青藏高原沱沱河盆地渐新世湖相叠层石:韵律纹层记录的古气候条件

沱沱河盆地通天河剖面渐新世雅西措群发现一套产于湖泛过程中的柱状叠层石。通过对叠层石纹层形态和显微组构的研究,发现这些叠层石具有典型的富藻纹层和富屑纹层交替的显微结构特征,发育三级生长节律,纹层对之间渐变接触,纹层带之间间断明显。采用激光微区取样的方法,针对4块样品的8个纹层对,系统采集了16对碳氧同位素数据,结果是富藻纹层同位素值整体上均高于富屑纹层,正相关性明显。这表明富藻纹层生长时期气候炎热湿润,富屑纹层生长时期相对寒冷干燥。认为湖相叠层石生长受周期性气候变化的控制,其韵律纹层记录了丰富的古气候信息。     

青藏高原北部可可西里库赛湖年纹层微区分析及形成机理

湖泊年纹层是进行高分辨率古气候环境研究的重要载体之一,其形成机理的研究能够为高分辨率古气候环境信息的提取提供重要的依据。本文以青藏高原北部可可西里库赛湖沉积的年纹层为研究对象,通过纹层薄片显微镜观察,以及纹层的扫描电镜、X衍射和同步辐射X射线荧光等微区分析,对库赛湖沉积年纹层的形态、沉积和成分特征进行了研究,以探讨库赛湖年纹层形成过程和机理。结果表明:年纹层层偶由深浅相间的微层组成,深色层主要由灰褐色—黑褐色的粗颗粒物质组成,磨圆中等、分选性差,矿物以石英、长石、白云母、黏土矿物等为主,其中石英含量占73%左右,且具有明显的风力搬运特征;浅色层呈灰白色,矿物颗粒较细,除石英、长石、白云母、黏土外,还有自生的文石,同时浅色层中含有大量的枝角类碎片和半月形介形类生物壳体。研究认为,库赛湖冬季温度低、风力强劲,风的机械搬运作用使大量的陆源物质在冰面堆积,等到春季湖泊开封,冰面上粗颗粒物质沉积到湖底形成库赛湖年纹层的深色层(粗颗粒层);夏季温度升高,冰雪融化,降水增加,河流搬运的陆源粗颗粒物质由于重力作用先在湖泊边缘沉积,而黏土矿物等细颗粒物质则在湖泊中心沉积,同时夏季湖水温度升高,蒸发作用加强,生物活动增强,湖泊自身的生物、化学作用加强,从而形成以细碎屑矿物、生物残体、自生碳酸盐沉积为主的浅色层(细颗粒层)。因此,库赛湖的年纹层层偶是由冬季冰面风成物质形成的粗颗粒深色层(冰融化后,风成物质沉降至湖底堆积)和夏季沉积的细颗粒浅色层两者交替而形成的。     

Composition and formation of laminated sediments in Diss Mere, Norfolk, England

The chemical and biological composition of laminated lake-sediments deposited between about 2,500 and 5,500 years B.P. in Diss Mere, Norfolk, England is described. The distribution of Ca, Fe, S, and Si in pale and dark laminae is established by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The pale laminae consist primarily of calcium carbonate and the dark layers contain mainly Fe, S, Si, and dark organic material. The diatom composition of 16 individual light and dark laminae shows no consistent differences between light and dark layers. There are, however, higher frequencies of chrysophycean cysts in seven of the eight dark layers, suggesting these layers were deposited in late summer or fall. Pollen analyses of the pale and dark layers show that pollen percentages of early-flowering trees and shrubs are highest in the dark laminae and that pollen values of late-flowering plants are highest in the pale layers. The biological data indicate that the pale layers were formed in the late spring and early summer, whereas the dark laminae were deposited in late summer, fall, winter, and the early spring. Seasonal supply of CaCO₃ was the major variable responsible for couplet formation.     

Precambrian tholeiitic-dacitic rock-suites and Cambrian ultramafic rocks in the Pennine nappe system of the Alps: Evidence from Sm-Nd isotopes and rare earth elements

Major element, trace element and Sm-Nd isotope analyses were made of polymetamorphic hornblendefelses, plagioclase amphibolites and banded amphibolites from the Berisal complex in the Simplon area (Italy, Switzerland) to determine their age, origin and genetic relationships. In light of major and rare earth element data, the hornblendefelses are inferred to have originally been pyroxene-rich cumulates, the plagioclase amphibolites and the dark layers of the banded amphibolites to have been tholeiitic basalts and the light layers dacites. The Sm-Nd isotope data yield isochron ages of 475±81 Ma for the hornblendefelses, 1,018±59 Ma for the plagioclase amphibolites and 1,071±43 Ma for the banded amphibolites. The 1 Ga magmatic event is the oldest one ever found in the crystalline basement of the Pennine nappes. The Sm -Nd isotope data support the consanguinity of the tholeiitic dark layers and the dacitic light layers of the banded amphibolites with the tholeiitic plagioclase amphibolites and the ultramafic hornblendefelses.The initial _Nd values indicate that all three rock types originated from sources depleted in light rare earth elements. We suggest that plagioclase and banded amphibolites were a Proterozoic tholeiite-dacite sequence that was strongly deformed and flattened during subsequent folding. The hornblendefelses are thought to be Cambrian intrusions of pyroxene-rich material.     

上新世湖相纹泥及其环境信息与时间标尺记录

纹泥反映了湖相沉积物中特有的沉积韵律,是气候的季节变化和年际变化的产物。山西榆社张村地区上新世晚期的湖心相沉积中发育了极为完好的纹泥剖面。纹泥深浅相间形成清晰的纹理,分别代表夏秋和冬春。一深一浅组成一对,代表一年。纹泥层的单层厚度平均为0．12～0．25mm／条,薄者＜0．1mm／条,厚者可达0．3mm／条。暗色纹泥层的厚度大于浅色纹泥层。暗色纹泥的有机质含量丰富,木本植物孢粉占优势,同时CaO的含量低;浅色纹泥恰好相反。湖相纹泥具有建立高分辨率时间标尺和环境演化序列的特殊优越条件。     

Patterns of fold interference: influence of early fold shapes

Model experiments were specifically designed to test the effect of different profile shapes of early folds on refolding patterns. Comparison of natural examples with experimental results and analogy with engineering information on buckling of fold shapes suggest that, when layers are mechanically active during refolding, the profile shape of the early folds markedly affects the patterns of fold interference. Open rounded folds tend to refold to form dome and basin patterns of interference whereas isoclinal folds tend to refold by folding their axial plane, forming type 2 patterns of interference. Hence, the dimensions and shape of the profile of the early folds control the preferred buckling mode during refolding.     

双煤层煤层气井四通道分层控压排采技术及试验

针对双煤层煤层气井生产过程中层间相互干扰、储层伤害严重的问题,提出了双煤层四通道分层控压排采技术,排采过程中将两层煤控制在不同的压力系统中以达到分层生产的目的,研制出了一套双煤层四通道分层控压排采装置,包括四通道封隔器、监测设备、多通道油管扶正器、滚轮式抽油杆扶正器和辅助联通管。现场应用试验表明:四通道封隔器能够根据需要起到封隔效果,使两个产层处于两个不同的压力系统中,双煤层四通道分层控压排采技术具有现实可行性。      

高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地质样品中稀土元素的氧化物干扰研究

电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)用于测定稀土元素经常会引起M+、MO+、MOH+离子的质谱重叠干扰,其中制约分析准确度和精密度的主要因素是多原子离子干扰,尤其是轻稀土元素的氧化物和氢氧化物对重稀土元素的干扰,以及钡的7个天然同位素形成的氧化物和氢氧化物对轻稀土元素的干扰.本文采用高温高压密闭消解地质样品,高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定其中的痕量稀土元素,研究了低、中、高三种分辨率模式下氧化物的干扰情况,确定了最佳的测定同位素和合适的分辨率.分析结果表明,在低、中分辨率模式下,轻稀土元素Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm的氧化物和Ba的氧化物干扰明显,Gd元素的测定值严重偏离;在高分辨模式下,Ba氧化物对Eu的干扰以及大部分轻稀土元素氧化物对重稀土元素的干扰基本可以消除,无需进行校正,而只有157Gd受到141pr16O的干扰突出,当样品中Pr/Gd的浓度比值大于100时,Gd的测量值必须进行数学校正.     

A finite-element study of fold propagation in a viscous layer

A finite-element model of a viscous layer contained in a viscous matrix and undergoing layer-parallel compression is used to examine the hypothesis that a long chain of folds, as found in real rocks, can originate from one initial perturbation to the layer geometry. This hypothesis is tested by determining the velocity with which a perturbation spreads along layers of various viscosities.An insight is gained into the roles played by local strain and local layer strength in the folding mechanism. The results show that for layers with viscosity ratios comparable with those of real rocks it is impossible for long chains of folds to originate from one perturbation. The authors conclude that rock layers contain many initial perturbations and folding originates at all perturbation sites simultaneously. The growth of such folds depends on the amplitude and shape of the initial perturbation and on subsequent interference between folds.     

青藏高原五道梁地区中新世湖相叠层石特征、分类及古气候意义

通过对青藏高原五道梁地区中新世湖相叠层石样品岩石薄片、扫描电镜的观察,发现叠层石纹层主要有层带状、波状和柱状3种形态,且明暗纹层的结构极不相同,富屑层颗粒结构明显,富藻纹层由致密状含有机质泥晶方解石构成,呈泥晶结构;在此基础上,对叠层石进行了成因分类,认为研究区发育骨架叠层石、凝集叠层石和细粒叠层石。综合叠层石的沉积学、矿物学和稳定C,O同位素值特征,认为叠层石沉积期气候湿润,而纹层层偶则形成于呈季节性变化的气候条件下,亮层代表湿润期,暗层形成于相对干旱期。     

高寒冻土区生物结皮对土壤理化属性的影响

生物结皮是高寒地区地被层的重要组分之一。其作为地表特殊的结构层,能够改变地表结构及土壤理化属性,从而影响冻土环境。迄今为止,关于青藏高原高寒生态系统中生物结皮对土壤理化属性的影响尚不清楚。以青藏高原高寒冻土区生物结皮为研究对象,初步研究了生物结皮的特征及其对土壤理化属性的影响。结果表明：生物结皮在高寒草甸退化过程中广泛发育,主要以藻结皮为主,其盖度可达37.3%~51.7%,结皮层平均厚度为12.6 mm。由于生物结皮的发育,高寒地区5~20 cm土层粉粒含量有所增加,但差异不显著,而结皮层土壤田间持水量相比于裸地表层（2 cm）增加了10%~40%,结皮层容重较裸地降低了30%;两种类型藻结皮均显著增加了结皮层及其下0~20 cm土层土壤有机质,而深色藻结皮增加了结皮层及其下0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量,浅色藻结皮仅增加了结皮层土壤全氮含量,对其下0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量没有显著影响;生物结皮对土壤pH没有显著影响;生物结皮是高寒生态系统植被退化过程中的关键环节。研究结果为揭示生物结皮在高寒生态系统中发挥重要生态功能提供依据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地低信噪比复杂地区检波器组合方法分析

在鄂尔多斯盆地西北部,低信噪比复杂地区存在严重的随机干扰,这导致该区地震资料信噪比很低。在不提高覆盖次数情况下,针对该区造成地震资料信噪比低的严重随机干扰问题,开展检波器组合压制随机干扰的方法研究。研究了随机干扰对动静校正量准确求取的影响,检波器组合对干扰波的压制作用,组内高差和组合基距对地震采集资料高频的影响,对比分析检波器组内距对随机干扰的衰减效果。研究结果表明:在盆地低信噪比复杂地区,野外检波器组合重点压制严重的随机干扰波,提高地震资料信噪比;小于1 m的检波器组内高差对该区地震采集资料110 Hz以下高频成分影响有限,小于13 m组合基距对中、深目的层地震资料70 Hz以内频率影响有限;理论计算和试验资料综合确定的随机干扰半径为1.7~2.0 m,大于随机干扰半径的检波器组合内距能有效压制随机干扰波,其中组内距3 m比较稳定;以上参数确定的检波器组合接收方法压制随机干扰波后,所得到的地震单炮记录相比单点接收、高覆盖次数压制随机干扰波所得到的资料在70 Hz有限频带内更能提高信噪比、频率,而且成本相对低。该结果在鄂尔多斯盆地低信噪比复杂地区地震勘探野外采集中具有指导作用。      

Observations of Thin Layers in Coastal Hawaiian Waters

Thin layers of plankton have been documented in a wide variety of environments. The growing body of observations indicates that these features are a critical component of marine ecosystem dynamics and functioning. In the past two decades, much of the research on thin layers was undertaken in temperate coastal waters. Here, we report the first known observations of thin layers of phytoplankton in tropical Hawaiian waters. We conducted an overnight shipboard study during which time we made high-resolution observations of physical and optical structure in the water column. During the overnight cruise, we observed the greatest number of thin layers in the early evening hours when thermal stratification was strongest and most persistent due to a combination of warm air and surface water, as well as light winds. A comparison of these observations with those from temperate regions leads us to hypothesize that the nature and persistence of the physical structure is very important in determining the persistence of thin layered structures. Because plankton biomass is generally lower in tropical regions, the heterogeneous aggregation of food in thin subsurface layers may be more critical to the marine ecosystem than it is in temperate regions where plankton are generally more abundant.     

日本彩虹石榴石的矿物学特征研究

利用带能谱仪的扫描电镜、电子探针、傅立叶红外光谱仪和激光拉曼光谱仪对日本奈良县吉野郡天川村彩虹石榴石样品进行了矿物结构、化学组成及光谱学特征的研究,分析彩虹效应成因,推测其形成环境。背散射图像可见深浅不一的条带交互排列,能谱半定量分析显示,浅灰色条带元素组成与较纯的钙铁榴石一致,深灰色条带元素组成为含Al的钙铁榴石,两者互层形成薄层结构,这种特殊结构使光发生干涉和衍射作用从而产生彩虹效应。电子探针测试确定日本彩虹石榴石主体成分接近纯钙铁榴石。在彩虹色矿物表面(简称彩虹面),垂直的薄层结构构成衍射光栅,使入射光产生光栅衍射,而平行彩虹面生长的薄层使入射光发生干涉作用,两种作用产生的光波结合形成彩虹色。日本彩虹石榴石的反射红外光谱中可见[Si O4]峰位以及受少量Al—O结构影响的Fe—O结构峰位,其红外光谱特征与含有少量Al的钙铁榴石结构对应。激光拉曼光谱测试发现Al含量高的部分较Al含量低(或无)的部分峰位向高频方向移动2 cm-1,整体谱学特征与钙铁榴石特征一致。日本彩虹石榴石具有钙铁榴石和铝含量较高的钙铁榴石交互排列的结构,据此推测其在富Fe贫Al的环境中形成。     

Model experiments showing simultaneous development of folds and transcurrent faults

Simultaneous development of noncylindrical folds and transcurrent fractures has been studied using model techniques. A plasticine model was compressed in one direction and an initial formation of folds was followed by the initiation of conjugate sets of transcurrent fractures. It was recorded that with progressive deformation the length of each fracture and the displacement along it increase steadily and the rate of displacement varies at different stages of deformation. Individual fold geometries vary along their hinge lines and these geometrical variations appear to be due to interference of folds with the transcurrent fractures. These interference effects also change the amount of rotation of fractures. Fold structures are different on either side of the fault plane. A natural example from the Bude area, England, shows similar geometrical features.The method of determining fault displacement by comparing the positions of fold hinge lines on either side of a fault is discussed in the light of the above results.     

三江平原典型湿地剖面有机碳分布特征与积累现状

研究了三江平原3类典型湿地（泥炭沼泽、腐殖质沼泽和沼泽化草甸）沉积物剖面有机碳的组分与分布特征。结果表明,泥炭沼泽、腐殖质沼泽和沼泽化草甸剖面有机碳分布具有明显的储碳层和淀积层。储碳层厚度分别约为110、60和15 cm,有机碳平均含量分别为295、280和60 g/kg（干物质重）。泥炭沼泽和腐殖质沼泽储碳层内,有机碳主要组分为分解程度低的轻组碳（约占总有机碳的70%以上）,沼泽化草甸的储碳层内轻组碳约为16%。储碳层以下淀积层的有机碳含量都 < 30 g/kg,轻组碳含量很少。3种类型湿地剖面轻组碳与总有机碳之间有着极显著的正相关关系（[WTBX]P[WT]=0.01）。初步建立了湿地有机碳储量的估算方法,得到3种类型湿地剖面1 m内的有机碳储量分别为6.62×104、4.90×104和1.44×104 t/km2,2 m内分别为8.16×104、6.81×104和2.24×104 t/km2。     

Radio wave interference sounding based on the data of dynamic simulation of two-layer geoelectric media

The idea and the approximate theory of radio wave interference sounding (RWIS) of layered geological media have been known for a long time and are based on a simplified ray kinematic theory. The results of mathematical simulation of two-layer geo-electric sections based on strict classical dynamic approaches for plane radio waves are considered. The peculiarities of radio wave reflection at the boundaries of the media with different permittivities and specific electric resistances of the layers are revealed. The prospects for RWIS development for the solution of practical problems during near-surface prospecting are given.     

边坡大变形弹塑性有限元分析[Ⅱ]

本文应用Ｕｐｄａｔｅｄ Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｉａｎ有限元分析理论,分析了石龙庙滑坡的稳定性,其中包括滑坡的大变形,初始应力和超孔隙水压力。根据土的工程地质性质,滑坡体分为四层,土层被视为是弹塑性的,土的塑性屈服采用Ｄｒｕｃｋｅｒ－Ｐｒａｇｅｒ理想塑性屈服准则,挡土墙建成前后的滑坡应力和变形被分别分析和讨论,最后根据这些分析结果,提出了滑坡的整治方案。     

渤海稀油油田多层合采层间干扰室内实验研究

渤海中深层薄互层油藏多层合采开发过程中,由于其原油黏度低以及地层渗透率级差大的特性存在,出现了与稠油油藏多层合采特征不一样的层间干扰问题。为了更清楚地认识稀油油藏多层合采层间干扰规律,合理制定生产制度,文章统计了该油田地层孔、渗数据,采用不同渗透率的长岩心进行双管并联恒速驱替实验,对实验条件下单采与合采的驱替特征开展研究。实验结果表明,不同渗透率岩心水驱油时含水上升规律相似,但与稠油规律截然不同;渗透率级差越大,层间干扰越严重;从渗流机理上明确渗透率级差对层间干扰的影响规律,为层系划分及调整提供理论依据。     

Bearing capacity of two close strip footings on soft clay reinforced with geotextile

For many years ago, the beneficial effects of using reinforcement to improve the property of soil have been demonstrated. Over the last three decades, the use of polymeric reinforcement such as geotextile has increased in geotechnical engineering. Among the possible applications, earth reinforcement techniques have become useful and economical techniques to solve many problems in geotechnical engineering practice, such as improve the bearing capacity and settlement characteristics of the footing. This research presents the effect of geotextile inclusion on the bearing capacity of two close strip footings located at the surface of soft clay. A broad series of finite element analysis were performed on two footings with width of 1 and 2 m using two-dimensional plane strain model using the computer code Plaxis (ver 8). Only one type of soft clay was used for the analysis, and the soil was represented by two yielding criteria including hardening soil model and Mohr–Coulomb model, while reinforcement was represented by elastic element, and at the interface between the reinforcements and soft clay, interface elements have been used. A wide range of boundary conditions, including unreinforced and reinforced cases, was analyzed by varying parameters such as number of geotextile layers, vertical spacing of layers, depth to topmost layer of geotextile, tensile stiffness of geotextile layers, and distance of between two footings. From numerical results, the bearing capacity ratio and the interference factor of the foundations have been estimated. On the basis of the analysis performed in this research, it can be concluded that there is a best distance between footings and optimum depth for topmost layer to achieve maximum bearing capacity for closely spaced strip footings. The bearing capacity was also found to increase with increasing number of reinforcement layers if the reinforcements were placed within a range of effective depths. In addition, the analysis indicated that increasing reinforcement stiffness beyond a threshold value does not result in a further increase in the bearing capacity.