亚洲夏季风水汽输送的年际年代际变化及其与中国降水异常的关系. 分析结果表明,亚洲夏季风水汽输送和中国夏季降水的异常主模态呈现显著的准两年变化周期. 当南亚夏季风纬向水汽输送偏强（弱）时,东亚—西北太平洋地区水汽输送的偶极型异常有利于长江中下游地区和江淮流域的水汽辐合负（正）异常与华南和华北地区的水汽辐合正（负）异常,从而引起中国东部的经向三极子雨型,即长江中下游地区和江淮流域的偏旱（涝）与华南和华北地区的偏涝（旱）. 1970s年代末之后,亚洲夏季风水汽输送的年代际减弱与西北太平洋地区水汽输送的偶极型异常相配合,导致长江中下游地区的持续偏涝与华南和华北地区的持续偏旱. 从中国夏季降水异常与水汽通量辐合异常的同相对应关系来看,ERA-40资料对亚洲夏季风水汽输送年际年代际变化的描述能力强于NCEP-R1资料.     

热带、副热带海陆分布与青藏高原在亚洲夏季风形成中的作用

通过一系列的理想数值试验，研究了亚、非地区热带次尺度的海陆分布和青藏高原大地形在亚洲夏季风形成中的作用.试验结果显示：海陆分布的存在以及海陆分布的几何形状对亚洲夏季风的形成有非常重要的影响.下垫面全是海洋，没有陆地时，无季风现象的存在.当仅有副热带大尺度陆地，而缺乏南亚次尺度陆地和非洲大陆热带陆地时，夏季无明显的越赤道气流，仅在欧亚副热带陆地的东南部有弱的季风，无印度、孟加拉湾和南海夏季风.中南半岛、印度半岛和非洲大陆热带陆地的存在，在夏季引导南半球的东南信风越赤道转向为西南气流，使得南海的北部、中南半岛、孟加拉湾和印度半岛、阿拉伯海上空的低层为强西南气流控制，印度、孟加拉湾和南海夏季风产生.副热带陆地向热带的深入对副热带陆上产生夏季强对流性降水起着至关重要的作用.青藏高原的存在加强了高原东侧的季风，使得季风区向北发展，青藏高原对东亚季风起放大器的作用；减弱了高原西侧的季风，使得季风区向南收缩.     

现代气候条件下降水变化的“西风模态”空间范围及其影响因子初探

全新世轨道-千年-百年-年代际尺度上中纬度亚洲内陆干旱区的湿度/降水变化与东亚季风区呈现出错/反位相的变化,简称为中纬度内陆干旱区气候变化的"西风模态",但至今对气候变化"西风模态"的适用空间范围及其影响因子缺乏深入研究.针对整个中纬度欧亚大陆(30°~60°N,0°~130°E),使用1960~2010年GPCC,CRU和CPC三个降水数据集的逐月降水资料,分别对冬、夏季降水的年际、年代际信号进行EOF分析,发现现代气候背景下的降水变化"西风模态"在夏季年代际尺度表现最为显著,亚洲中部内陆干旱区部分区域的年代际夏季降水与其东部的中纬度东亚季风区和西部的地中海周边地区均呈现出相反变化的空间格局,在中纬度欧亚大陆表现出"-+-"的空间变化模态.据此划分出气候变化"西风模态"核心区域,即西部以里海(约50°E)为界,东部到河西走廊西界(约90°E),南北界限与亚洲中部干旱区南北界线吻合(约36°~54°N),整体相当于中亚和中国新疆干旱区,本文将其命名为"西风模态核心区".依据逐月NCEP/NCAR再分析数据,探讨了亚洲中部干旱区气候变化"西风模态"的成因,发现其不但与中纬度大气环流的纬向波动传播及印度夏季风降水异常之间的共同作用有直接联系,而且与大西洋多年代际振荡(AMO)也密切相关.     

现代蒙古高原与中纬度东亚季风区夏季降水一致性变化的空间范围及其成因

蒙古高原地处亚洲中部干旱区东部,受到西风环流的主控,表现出干旱半干旱气候特征,其东部受到季风环流的影响,表现为湿润半湿润气候特征的中纬度东亚季风区.但有研究关注到该地区现代夏季降水的变化与亚洲中部干旱区西部变化并不一致,却与中纬度东亚季风区表现出同相位的降水变化特征.为了查明这种降水一致性的空间范围,文章使用1979～2016年GPCC数据集的逐月降水资料,分别对蒙古高原夏季降水年际和年代际信号进行分析.结果显示:蒙古高原与中纬度东亚季风区在年际和年代际尺度上都呈现出了基本一致的降水变化特征,一致性变化区域主要为蒙古高原、中国东北和华北地区.进一步对蒙古高原与中纬度东亚季风区年代际出现降水一致性变化的物理机制进行研究,发现北大西洋和中亚地区与欧洲和蒙古高原高度场异常反相位配置的欧亚大陆中纬度遥相关波列是导致降水一致性变化的关键因素.当北大西洋和中亚地区为高度场正异常,而蒙古高原出现高度场负异常这种环流配置时,能够将更多的西风和中纬度季风水汽输送到蒙古高原、中国东北和华北地区,并且通过加强东北亚低压来增强东亚夏季风,还可以激发异常上升运动,从而导致主要受西风环流控制的蒙古高原和受季风环流控制的中国东北和华北地区降水出现一致性增加.反之则出现一致性降水减少.这项研究将对理解东亚古降水/湿度重建样点的空间代表性,以及厘清区域气候的一致性背景具有指示性意义.     

Teleconnection between the Indian summer monsoon onset and the Meiyu over the Yangtze River Valley

Based on the Indian and Chinese precipitation data and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis circulation data, the relationship between the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) onset and the Meiyu over the Yangtze River Valley has been discussed by the methods of correlation analysis and composite analysis. The results show that the date of ISM onset over Kerala in the southwestern coast of the Indian Peninsula is about two weeks earlier than the beginning of the Meiyu over the Yangtze River Valley. After the outbreak of ISM, the teleconnection mode sets up from the western coast of India via the Bay of Bengal (BOB) to the Yangtze River Valley and southern Japan. It is different both in time and space from the telecon- nection mode which is from the northwest of India via the Tibetan Plateau to northern China. The for- mer mode is defined as the "south" teleconnection of the Asian summer monsoon, forming in the pe- riod of ISM onset; while the latter mode is called the "north" teleconnection, mainly occurring in the Asian monsoon culminant period. During the process of the "south" teleconnection’s formation, the Asian monsoon circulation has experienced a series of important changes: ISM onset, the northward movement of the south Asia high (SAH), the onset vortex occurrence, the eastward extension of the stronger tropical westerly belt, and the northeastward jump of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), etc. Consequently, since ISM sets up over Kerala, the whole Asian continent is covered by the upper SAH after about two weeks, while in the mid- and lower troposphere, a strong wind belt forms from the Arabian Sea via the southern India, BOB and the South China Sea (SCS), then along the western flank of WPSH, to the Yangtze River Valley and southern Japan. With the northward moving of the subtropical jet streams, the upper westerly jet stream and the low level jet have been coupled ver- tically over east Asia, while the Yangtze River Valley happens to locate in the ascending motion area between the upper jet stream and the low level jet, i.e. right of the entrance of the upper jet stream and left of the low level jet. Such a structure of the vertical circulation can trigger the Meiyu onset over the Yangtze River Valley.     

An overview of the influence of atmospheric circulation on the climate in arid and semi-arid region of Central and East Asia

The arid and semi-arid (ASA) region of Asia occupies a large area in the middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, of which the main body is the ASA region of Central and East Asia (CEA). In this region, the climate is fragile and the environment is sensitive. The eastern part of the ASA region of CEA is located in the marginal zone of the East Asian monsoon and is jointly influenced by westerly circulation and the monsoon system, while in the western part of the ASA of CEA, the climate is mainly controlled by westerly circulation. To understand and predict the climate over this region, it is necessary to investigate the influence of general circulation on the climate system over the ASA region of CEA. In this paper, recent progress in understanding the relationship between the general circulation and climate change over the ASA region is systematically reviewed. Previous studies have demonstrated that atmospheric circulation represents a significant factor in climate change over the ASA region of CEA. In the years with a strong East Asian summer monsoon, the water vapor flux increases and precipitation is abundant in the southeastern part of Northwest China. The opposite situation occurs in years when the East Asian summer monsoon is weak. With the weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon, the climate tends to dry over the semi-arid region located in the monsoon marginal zone. Recently, owing to the strengthening of the South Asian monsoon, more water vapor has been transported to the ASA region of Asia. The Plateau summer monsoon intensity and the precipitation in summer exhibit a significant positive correlation in Central Asia but a negative correlation in North China and Mongolia. A significant positive correlation also exists between the westerly index and the temperature over the arid region of CEA. The change in the westerly circulation may be the main factor affecting precipitation over the arid region of Central Asia.     

Precipitation seesaw phenomenon and its formation mechanism in the eastern and western parts of Northwest China during the flood season

Extending across three major plateaus,namely the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,the Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau and the Loess Plateau,Northwest China has the complex terrain and spatio-temporal climate variations,and is affected by the interactions among different circulation systems,such as the summer monsoon,the westerlies and the plateau monsoon.The understanding of the climate variability,as well as its characteristics and evolution mechanisms in this area has been limited so far.In this paper,the precipitation characteristics and mechanisms in the eastern and western parts of Northwest China during the flood season are compared and analyzed based on the data from 192 national meteorological observational sites in Northwest China in 1961-2016.The results show that,divided by the northern boundary of the East Asian summer monsoon,there are huge differences in the precipitation variation characteristics between the eastern and western parts.The inter-annual variations,interdecadal variations and total trends in the two parts all show a significant seesaw phenomenon.Moreover,it is found that the seesaw phenomenon of precipitation variation is closely related to the opposite variation between the East Asian summer monsoon index(MI) and the westerly circulation index(WI).In addition,the inverse variations on different time scales are only related to the contributions of precipitation at specific grades.Besides,in the two matching patterns of precipitation in the seesaw phenomenon,the middle and high latitudes are occupied by the "high-low-high" wave trains in the precipitation increases in the east of Northwest China(ENWC) and decreases in the west of Northwest China(WNWC) pattern,meaning precipitation increases in ENWC and decreases in WNWC.Whereas the opposite "low-high-low" wave trains at 500 hPa height are observed in the middle and high latitudes in the WH-EA pattern at 500 hPa height,meaning precipitation increases in WNWC and decreases in ENWC.Thus,the atmosphere circulation situation with two wave train types can support both the precipitation seesaw phenomenon and the opposite variation between MI and WI.Moreover,the seesaw phenomenon is shown to be related to the separate or joint effects of the South Asian High,ENSO and the plateau heating on the common but opposite effect on the summer monsoon and the westerlies,in which the South Asian High probably plays a more critical role.This study could deepen the scientific understanding of precipitation mechanisms and improve the weather forecast technology in Northwest China during the flood season.     

Break in the Indian summer monsoon

Summary The changes in circulation patterns over Eurasia during break monsoon condition over India are studied in comparison to the active monsoon condition. Break monsoon condition seems to set in over the India Sub-Continent in association with eastward movement of middle latitude westerly trough at 500 mb, having large amplitude extending into west Pakistan and northern India. Simultaneously the subtropical anticyclonic ridge over Arabia protrudes into central and Peninsular India. The high latitude blocking high over East Siberia retrogrades and the East Asiatic trough deepens and moves eastwards. The west Pacific subtropical ridge recedes eastward from the China continent. During this period the monsoon trough shifts, from its normal position over Gangetic plains, northwards to the foot of the Himalayas and the monsoon westerlies in the lower troposphere extends right upto the rim of the Tibetan Plateau. The sub-tropical ridge line in the upper troposphere shifts northwards during break and lies approximately above the lower monsoon trough. This seems to provide an effective process of removing ascending air in the lower monsoon trough causing exceptionally heavy rainfall over Assam and along the foot of the Himalayas.     

北半球夏季副热带西风急流变异及其对东亚夏季风气候异常的影响

探讨了东亚地区副热带西风急流(EAJS)位置的年际 变化特征、影响及其可能机制. EAJS南北变动的影响主要集中在亚澳季风区和气候平均的北 半球副热带西风急流轴的南北两侧,这与SOI或ENSO相联系的大气环流响应很不相同,后者的 影响主要表现在中、东太平洋上. 北半球副热带西风急流存在着两个显著不同的模态,其中 一个模态反映的是亚太尤其是东亚地区的西风急流的南北变异,另一个模态出现在150°E～1 20°W的中、东太平洋上. 它们分别联系着不同的太平洋海温异常分布,但都能对夏季200hPa 南亚高压的强度产生影响,尤其是南亚高压的东部,从而可以对我国东部夏季旱涝灾害的形成 产生作用.     

Climate control on summer precipitation in the Source Region of Three Rivers,China: East or South Asian summer monsoon?

ABSTRACT

The Source Region of Three Rivers (SRTR) has experienced wetter summer seasons than before in recent decades due to climate change. As the most important source of surface water, precipitation plays a key role in supplying the three largest rivers. This study investigates the impacts of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) on precipitation in the SRTR. Using wavelet analysis tools, we found that: (i) summer precipitation in the SRTR showed notably different responses to the monsoon variability among the 14 stations studied; (ii) the influence of the EASM and SASM on summer precipitation was stronger in the southern and eastern SRTR; but (iii) this influence quickly dampened from southeast to northwest and became almost indiscernible in the northwestern SRTR. This research may help to increase the accuracy of long-term monsoon-rainfall prediction and improve water resource management in the SRTR.     

Arabian Peninsula-North Pacific Oscillation and its association with the Asian summer monsoon

Using correlation and EOF analyses on sea level pressure from 57-year NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data, the Arabian Peninsula-North Pacific Oscillation (APNPO) is identified. The APNPO reflects the co-variability between the North Pacific high and South Asian summer monsoon low. This teleconnec- tion pattern is closely related to the Asian summer monsoon. On interannual timescale, it co-varies with both the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and South Asian summer monsoon (SASM); on decadal timescale, it co-varies with the EASM: both exhibit two abrupt climate changes in the middle 1960s and the late 1970s respectively. The possible physical process for the connections between the APNPO and Asian summer monsoon is then explored by analyzing the APNPO-related atmospheric circulations. The results show that with a strong APNPO, the Somali Jet, SASM flow, EASM flow, and South Asian high are all enhanced, and an anomalous anticyclone is produced at the upper level over northeast China via a zonal wave train. Meanwhile, the moisture transportation to the Asian monsoon regions is also strengthened in a strong APNPO year, leading to a strong moisture convergence over India and northern China. All these changes of circulations and moisture conditions finally result in an anoma- lous Asian summer monsoon and monsoon rainfall over India and northern China. In addition, the APNPO has a good persistence from spring to summer. The spring APNPO is also significantly corre- lated with Asian summer monsoon variability. The spring APNPO might therefore provide valuable in- formation for the prediction of Asian summer monsoon.     

BCC_CSM1.1(m)模式对于夏季亚洲-太平洋涛动的模拟

亚洲-太平洋涛动是北半球夏季亚洲大陆和北太平洋副热带地区对流层中高层扰动温度场上大尺度的东西反相的遥相关现象,其异常变化与亚洲-太平洋地区夏季风气候有着密切的联系.基于欧洲中心的ERA-40再分析资料和国家气候中心BCC_CSM1.1（m）气候系统模式多年的数值模拟结果,本文主要评估了BCC_CSM1.1（m）模式对于夏季亚洲-太平洋涛动的空间分布、指数的时间演变及与其变化所对应的亚洲地区夏季环流异常等方面的模拟能力,结果表明：BCC_CSM1.1（m）模式能够较好地模拟出北半球夏季对流层中高层扰动温度在亚-太地区中纬度存在的西高东低"跷跷板"现象;模式能够模拟出夏季亚洲-太平洋涛动指数的年际变率,但是不能模拟出该指数在20世纪60-70年代明显下降的年代际趋势;模式还能较好地模拟出亚洲-太平洋涛动高低指数年亚洲-太平洋地区夏季环流的异常：指数偏高年份,南亚高压增强,高空西风急流带和热带东风急流均加强,索马里越赤道气流增强,南亚热带季风和东亚副热带季风均增强,东亚季风低压槽加强,西北太平洋副热带高压增强,南亚和东亚北部降水增加,菲律宾地区、中国长江流域-朝鲜半岛-日本一带地区降水减少,反之亦然.