南海深海表层沉积物中的火山碎屑矿物及火山作用

南海深海表层沉积物中的火山碎屑矿物经鉴定约有15种,本文对其中主要的矿物进行了矿物学方面的研究,根据其分布规律和矿物组合特征,可分为两个矿物群,即基性火山碎屑矿物群和中性火山碎屑矿物群,并确定它们是就地海底火山喷发形成的,圈出5个基性火山喷发中心和2个中性火山喷发中心,喷发的火山岩浆可能属于钙碱质岩浆系列,本文还讨论了该区火山作用方式、喷发时代,并提出南海深海盆自中渐新世海底扩张以来至近代海底火山活动尚未停止.     

海底火山喷发探查

在地球上,大洋中脊经常发生火山喷发,但是从未有人见过活动的火山喷发。人们只能研究这些火山喷发后形成的熔岩流、火山锥和火山脊,来推断熔岩喷出时海底的变化情况。近来的研究工作使人们向实际观察海底火山喷发大大靠近了一步,海洋深处的火山活动现象造成的直接后果逐渐被人们     

利用海底仪器从熔岩流中直接观察海底火山喷发

在过去１０年中 ,我们对海底火山喷发的了解大大增强 ,这是因为现在有能力遥控探测这样的事件 ,对气象调查迅速作出回应 ,并在喷发地点采样。但是 ,这些资料不可避免地受到事件后观测的限制。可是 ,１９９８年的胡安·德富卡海岭阿克西亚尔火山喷发就是利用原地海底仪器进行的监测。其中测量作为海底垂直变形代用指标的海底压力的仪器被熔岩流所包裹 ,固结外壳使仪器与熔岩隔离开来 ,后来又恢复了使用。这个仪器记录的数据揭示了洋中脊表流喷发的持续期、特征和喷发速率 ,证实了熔岩流膨胀超过３ｍ后便开始回流。仪器记录到在２ｈ喷发之后的…     

1998年Axial火山喷发之后热液甲烷和氢气浓度的变化

Ａｘｉａｌ火山位于胡安·德富卡海脊中段 ,在过去十年中一直是研究的焦点。水柱研究和原地温度和流体测量结果表明火山喷口上的热量和羽状物颗粒特征都有明显变化。随后对海底新鲜熔岩的观测证实了有两次最新的海底喷发。火山口附近的羽状物流体相对于海水值背景含有更多的由如 ３Ｈｅ、Ｈ２、ＣＨ４ 和Ｍｎ化学物质形成的衍生物。３Ｈｅ化学性质稳定 ,它的浓度可用来确定其它化学物质的稀释因子。还原物质（Ｈ２、ＣＨ４、Ｍｎ）是微生物生长、发育的主要能源 ,因此不是稳定的示踪物。热液系统中ＣＨ４ 的来源可能包括 :①地幔岩浆甲烷的…     

阿克西亚尔火山喷发的启示

１９９８年 ,科学家对太平洋海底火山观测期间 ,被监测的火山于１月２５日突发地震。炽热的岩浆涌出地表流向火山南面的裂谷带。熔岩流膨胀、外排达２ｈ之久。此后几天 ,由于岩浆从储层中排到海面 ,火山顶峰逐渐沉降下来。华盛顿滨外胡安·德富卡海岭的这个阿克西亚尔火山 (ＡｘｉａｌＶｏｌｃａｎｏ)向外喷吐的熔岩将安置在火山上测量海底压力和垂向变形的ＶＳＭ火山系统监测仪埋于喷发物中 ,但是它位于破火口南面的裂谷带 ,没有遭到毁灭性的破坏 ,因而第一次记录下了地球上威力最大但最鲜为人知的火山喷发的内幕。ＮＯＡＡ太平洋海洋环境…     

翁通-爪哇海台基底的性质和马努斯海盆的海底热液系统

极大的火山隆起———翁通—爪哇海台是巨大的岩浆省区之一 ,它们在白垩纪形成于许多海洋被动边缘之上。这些被认为类似于大陆暗色岩省区的构造是在“热点”(即从深部熔化的地幔物质中升起的地表显示 )发育的初始阶段 ,由熔岩在地质上非常短的 (数百万年 )时间内喷出海底而产生的。如果确实如此 ,考虑到翁通—爪哇海台地壳的体积 (5× 1 0 7km3) ,在其范围内熔岩喷出的速度应当与全球洋中脊体系所具有的喷发速度相同。2 0 0 0年 9— 1 1月ODP1 92航次的任务是研究这个极大的火山构造是不是在相对较短的时间内形成的。在本航次中共在 5个测…     

包裹体测温在海底火山喷发矿物中的试验与讨论

国内对海底火山喷发矿物中的包裹体测温实例并不多见。本文首次对火山活动较为活跃的冲绳海槽底质沉积物中的紫苏辉石进行了淬火法包裹体测温。根据包裹体特征及类型确定该矿物属海底火山喷发成因,均匀化温度南北存在明显差异,并认为它们是属于不同时代的海底基性岩浆喷发产物。     

南碇岛——台湾海峡一个蚀余火山颈

南碇岛是台湾海峡西部海中的火山颈之一。整个海岛由单一的橄榄玄武岩组成，熔岩来自地球深部的上地幔，陆地环境喷发。全新世海侵以来的6000－7000年时间里，在狂风巨浪的作用下，岛的周围遭受严重的侵蚀而后退。普遍的悬崖绝壁和近岸区海底广布的玄武岩石块堆积充分证明了目前的南碇岛是一个典型的蚀余火山颈。     

南海东部晚更新世以来的火山沉积特征

对取自南海东部的5个沉积岩芯进行矿物学和地球化学研究。结果表明火山碎屑沉积层可分为2种类型：1种具高SiO2低FeO，TiO，MgO和无色玻璃一普通角闪石组合特征，火山玻璃富含微量元素Cu，Sc，Zr，为酸性火山沉积成因；另1种以火山玻璃相对低含SiO2，高MgO，FeO，TiO2为特征，并与褐色玻璃一普通辉石一磁铁矿组合和高V，Ni的沉积层伴生，属中性火山碎屑沉积。晚更新世以来以深海盆为中心曾发生2～5次火山沉积，其性质、强度、频率和分布随区域性的变化而不同，在晚更新世中期(24．1～73．9ka)达到鼎盛。南部海盆属中性火山沉积，北部海盆为中酸性-酸性火山沉积。北部陆坡区和南沙礁台区基本上未受到影响。火山碎屑沉积物主要来自海底喷发，部分源自菲律宾岛弧。     

汤加火山喷发后诞生新岛屿

正据悉,南太平洋国家汤加一座火山自2015年底喷发以来,现已形成一个新的岛屿,火山喷射的大量岩浆和灰尘颗粒导致周边岛屿大量植物死亡。这座火山位于汤加首都努库阿洛法西北部65千米处,当地居民感觉到强烈震感。该火山从两个喷口处喷涌岩浆和灰尘,一个喷口位于无人居住岛屿,另一个喷口位于距离海岸100米处海底。专家乘船观察了火山喷发情况,并证实形成了一座新的岛屿。这个新岛屿宽度1千米以上,长度2千米,高度大约100米。专家们观察期间火山仍在喷发,每隔5分钟喷发一次,喷射高度为400米,伴随着喷涌大量岩浆,灰尘微粒非常潮湿,多数     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

The behavior of Zn,Cd, Cu,Ni, Co,Fe, and Mn in anoxic baltic waters

In June 1981, dissolved Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mn were determined from two detailed profiles in anoxic Baltic waters (with extra data for Fe and Mn from August 1979). Dramatic changes across the O₂H₂S interface occur in the abundances of Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn (by factors of ?100). The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Ni at the redox front decrease by factors between 3 to 5.Equilibrium calculations are presented for varying concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and compared with the field data. The study strongly supports the assumption that the solubility of Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni is greatly enhanced and controlled by the formation of bisulfide and(or) polysulfide complexes. Differences between predicted and measured concentrations of these elements are mainly evident at lower ΣH₂S concentrations.Cobalt proved to be very mobile in anoxic regions, and the results indicate that the concentrations are limited by CoS precipitation. The iron (Fe²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) distribution in sulfide-containing waters is controlled by total flux from sediment-water interfaces rather than by equilibrium concentrations of their solid phases (FeS and MnCO₃). The concentrations of these metals are therefore expected to increase with prolonged stagnation periods in the basin.     

Destruction of Atmospheric Ozone in Ox,HOx, NOx,ClOx, BrOx,and IOx Catalytic Cycles

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Data on the relative contribution of the Ox, HOx, NOx, ClOx, BrOx, and IOx catalytic cycles to atmospheric ozone destruction are given for June and...     

Submerged vegetation of Lakes Sumner,Marion, Katrine,Taylor, and Sheppard in Canterbury,New Zealand

The submerged vegetation of Lakes Sumner, Marion, Katrine, Taylor, and Sheppard was surveyed in May 1987. These high‐altitude lakes lie at c. 600 m a.s.l., within the largely unmodified upper Hurunui catchment. Submerged vegetation was diverse and included numerous short shallow‐water species, dense swards of Isoetes alpinus, low covers of taller native vascular plants, and charophyte meadows beyond the depth limit of vascular plants to a maximum of 15 m. A sparse deepwater bryophyte community was observed from 11 to 32 m depth in Lake Sumner. Displacement of native vegetation by dense growths of the adventive oxygen weed Elodea canadensis over mid‐depths of 3–6 m was noted in all lakes, except Lake Marion.     

Distribution and stoichiometry of Al,Mn, Fe,Co, Ni,Cu, Zn,Cd, and Pb in seawater around the Juan de Fuca Ridge

A central theme of the ongoing GEOTRACES program is to improve the understanding of processes occurring at ocean interfaces with continents, sediments, and ocean crust. In this context, we studied the distributions of Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb around the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR) in total dissolvable (td), dissolved (d), and labile particulate (lp) fractions, which represent a fraction in unfiltered samples, filtered samples through an AcroPak capsule filter, and the difference between td and d, respectively. Al and Fe were dominated by lp-species, while Ni, Zn, and Cd were dominated by d-species with undetectable amounts of lp-species. Major findings in this study are as follows: (1) The continental margin (CM) provided large sources of Al, Mn, Fe, and Co from the surface to ~2000 m in depth. The supply from CM caused high surface concentrations of dMn and dCo, a subsurface (100–300 m depth) maximum of dCo, and intermediate (500–2000 m depth) maxima of lpAl and lpFe. The supply of dFe from CM was ~10 times that from the high-temperature hydrothermal activity at station BD21, which is located at ~3 km from the Middle Valley venting site and ~ 200 km from Vancouver Island. (2) DPb was maximum at the top layer of North Pacific Intermediate Water, probably owing to isopycnal transport of anthropogenic Pb via advection of subducted surface waters. Although dCo and dPb had different sources in the upper water, they showed a strong linearity below 300 m (r ² = 0.95, n = 38), indicating concurrent scavenging. (3) A high-temperature hydrothermal plume occurred at a depth of 2300 m at BD21, accounting for maxima of dAl, dMn, dFe, lpCu, and lpPb and a minimum of dCu. (4) Strong bottom maxima of lpAl, lpMn, lpFe, lpCo, and lpPb occurred above the abyssal plain at the western foot of the JdFR, indicating resuspension of sediments. However, bottom maxima of d-species were apparent only for dAl and dCu.     

Identification,characterization, and statistical analysis of mudstone aggregate clasts,Cretaceous Carlile Formation,Central Alberta,Canada

While clastic mudstones and shale were traditionally interpreted to have been deposited in quiet water settings, recent flume experiments and studies have shown that mud can be transported in and deposited by traction currents as migrating ripples of mud aggregates. Despite these recent advances, mud aggregates have rarely been adequately described in the rock record.These mud aggregates and the sedimentary structures they form in mudstone successions are difficult to observe in the rock record due to compaction, which often obliterates the aggregates and flattens bedforms. This paper documents unambiguously identifiable sand sized mudstone aggregates in thin sections and SEM, transported in traction, and deposited in a series of prograding clinothems. These aggregates were sufficiently indurated to locally preserve shelter porosity, significantly improving the hydrocarbon reservoir properties.Grain size analysis of the aggregates was performed on thin sections, as well as disaggregated samples measured by a laser diffraction grain size analyzer for comparison. These analyses showed that sand sized aggregates often comprise more than half of the sediment volume. While the clay-rich composition of the Carlile Formation would suggest that it is a mudstone, statistical analysis of these grain size measurements show that it could alternatively be described as a silty sandstone. These findings potentially change how we think about mudstone classification, fine-grained sedimentation, and mudstone dominated petroleum reservoirs.     

Cross-Calibration and Long-Term Monitoring of the Microwave Radiometers of ERS, TOPEX, GFO, Jason, and Envisat

The radiometers on board the satellites ERS-1, TOPEX/Poseidon, ERS-2, GFO, Jason-1, and Envisat measure brightness temperatures at two or three different frequencies to determine the total columnal water vapor content and wet tropospheric path delay, a major correction to the altimeter range measurements. In order to asses the long-term stability of the path delay, the radiometers are calibrated against vicarious cold and hot references, against each other, and against several atmospheric models. Four of these radiometers exhibit significant drifts in at least one of the channels, resulting in yet unmodeled errors in path delay of up to 1 mm/year, thus limiting the accuracy at which global sea level rise can be inferred from the altimeter range measurements.