协同治理视角下海洋灾害经济损失的影响分析——以浙江省风暴潮灾害为例（英文）

协同治理机制是强调政府内部各主体间及政府与非政府等多元主体间基于利益共同体需要,彼此间建立信赖的关系,达到协作治理优势的公共管理过程。提升政府间跨部门协同治理能力是完善国家风暴潮灾害治理体系和实现灾害治理能力现代化的重要举措,也是政府完善公共管理的趋势所在。本论文依托国家相关公报成果,在海洋公共管理范围内选择海洋灾害中最具特点的风暴潮灾害这一特定灾种作为研究,并选取受风暴潮灾害影响较大的浙江省作为研究区域,根据浙江省以往重大风暴潮灾害案例主体情况,分析各相关主体应对风暴潮灾害的具体措施,呈现出参与应对主体的现状及主体之间的协作问题,找出造成该问题的原因,进一步研究并提出应对主体间协同治理的对策和建议,为进一步开展我国沿海地区风暴潮灾害防灾减灾应急管理提供一定思路,提高多元主体对风暴潮灾害应急管理工作的认识。     

浅析海洋公共管理中的公民参与

海洋环境以及资源的共享性决定了海洋公共管理的主体必须要扩展到整个公民社会。涉海公民不再是海洋政策的旁观者和被动接受者,而在海洋管理中承担着重要角色。目前,我国海洋公共管理中的公民参与还存在一定的现实困境,直接制约着其海洋管理功能的发挥和参与价值的实现。通过法律制度、协调机制、信息技术以及海洋文化的建设促使公民积极参与到海洋管理过程中,实现人海和谐及公共利益的维护。     

浅论社会组织在海洋公共管理中的作用

近年来,社会组织方兴未艾,在各个领域中的地位与作用日益凸显,在海洋公共管理中也不例外。社会组织作为海洋公共管理的主体之一,在提高海洋公共服务的供给效率、协调海洋各利益主体之间的矛盾、增强民众对海洋管理的参与以及海洋应急管理等方面起着重要的作用。文章正是对海洋社会组织在海洋公共管理中的作用作了一些浅显的探讨。     

论我国海洋环境突发事件的应急管理

与一般的海洋环境污染的预防和治理不同,海洋环境突发事件的应对属于危机管理领域的重要难题.海洋环境突发事件形成的危机状态通常具有突发性、不确定性和灾害性,就需要较完善的危机应对和管理体系.我国虽然建立了对海洋环境突发事件的应急管理制度,但仍存在诸多问题,需要在立法等方面加以完善.     

从国外浒苔治理经验看海洋环境应急管理中社会组织的重要性

2008年的青岛浒苔治理过程暴露出我国应对海洋环境突发事件的严重准备不足,浒苔等海洋环境突发事件的特点决定了社会组织广泛参与的必要性。浒苔问题并非我国独有,近年来国外在各地NPO的组织下,开展了各项浒苔治理工程,凸现了社会组织的主导作用。我国目前正进入经济社会发展的关键时期,对涉及人民生命财产安全的海洋环境问题如果处理不当,极易在沿海地区引发新的社会危机,文章在借鉴国外浒苔治理经验的基础上,通过凸现社会组织的重要性来加强海洋环境应急管理是迫在眉睫的当务之急。     

关于海洋危机管理研究的几个基础性问题初探

在公共危机管理研究方兴未艾的理论背景下和公共危机不断向海集中的现实面前,海洋危机管理的研究日显重要和迫切。而国内外理论界对海洋的利用和开发重视有余,对海洋危机管理的研究却有所忽视或问题较多。对海洋危机管理的研究应在海洋危机的理论和规律,海洋危机管理的主体、系统、体制、机制、过程和分类,以及海洋危机管理的法律法规体系和公民参与等问题上有所侧重和分析,进而形成较为完整的海洋危机管理的理论框架和体系。     

政府在海洋环境公共产品供给中的角色定位分析

长期以来,我国政府在海洋公共产品领域中,既是生产者,又是提供者.但随着海洋开发与管理的拓展和深入,面对环境的不确定性与信息的不完全性,政府难以使海洋资源的配置达到帕累托最优,导致海洋环境公共产品出现供给不适或不足.为此,需要在对海洋环境公共产品的内涵进行深入研究的同时,重新界定政府在海洋环境公共产品生产与提供中的基本职能范围,以此促进海洋环境管理事业的发展.     

我国海洋社会组织角色和功能定位

海洋社会组织作为协助政府进行海洋公共管理的重要主体,其基本的角色和功能需要首先进行定位。文章从海洋决策影响者、海洋知识教育者和海洋利益维护者三个角色,以及规范行业发展、推动海洋科学进步、协助海洋危机管理、动员公众参与和促进国际合作五个功能出发,对我国的海洋社会组织做了基本界定。随后面对现实案例,揭示海洋社会组织存在教育角色重"理论"轻"实践"、决策影响重事后轻事前、维权者角色软弱无力、危机管理参与有待加强和组织动员能力不强等问题。针对该类问题,提出一系列具体层面的措施以期待海洋社会组织修正偏差,更好地发挥协助海洋管理的作用。     

我国海洋环境污染突发事件应急处置法律体系的构建

为有效应对海洋环境污染和保护海洋生态环境,文章在明确海洋环境污染突发事件基本概念、分类和特征的基础上,分析我国海洋环境污染突发事件应急处置的立法现状和存在的不足,并提出对策建议。研究结果表明：海洋环境污染突发事件是突发环境事件的种类之一,成因可归为自然因素和人为因素,具有污染源复杂、突然性和不确定性、危害后果严重以及应急处置艰难等特征;目前我国宪法和法律针对突发环境事件有相关规定,而专门规制海洋环境污染突发事件应急处置的法律规范多见于行政法规和规章;以问题为导向,构建我国海洋环境污染突发事件应急处置法律体系应进一步完善应急预案制度、完善风险信息收集途经、明确执法主体职能职责和建立应急联动机制、健全公众参与制度、建立企业信息通报问责制度以及完善后续调查评估制度和相关补偿制度。     

海洋环境突发事件应急管理中的政府协调问题探析

以2008年青岛近海海域突发的浒苔事件为切入点,结合我国当前应急管理法律法规、应急预案及海洋行政管理体制现状,对海洋环境应急管理政府协调中存在的问题进行剖析,希望能引起相关部门的重视。     

Trends in the variation of the sea level in the lagoons of the Southeastern Baltic

This paper analyses the global tendency of the sea level rise (SLR) and its long term influence on the sea level upstream drainage cascade based on the example of the level’s variation in the Vistula Lagoon of the Baltic Sea compared to the other lagoons and coastal regions of the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea. A steady positive trend in the water level variations was revealed; its magnitude varies significantly depending on the time period. In general, during the 100–150 year period, the rate of the SLR in the lagoons and coastal areas of the Baltic Sea (1.7–1.8 mm per year) is close to the SLR rate in the World Ocean. In the second half of the 20th century, the increased rate of the SLR in the lagoons and marine areas became stronger (up to 3.6 mm per year in the Vistula Lagoon and in 1959–2006 in the sea and exceeded the rate of global ocean SLR). It dramatically increased at the end of the last century both in the lagoons and in the sea (up to 10.0–15.0 mm per year). This is the response not only to the global climate warming but it is likely that it is also a response to the changes of the climate driving forces that influence the regimes of the local wind and precipitation in the catchment.     

Distribution of Pacific-origin water in the region of the Chukchi Plateau in the Arctic Ocean in the summer of 2003

1Introduction Besidestheprecipitationandriverdischarges,the watersinthePacificOceanandtheAtlanticOceanare thesourcesoftheArcticOceanwater.TheAtlantic waterenterstheArcticOceanviatheFramStraitand theBarentsSea.Foritsdenserfeatureduetohigh salinity,mostofitsinkstothenorthofSvaldbardand circulatesinallthedeepbasinsintheArcticOcean, formingthedeepandbottomwatersoftheArcticO- cean(Aagaardetal.,1985;Rudelsetal.,1999).The BeringStraitistheonlychannelforthePacificwater toflowintotheArcticOce…     

鄂霍茨克海北部沉积盆地的含油气层系

1 古新-下渐新统含油气层系 古新-始新统母岩形成于滨海和湖泊沉积环境中,并在大量冲积源的参与之下,促进了含分散有机质混合类型砂-黏土质陆源岩层的堆积。在中国东北诸盆地中,含工业油气的白垩-早第三纪建造形成于开阔的浅水和深水湖泊环境中。与中国的盆地类似,在下第三系下部     

Causes of the bottom hypoxia in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland in the baltic sea

The data on the bottom concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland obtained in 1923–1939 and in 1962–1989 were analyzed. No statistically reliable differences were found between the two periods studied. It was found that, during the 20th century, the fluctuations in the oxygen concentration were caused by the interannual variability of the winter severity and water salinity. A strong oxygen deficit in the summer was recorded after cold winters, when early freezing suppressed the vertical mixing, and/or in the years of a significant inflow of salt waters from the Baltic Sea with low oxygen contents. It is likely that the long-term dynamics of the oxygen concentration near the bottom in the open parts of the bay is determined by the large-scale variability of the hydrometeorological parameters.     

Peculiarities in the distribution of hydrocarbons in the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea

Data on the contents and compositions of the hydrocarbons (HCs)—aliphatic (AHCs) and polycyclic aromatic (PAHs)—are provided in comparison with the contents of the total organic carbon (C_org), the lipids in the particulates, and the C_org in bottom sediments. Particular attention has been paid to the distribution of the HCs in the water area of the Kravtsov oil field. It has been established that the concentrations of AHCs in the water are governed by the content of particulates, and the elevated AHC concentrations are confined to the coastal areas. In the water area of platform D-6, the sandy bottom sediments were notable for the great variability of the HC concentrations, both laterally and from year to year. In the summer of 2010, the content of AHCs averaged 40 μg/g (19% in the C_org), and that of PAHs, 23 ng/g. Natural seepage from the sediment mass is considered to be a source of HCs along with oil contamination.     

Variations in the Kinematics of Deformation in the Vicinity of the Catastrophic Sumatra Earthquake

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The Great Andaman–Sumatra earthquake (GASE) on December 26, 2004, with magnitude Mw of 9.2, occurred in the Indian Ocean near the northwestern...     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Role of the small-size fraction of mesozooplankton in the pelagic community of the northeastern part of the Black Sea in the autumn

The role of the small-size (SF; 0.1–0.5 mm) and large-size (LF; 0.5–20.0 mm) fractions in the biomass and abundance of mesozooplankton (0.1–20.0 mm) was assessed using the database of samples obtained during the cruises of RV Akvanavt in the northeastern Black Sea in November 2000 and October 2006. The mesozooplankton was collected by means of Juday nets (37/50, filtering gauze 160 μm) and Niskin bottles in two areas: (1) the shelf and continental slope (30–1480 m depth) and (2) the deep sea (depths of more than 1500 m). The plankton net was considerably less effective in collecting the SF of the mesozooplankton (by a factor of 30–36) than the Niskin bottles. When comparing the SF and LF, we estimated the abundance and biomass of the SF in the samples obtained with the Niskin bottles. The abundance of the SF in the deep-sea area was 2.5 times lower compared to the shelf and continental slope, and the LF abundance was 5.0 times lower in the same way. The abundance of the SF constituted 88% of the total mesozooplankton on the shelf and continental slope, and 78% in the deep-sea area. The biomass of the SF was higher as well on the shelf and continental slope. Meroplankton played a significant role in the SF zooplankton abundance (0.5 × 10³ + 0.16 ind. m⁻³) in this area. The SF grazing impact was 10% of the total mesozooplankton grazing on the shelf and continental slope, and 17% in the deepsea area. Appendicularia and nauplii of copepods had the greatest contribution to the mesozooplankton grazing among the SF group.     

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the regulatory regime in the management of oil pollution in Kenya

This paper presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of the regulatory regime in the management of oil pollution on Kenya's marine and coastal environment. The prospect of chronic oil pollution along the Kenyan coastline and the port of Mombasa is discussed. A review of the vulnerable marine and coastal resources, commonly used indicators of effectiveness in oil pollution management and the legislation governing oil pollution is given. The author concludes by emphasising that despite having the right legislation in place, there is need for the establishment of criteria and indicators necessary for evaluation of policy effectiveness.