Regional agricultural landscape pattern changes along the Yellow River in Henan Province from 1987 to 2002

Agricultural landscape along the riparian zones is designated as important landscape components for partly controlling water quality, biodiversity, as well as for their aesthetic role in landscapes. Therefore, the change of agricultural landscape along the riparian zones is at the top of the agenda for many policy makers and landscape planners. As a basis for conservation management, sufficient information about landscape structure should be provided. In the present study, we reconstructed the former landscape structure and elucidated the changes in landscape patterns during a period of about 15 years. Two sets of maps were used: a landsat-5 TM image (1987) and landsat-7 ETM image (2002). The frequency index, landscape diversity index and landscape fragmentation index were calculated for analyses. The results showed that: (1) the areas of the irrigated land, river, forest and beach landscape classes presented a decreasing trend while the areas of landscape classes of pool, paddy fields, dry land and construction land increased. (2) Disturbed by human activity, landscape diversity index increased but landscape fragmentation index decreased. In short, Human activities have had important influences on agricultural landscape of the riparian zones along the Yellow River in Henan Province.     

北京山地系统的土地利用控制与景观生态环境建设规划

在分析北京山地系统的三大景观生态区域的现状和土地利用特点以及存在的生态环境问题基础上提出北京市景观生态环境建设的规划分区原则 ,那立北京市的三个一级规划分区和 8个类型区 ,指出各区的土地利用调整和类型区的景观生态环境建设方向。本文建立土地利用控制分区与生态环境建设相结合的规划模式 ,体现两个《规划》的基本要求 ,从而将人类经济活动、土地资源利用和生态环境建设融合在一起 ,实现土地利用规划“一保吃饭 ,二保建设 ,三保生态环境”的原则。     

河南黄河下游沿岸地区农业景观格局演变

1 Introduction Agriculturallandscape is the m osaics ofnaturaland hum an-managed patches thatvary in size, shape and arrangement(Forman and Gordron,1986).The spatialpattern in the landscape may influence a variety of ecological processes,such as water run…     

Spatial heterogeneity of urban land-cover landscape in Guangzhou from 1990 to 2005

Urbanization has been the most important process that changed land cover landscape in Guangzhou since reformation, especially since 1990. It is essential for monitoring and assessing ecological consequences of urbanization to understand landscape quantitative characteristics and its changes. Based on four land-cover type maps interpreted from remote sensing TM images of 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, combining gradient analysis with landscape metrics, the quantified spatial pattern and its dynamics of urbanization in Guangzhou was got. Three landscape metrics were computed within different regional areas including the whole study area, two transects along two highways (one N–S and the other W–E) and radiation zones with equal distance outwards the city center were set. Buffer zones for transects N–S and W–E were outlined along highways. The following questions should be answered in this paper: What responses were implied with changing spatial grain size or extent for landscape pattern analysis? Could gradient progress of urbanization be characterized by landscape pattern analysis? Did landscape metrics reveal urban expanding gradually? Were there directional differences in land cover landscape pattern during urbanizing development? The results gave some affirmative answers. Landscape pattern exhibited obviously scale-dependent to grain size and extent. The landscape metrics with gradient analysis could quantitatively approach spatial pattern of urbanization. A precise location for urbanized area, like city center and sub-center, could be identified by multiple landscape metrics. Multiple adjunctive centers occurred as indicated by analysis of radiation zones around the city center. Directional differences of landscape pattern along the two transects (N–S and W–E) came into being. For example, fragmentation of landscape in the transect W–E was obviously higher than that in the transect N–S. All in all, some interesting and important ecological implications were revealed under landscape patterns of two transects or radiation zones, and that was the important step to link pattern with processes in urban ecological studies and the basis to improve urban environment.     

1990-2005年广州城市土地覆被景观变化

Urbanization has been the most important process that changed land cover landscape in Guangzhou since reformation, especially since 1990. It is essential for monitoring and assessing ecological consequences of urbanization to understand landscape quantitative characteristics and its changes. Based on four land-cover type maps interpreted from remote sensing TM images of 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, combining gradient analysis with landscape metrics, the quantified spatial pattern and its dynamics of urbanization in Guangzhou was got. Three landscape metrics were computed within different regional areas including the whole study area, two transects along two highways (one N-S and the other W-E) and radiation zones with equal distance outwards the city center were set. Buffer zones for transects N-S and W-E were outlined along highways. The following questions should be answered in this paper: What responses were implied with changing spatial grain size or extent for landscape pattern analysis? Could gradient progress of urbanization be characterized by landscape pattern analysis? Did landscape metrics reveal urban expanding gradually? Were there directional differences in land cover landscape pattern during urbanizing development? The results gave some affirmative answers. Landscape pattern exhibited obviously scale-dependent to grain size and extent. The landscape metrics with gradient analysis could quantitatively approach spatial pattern of urbanization. A precise location for urbanized area, like city center and sub-center, could be identified by multiple landscape metrics. Multiple adjunctive centers occurred as indicated by analysis of radiation zones around the city center. Directional differences of landscape pattern along the two transects (N-S and W-E) came into being. For example, fragmentation of landscape in the transect W-E was obviously higher than that in the transect N-S. All in all, some interesting and important ecological implications were revealed under landscape patterns of two transects or radiation zones, and that was the important step to link pattern with processes in urban ecological studies and the basis to improve urban environment.     

景观空间异质性对地表水质服务的影响研究——以河南省伊河流域为例

人类干扰使景观空间异质性发生了剧烈变化,进而对生态系统服务产生了严重影响。目前,针对景观空间异质性与生态系统服务的关联关系研究还较为薄弱。以河南省伊河流域为研究区域,以地表水质服务为研究对象,分析了地表水质服务的空间变化;通过以水质采样点为中心建立缓冲区,分析了不同尺度下的景观空间异质性特征,并与地表水质指标进行相关性研究,以探讨景观空间异质性与地表水质服务间的影响规律及响应机制。结果表明：① 研究区地表水质状况整体上为西南、东北部较差,中部较好;② 从景观组成来看,林地面积占比或斑块个数的增加有利于地表水质的提高;③ 类型水平上,林地的景观构型与化学需氧量的质量浓度在200 m半径缓冲区内显著相关（P<0.05）,城镇用地的景观构型对地表水质的影响则在2000 m半径缓冲区内更为明显;④ 景观水平上,总磷的质量浓度受到景观构型变化的强烈影响（P<0.05）,景观构型异质性越低,总磷的质量浓度就越高;⑤ 适当增加景观空间异质性可有效降低地表水质污染物的质量浓度,提高地表水质服务。研究结论可为伊河流域的空间开发及水环境保护政策的制定提供科学依据。     

Land use and landscape pattern change: a linkage to the construction of the Qinghai-Xizang Highway

Based on digital land use data from 1995 to 2000 and road data, the land use and landscape changes of Golmud, Qumaleb and Zhidoi are studied on a macro-scale. Land use and landscape changes in highway buffer zones and city expansion are special subjects. A new formula is used to define the exact degree of dynamic land use. To adequately define land use and landscape pattern changes, the buffer zones, illustrating the changes at different distances from the road, are recognized with ArcGIS 8.1 software. Prominent changes took place in land use and landscape patterns from 1995 to 2000, and the area of built-up land increased by 323.8%. The comprehensive degree of dynamic land use is 2.25, and the degree of dynamic land use of built-up land is the highest, followed by cultivated land. Woodland has the lowest value. The used degree index of land resources declined by 38.8 from 1995 to 2000. Landscape changed dramatically which influenced ecological processes immensely. Different from the corridor effect of other traffic routes, the corridor effect of this section of road is not obvious and its “point” radiation effect can be easily seen. The expanding range of Golmud City is confined to a 3 km buffer, while for Wudaoliang, it is 1 km. No land use change happened in the Nanshankou buffer.     

Land use and landscape pattern change: a linkage to the construction of the Qinghai-Xizang Highway

Based on digital land use data from 1995 to 2000 and road data, the land use and landscape changes of Golmud, Qumaleb and Zhidoi are studied on a macro-scale. Land use and landscape changes in highway buffer zones and city expansion are special subjects. A new formula is used to define the exact degree of dynamic land use. To adequately define land use and landscape pattern changes, the buffer zones, illustrating the changes at different distances from the road, are recognized with ArcGIS 8.1 software. Prominent changes took place in land use and landscape patterns from 1995 to 2000, and the area of built-up land increased by 323.8%. The comprehensive degree of dynamic land use is 2.25, and the degree of dynamic land use of built-up land is the highest, followed by cultivated land. Woodland has the lowest value. The used degree index of land resources declined by 38.8 from 1995 to 2000. Landscape changed dramatically which influenced ecological processes immensely. Different from the corridor effect of other traffic routes, the corridor effect of this section of road is not obvious and its "point" radiation effect can be easily seen. The expanding range of Golmud City is confined to a 3 km buffer, while for Wudaoliang, it is 1 km. No land use change happened in the Nanshankou buffer.     

Outside the boundary - Land use changes in the surroundings of urban nature reserves

The importance of the landscape surrounding a protected area for sustaining its values is frequently discussed in conservation literature. Studies on the interactions of urbanisation and nature conservation at the global scale suggest that protected nature attracts urbanisation, and that this in turn might negatively impact the area. However, studies specifically addressing such land use dynamics at city scale are largely missing. In this study we examine the change in proportion of built up area in two zones (500 m and 1000 m) surrounding 15 urban nature reserves in southern Sweden. By using comprehensive maps from the last 50 years, we compared the zones to the overall urbanisation in the cities to reveal discrepancies in land use surrounding the nature reserves. We found that the amount of built up area in the buffer zones surrounding nature reserves followed the same trend as the corresponding cities and this relation was stable over time, although the positive relationship was not significant. The establishment of nature reserves had no detectable effect on surrounding land use, however two distinguished groups of reserves were identified with either more or less built up area in buffers zones compared to cities. These differences were related to specific local drivers such as land ownership, land use history and nature reserve location. In contrast to earlier studies at global scale, our study did not show that nature reserves attract urbanisation. Instead, we stress that the great variety of contextual factors at the city scale makes quantitative analysis of this kind extremely difficult. However, a general neglect from planning and nature conservation agencies to recognise nature reserves’ dependence on the surrounding landscape configuration could be detrimental to sustain their values in the long-term. Hence we suggest that zones surrounding nature-protected areas should be planned and managed according to local land use history and current landscape conditions to enable and enhance necessary cross-boundary interactions.     

基于粗糙集与突变级数法的土地利用景观分区研究

基于江苏宜兴市土地利用现状数据库,利用土地景观格局指数,采用粗糙集与突变级数法相结合的方法对宜兴市进行土地利用景观分区。分区结果表明:区域地貌特征影响的土地利用方式是土地利用景观格局分异的主要因素,随着水域、林地面积比重的增加,人类对土地系统的改造逐渐减弱,斑块破碎化程度降低,斑块形状复杂化程度增强,景观多样性减弱;结合粗糙集论通过知识约简挖掘数据中隐含的内在规则,依据属性重要性对评价因子进行重要性排序,无需确定权重,最终通过多指标集成的突变级数法进行土地利用景观分区。     

Runoff separation and eco-hydrological function in the typical landscape zones combining hydrochemical and isotopic tracers: a review

The study on the coupling relationship and hydrology mechanism between ecosystem and hydrological process in a basin has recently become the international research frontier in hydrology.Runoff separation is still an important subject and possibly cutting edge process in hydrology.This paper summarizes the progress of national and international research,and comments on the advantages and disadvantages of recent,diverse base flow separation methods.This paper also presents research on hydrological process and eco-hydrological function in different landscape zones,combining isotopic technology with hydrochemical methods.Based on the runoff separation of different water bodies,this paper probes into the coupling relationship and hydrology mechanism between ecosystem pattern and eco-hydrological process,and makes analysis on water conservation,regulation and storage mechanism,and eco-hydrological function in different landscape zones.This report also examines future trends in research on hydrological process and eco-hydrological function in mountainous areas.     

湿润及半湿润地带的土地风沙化问题

半湿润及湿润地带只要具备沙物质组成的地表,植被遭到破坏,沙体裸露和干季与风季在时间上同步性的条件下,经风力作用的结果同样可以产生风沙活动,并塑造了沙丘起伏的地表景观,从而造成生物生产量下降土地生产潜力的衰退,地表出现类似沙漠化环境的土地风沙化。但和干旱及半干旱地带的沙漠化土地相比除了具有类似的风沙地貌特点外,还有着其他显著的差异:1.因处于半湿润及湿润的气候条件下,在-般的情况下,风沙地表景观往往在干季风季表现得非常明显,而在多雨炎热少风的季节,风沙地表景观便不十分显著,在景观上具有季节变异性的特征。2.从宏观的地理分布来说,面积较半干旱及干旱地带沙漠化土地的范围为小,且分布零散,但因处于人烟稠密经济发达的地区,风沙的危害直接影响人们生活环境。3.从环境退化的过程来看,还未使整个周围环境全部退化,只不过在整个绿色的原野中有斑点状风沙地貌景观的点缀,并仍有-定的生产力。4.地表虽有风化活动所形成的地貌形态,但从发育规模及形态特征来看,其形态结构都较简单。5.由于上述诸特点,从国土整治的需要来考虑,对于半湿润及温润地带的沙地,不仅只限于防止其蔓延,而更重要的是如何在已恢复生产力的土地上再进行高效益的开发利用,这与干旱半干旱地带沙漠化土地整治中,     

2003-2017年北京市地表热力景观时空分异特征及演变规律

利用2003-2017年MODIS地表温度数据,分别从数量、形状和结构角度揭示北京市不同季相和昼夜间地表热力景观时空分异特征,并进一步通过热力等级变化图谱及质心迁移轨迹揭示城市热力景观空间演变规律,探究热力景观等级转换生态过程。结论如下：① 城市地表热力景观季节和昼夜空间特征差异显著;② 中温区在城市热环境中占主导地位。白天中温区是最不稳定的热力景观等级;夜间次低温区和次高温区不稳定性增加;③ 地表热力景观等级变化以稳定型占主,反复变化型和前期变化型次之。地表热力景观等级通常呈现逐级递增或递减规律,山区呈现逐级降温趋势,北部城郊—山地交错地带表现出次低温和中温的反复转向,南部地区有一定的升温趋势;④ 2003-2017年高温区面积增大且质心向城市中心集中,低温区质心向城市外围扩散。生态涵养发展区对北京市地表热力景观质心迁移贡献率最高。热力景观时空分异特征及演变规律可为有效缓解城市热岛效应提供管理决策支持。     

中国南方传统聚落景观区划及其利用价值

聚落文化景观是文化景观研究的最有效的切入点。由于中国南方地区较为多样化的地理环境和文化背景,传统聚落景观的多样化特点比北方地区表现得更为鲜明。不同地方环境与文化背景下的南方传统聚落景观,表现出较为明显的地域分异和景观意象差异,从而划分出识别性较强的8个聚落景观区和40个景观亚区。8个聚落景观区为:Ⅰ.江浙水乡聚落景观区;Ⅱ.皖赣徽商聚落景观区;Ⅲ.闽粤赣边客家聚落景观区;Ⅳ.浙南闽台沿海丘陵聚落景观区;Ⅴ.岭南广府聚落景观区;Ⅵ.湘鄂赣平原山地聚落景观区;Ⅶ.云贵高原及桂西北多民族聚落景观区;Ⅷ.四川盆地及周边巴蜀聚落景观区。南方传统聚落景观区的保护与利用价值主要表现在其独特的遗产价值、科学价值、美学价值及旅游价值。     

Land use changes in the environs of Moscow

This paper focuses on several aspects of land use change in Russia during the 1990s with a particular focus on the environs of Moscow. These aspects include modes of farming, recreation, ownership of land, and concentric zones of outwardly declining land use intensity that resemble Von Thunen's economic landscape. These zones are given special attention. In contrast to other land use aspects, the analysis of which indeed reveals a fair amount of change bringing the environs of Russian cities one step closer to their Western counterparts, concentric agricultural land use patterns with outwardly declining productivity suggest continuity rather than change.     

全球变化背景下景观生态适应性特征

全球变化包含气候变化、经济发展、土地利用变化等自然、人为及共同作用下引发的转变,是当前景观结构与功能保障面临的主要挑战。景观生态适应性是指景观这一地表镶嵌体吸纳上述影响并维持主要功能的特性,涉及不同景观类型、组成单元及层级在不同时空尺度中的不同程度转变。本文从景观生态学视角切入,以景观系统作为缓解与适应全球变化冲击的主体,整合农业景观、城市景观等相关研究案例,凝练当前景观系统适应全球变化过程的特征为：①由部分因子的绝对主导转向复合因子共同作用;②景观类型内部趋同,景观多样性及独特性降低;③同类景观间功能等级分明、分工明确,跨区域时空联系增强;④不同景观类型间空间边界清晰,过渡带景观功能退化。就当前全球变化议题,建议后续研究应加强：不同景观类型或组成单元的适应能力对比及其不确定性分析;基于景观系统整体健康的适应途径尺度联系解析;多学科、多部门研究在全球变化情景下的有效整合;景观系统适应性或适应能力量化分析方法的深化。     

北京市不同功能区不透水地表时空变化差异

目前有关北京市不透水地表的相关研究多数是从整体层面开展,忽略了其内部功能区的作用及差异。运用分类回归树（CART）及系列变化检测模型得到北京市1991年、2001年、2011年和2015年四期不透水地表分布,并运用标准差椭圆、洛伦兹曲线、贡献指数及景观格局理论对各功能区不透水地表的时空变化进行分析。结果显示：1991-2015年北京市不透水地表的总面积增加了约144.18%,分布的主导方向由早期的东北—西南趋向于当前的正北—正南。各功能区间不透水地表的空间分布异质性逐渐减弱,但贡献指数值存在很大差异：功能拓展区的贡献指数最高,其四年中的最低值（1.79）高于其他功能区四年最高值,是北京市不透水地表增长最主要的贡献区;功能核心区的蔓延度指数值最高,约为其他功能区的2倍,为不透水地表的优势聚集区;发展新区的贡献值由负值变为正值并成倍增长,成为北京市不透水地表增长的主要源区;生态涵养发展区的贡献指数始终为负,并逐年减小。不同类型不透水地表的景观指数和质心偏移均存在差异,高盖度不透水地表的形状指数和斑块密度值最小,分布最为集中,对生态环境影响较大,北京市在未来发展过程中应合理规划控制其空间格局及增长模式,尽量减缓其增长速度及团聚程度。     

Protecting the national parks and the world heritage sites in China: challenge and strategy

To protect the richness, diversity and uniqueness of China's ecosystems and landscapes, more than 150 national parks (named "National scenic and historic interest areas" in China), 85 national geoparks and 230 national nature reserves have been delimited nationwide. In addition, a total of 30 world heritage sites (4 mixed, 4 natural, 22 cultural), 24 biosphere reserves and 8 world geoparks have been ratified for China in a short time by the UNESCO. Unfortunately, most of these national and…     

Quantifying landscape structure of the Heihe River Basin, north-west China using FRAGSTATS

We have compiled landscape map of the Heihe River Basin based on the land-use map using geographic information systems. A total of six ecoregions was delineated. Various landscape metrics of each zone, including area, patch density and size, edge, shape, nearest-neighbor, diversity, and contagion and interspersion metrics were calculated using the landscape structure analysis program FRAGSTATS. The results indicated that the landscape pattern of the Heihe River Basin is mainly controlled by the distribution of water resources. The landscape structure in the mountainous area of the Heihe River Basin shows a high continuity and complex patch shapes. The landscape structure of the oasis area shows the most complex landscape structure, the richest patch types, and the highest diversity. The oases are distributed along rivers and artificial channels, and are heterogeneous mosaics embedded in the desert landscape matrix. The landscape structures of oases in different zones vary greatly. In the oasis zone in the Hexi Corridor, the artificial oasis, dominated by irrigated farmland, is one of the most important landscape elements. Conversely, in the Ruoshui River Delta zone, the patches are fragmented and the landscape is easily disturbed. In the transitional belt between oasis and desert, the patch types are meadow, salinized meadow, salt desert, and marsh, which are fragmented and distributed in clusters. These patch types reflect the biodiversity in the arid region and play an important role in resisting the desertification in the area, suggesting they must be protected carefully. In the desert area, such as the northern Alxa High Plain, the bare gobi is a landscape matrix with absolute dominance and very high contagion, while other landscape types in the zone are heterogeneous mosaics embedded in the matrix with very small percentage.     

中国国家公园与世界遗产地保护——挑战与战略

About 70% of its land area as mountains and plateaus,China is the largest mountain countryin the world.Thanks to its vast territory (9.6 million km2),outstanding relief and varied climates,China boasts extremely plenty of ecosystems and landscapes.From south to north,it traverses almostall the temporal zones from tropical rainforest in the southernmost to frigid-temperate needle-leavedforest in the northernmost; from east to west,it sees a gradual transition fro humid forest landscape toextremely arid desert landscape; vertical change of landscapes is most striking owing to the existenceof many high mountains (above 6000-7000 m,e.g.,the Himalayas,the Kunlun,the Tianshan,theHengduan,etc.) and plateaus,especially the immense Tibetan Plateau (averagely 4500 m above sealevel).All of this give rise to the richness and diversity of ecosystems and landscape in China.Some ofthe ecosystems are endemic to China,e.g.,alpine desert and alpine steppe in the Tibetan Plateau.As aresult,China bears a great responsibility in the protection of global ecosystems and landscape.