海南博鳌海域的沉积物输运趋势与沉积速率

2001年与2009年分别在博鳌海域进行表层沉积物和柱状沉积物取样,通过粒度分析和计算获取沉积物粒度参数,借助放射性同位素测年估算沉积速率.结果表明,与2001年相比,目前万泉河口、沙美内海有细化趋势(由粗砂变为细砂),玉带滩北部沉积物变粗,而玉带滩南部变化不大.此外,目前沙美内海北部沉积物输运趋势和2001年正好相反,南部则基本一致.万泉河口北侧沙嘴由淤积变为侵蚀,与实地调查一致.玉带滩北部沉积物沿岸向南、向外海输运,原处于侵蚀状态的南部岸段现已处于稳定阶段,这与2001年和2009年两个时段的岸线对比结果吻合.210Pb测年结果发现,潟湖内的沉积速率约为2mm·a-1,和2001年的测年结果基本一致.     

东海岛东北部砂质岸滩年度冲淤变化及沉积物运移分析

东海岛是全国第五大岛,其东部长达28km的海滩是"中国第一长滩"。近年来因海平面上升和人类开发,该海滩局部出现较为严重的海岸侵蚀。基于高精度GPS监测结果及表层沉积物粒度测试结果,使用GSTA趋势分析模型,研究了东海岛东北部砂质岸滩的季节性冲淤变化及沉积物运移趋势,探讨了海岸侵蚀机制。结果表明,研究区岸滩沉积物的运移主要受潮流的控制,以沿岸向北运移为主。研究区南部岸滩紧邻低滩灯塔形成的波影区,沉积物供应较少,岸滩以侵蚀为主;研究区北部沿岸流搬运的沉积物能从南侧得到补给,加之向岸运移的沉积物,岸滩多处于淤积状态。     

1973 年以来射阳河口附近海岸蚀淤变化遥感分析

以射阳河口北部扁担港口和射阳河口南部斗龙港口之间的海岸作为研究区,基于1973,1987,2000和2013年四期Landsat影像提取了该岸段岸线,并进行了时空变化分析。结果表明,射阳河口以北的扁担港口—射阳河口岸段仍处于侵蚀状态,呈现侵蚀—淤积—缓慢侵蚀的变化格局,40 a间侵蚀面积为12.6 km2,淤积面积为1.0 km2;射阳河口以南的射阳河口—斗龙港口岸段处于淤积的态势,呈现淤积—快速淤积—缓慢淤积的格局,40 a间淤积的面积为223.1 km2,仅在2000~2013年间该岸段北部出现了侵蚀。结论是虽然射阳河口以南岸段仍总体处于淤积的过程中,但是近年来江苏海岸的侵蚀范围已经扩展到了射阳河口以南,这证明了江苏海岸侵蚀岸段有进一步扩大的趋势。     

莱州湾西南岸海域悬浮泥沙与沉积物粒度分布特征

根据2007年冬季莱州湾西南岸海域沉积物和悬浮泥沙的调查数据,分析了海底表层沉积物与悬浮泥沙的关系,并结合表层沉积物的粒度特征,探讨了该海域泥沙的输运及沉积特征,对海域的泥沙来源进行了初步分析。结果表明,含沙量总体表现出近岸含沙量低,远岸含沙量高,底层含沙量高于表层含沙量,且北部含沙量高于南部的分布特点;底床沉积物呈现带状分布特征,在水动力条件的作用下,粒径由岸向海逐渐变细。结合已有研究资料综合分析认为,淄脉沟以北海域泥沙主要来自于黄河入海泥沙,淄脉沟以南海域受黄河入海泥沙影响较小,主要源于近岸浅滩和海底表层沉积物的再悬浮和搬运。     

海南岛南渡江三角洲北部沿岸的泥沙转运和岸滩运动

南渡江三角洲海岸可分为东部废弃侵蚀岸，北部泥沙转运岸西部淤涨堆积岸等三个岸段，北部岸段为了边接东、西部岸段，存在大规模的，有节奏的沿岸泥沙向西和向岸转运及其相应的岸滩运动现象，涨沙主要来自南渡江干流河口及其以东的废弃侵蚀岸。文中还结合对北部岸河口和沿岸泥沙转运规律的分析，讨论了波浪优势型河口三角洲特征及其堡岛海岸的形态、动态和泥沙来源以及人类活动对该岸段的影响等问题。     

海南岛南渡江三角洲北部沿岸的泥沙转运和岸滩运动

南渡江三角洲海岸可分为东部废弃侵蚀岸、北部泥沙转运岸和西部淤涨堆积岸等三个岸段。北部岸段为了连接东、西部岸段，存在大规模的、有节奏的沿岸泥沙向西和向岸转运及其相应的岸滩运动现象，泥沙主要来自南渡江干流河口及其以东的废弃侵蚀岸。文中还结合对北部岸段河口和沿岸泥沙转运现律的分析，讨论了波浪优势型河口三角洲特征及其堡岛海岸的形态、动态和泥沙来源以及人类活动对该岸段的影响等问题。     

广西北海涠洲岛典型岸滩剖面短期冲淤变化特征

基于涠洲岛2012年12月、2013年7月和2013年12月砂质岸滩剖面高程数据以及沉积物粒度数据,作者分析了2012~2013年涠洲岛砂质海岸短期冲淤变化。结果表明:(1)2012年12月~2013年7月,在热带风暴的影响下,涠洲岛大部分岸滩发生侵蚀现象,侵蚀最严重部位一般在中滩;(2)2012年12月~2013年12月,侵蚀岸段主要在东南部、西南部和西北部低滩,淤积岸段主要在北部、西北部高中滩;(3)根据沉积物颗粒平均粒径分析结果,一般高滩沉积物较低滩粗,说明水动力环境高滩相对较强,各岸段沉积物颗粒变化基本与岸滩剖面冲淤变化相一致。短时期内,影响涠洲岛岸滩冲淤变化的因素有波浪、潮汐、风暴潮和人类活动等。     

珠江河口及邻近海域表层沉积物特征及其泥沙运移趋势

根据现场采集的1 309个表层沉积物样品,分析了珠江河口及邻近海域的表层沉积物特征。在此基础上,应用Gao-Collins的粒径趋势分析模型(GSTA模型),计算了珠江河口及邻近海域表层沉积物的净输运趋势,并结合有关动力沉积背景讨论了其实际意义。结果表明:珠江口及邻近海域表层沉积物类型共有8种,其中以粘土质粉砂和粉砂分布最广泛。受径流、潮流、沿岸流、波浪和陆架环流等动力作用,表层沉积物颗粒呈现出研究区西南部及北部口门附近的泥沙较粗,中部和东部的泥沙较细。东部(即大鹏湾及大亚湾以南的陆架区域)和西南部的分选略好于珠江河口及近岸10 m以浅区域,珠江河口及近岸10 m以浅区域的分选又略好于研究区的中南部区域(万山群岛的东南面及担秆列岛以南的区域),但泥沙总体分选差。不同级配的泥沙分布和沉积特征不一致。珠江河口及邻近海域泥沙运移规律较复杂,珠江河口及近岸区域(10 m以浅)泥沙主要向南和西南运移;外海陆架区泥沙主要向东运移;大亚湾和红海湾以南至60 m以浅区域的泥沙呈现向南运移的趋势。黄茅海北面的泥沙向西南运移;大襟岛和荷包岛以南及两岛之间是高盐陆架水入侵通道,泥沙整体向北运移;黄茅海中部泥沙以垂直落淤为主,水平运移趋势不显著,只略微向西输运,故黄茅海河口湾中西部床面有淤浅的趋势。在(113.52E,21.76N)点附近存在一个巨大的泥沙辐聚中心,其东北、西北和南面泥沙均向该点运移辐聚;在万山岛至桂山岛周边区域泥沙呈现出逆时针方向的环流运移。     

日照海岸带沙滩侵蚀现状及沉积物粒度特征分析

通过对日照市海岸带2个重点沙滩的现场调查和沉积物粒度计算,综合分析了沙滩的侵蚀现状和粒度参数特征。海滨国家森林公园沙滩北部和南部处于侵蚀状态,中部为缓慢淤积状态;万平口海水浴场沙滩北部、中部总体呈侵蚀趋势,南部为淤积状态。海滨国家森林公园沙滩的平均粒径总体要小于万平口海水浴场沙滩,这与两沙滩的坡度不同有关,平均粒径从滩肩到低潮线逐渐变小。海滨国家森林公园沙滩的分选性要好于万平口海水浴场沙滩,分选系数具有由陆向海、由北向南逐渐变小的趋势。沙滩的滩肩和滩面处频率曲线主要为双峰,峰态平坦,物质来源复杂,低潮线处频率曲线主要为单峰,峰态尖锐,物质来源单一。     

梅山港水道的冲淤演变

梅山港水道位于杭州湾以南、舟山群岛西侧的穿山半岛与梅山岛之间,是象山港口北岸沿岸小型潮流通道。根据历史资料,对梅山港水道岸线变迁、滩槽变化、纵剖面变化、横断面以及区域冲淤变化等进行了定量的研究。结合实测水文泥沙、地貌形态、沉积、人类开发活动等资料进行综合分析后认为:梅山港水道平面形态轮廓深受沿岸历史围涂筑塘的影响;梅山港水道整体上处于缓慢淤积的趋势;水道平面形态和泥沙运移特征具有涨潮槽的特性;七姓涂围涂工程等人类活动可能加剧梅山港水道的淤积过程。     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,