全国海洋经济发展规划纲要

我国是海洋大国,管辖海域广阔,海洋贸源可开发利用的潜力很大。加快发展海洋产业,促进海洋经济发展,对形成国民经济新的增长点,实现全面建设小康社会目标具有重要意义。为此,特制订《全国海洋经济发展规划纲要》(以下简称《纲要》)。《纲要》涉及的主要海洋产业有海洋渔业、海洋交通运输、海洋石油天然气、滨海旅游、海洋船舶、海盐及海洋化工、海水淡化及综合利用和海洋生物医药等;涉及的区域为我国的内水、领海、毗连区、专属经济区、大陆架以及我国管辖的其他海域(未包括我国港、澳、台地区)和我国在国际海底区域的矿区。规划期为2001年至2010年。     

论中国海洋环境保护法律体系中的不足与完善对策

从实践和理论两方面分析了中国海洋保护环境法律体系中存在的问题,如立法不足和执法不严等;并提出通过加快立法,提高立法技术、明确各部门职责等完善法律体系的对策。从而为更好地保护海洋环境提供法律保障,促进海洋环境保护事业的发展。     

日本海洋战略的发展及对我国的借鉴

文章总结日本海洋战略的制定与调整过程,分析其战略调整的背景,以及调整后的海洋战略在海洋经济、海洋环境和海洋权益等领域的主要表现,并重点从战略、法律法规、海上力量建设以及宣传教育等方面研究提出我国海洋战略发展的对策和建议,即:加快制定实施我国的海洋战略;健全和完善我国的海洋法律法规体系与相关制度;推进我国海上力量建设;提高公民海洋意识,以期为决策层提供参考依据。     

海洋科学技术在海洋可持续发展中的地位和作用

近年来,世界上一些发达海洋国家竞相制定和实施海洋科学技术发展战略计划和规划。如美国制定了《1995～2005年海洋战略发展规划》,法国颁布了海洋科技《1996～2000年战略计划》,俄国在实施《2005年前海洋、北极、南极综合研究科技计划》。所有这些规划和计划都旨     

海洋氢能开发法律规制研究

海洋氢能作为一种清洁、低碳、高效且可再生的能源,逐渐成为目前我国实现“双碳”目标的重要能源载体,其开发对我国具有重大战略意义。但由于海洋氢能起步晚,目前存在技术成熟度不高、政策支撑较少、法律配套不完善等诸多困难。同时存在海域管辖权竞合、海洋环境污染、海洋生物多样性破坏以及国际合作开发难等问题。关于海洋氢能开发法律规制问题,在国际法层面,以《联合国宪章》《联合国海洋法公约》等基本法构建海洋氢能国际合作开发以及海洋环境保护的基本法律框架,以《生物多样性公约》和《BBNJ协定》为基础进一步对海洋环境污染和保护海洋生物多样性提出法律规范;在国内法层面,通过现有能源领域法律法规可知,《可再生能源法》填补海洋氢能开发法律空白;在海洋环境领域,我国法律法规对海洋氢能开发提出了环境影响评价的要求,以保障海洋生态环境不受侵害。综上所述,海洋氢能开发利用应当完善国内相关立法,制定有针对性的海洋氢能领域环境影响评价制度,以促成国际开发与合作。这些完善建议旨在为海洋氢能开发提供清晰的法律指导,促进其可持续发展和利用,同时保护海洋环境和社会稳定。     

重视海洋开发战略研究 强化海洋装备创新发展

基于我国严峻的资源供应形势和海洋资源开发面临的挑战态势,揭示了我国海洋开发的重要性;结合对发展海洋经济与管理机制体制的突出矛盾以及深远海装备技术创新研究投入力度等层面存在问题的探讨,从海洋开发的法律法规和机制体制、宏观战略研究和顶层指导、自主创新、资源开发利用及安全保障建设等层面阐述了加强海洋开发战略研究的目的意义。基于当前国际海洋装备的现状及发展趋势,分析了我国海洋装备在发展水平、设计建造能力、基础科学研究与自主创新和前沿技术研究等方面与国际先进水平的差距;阐述了加快海洋工程装备创新发展的必要性和重要意义。提出并阐明了创新发展深海工作站和海上浮动基地对于维护国家海洋资源权益、尤其是提升南海深水资源开发国际竞争力方面具有的重要战略意义。     

重视海洋开发战略研究 强化海洋装备创新发展

基于我国严峻的资源供应形势和海洋资源开发面临的挑战态势,揭示了我国海洋开发的重要性;结合对发展海洋经济与管理机制体制的突出矛盾以及深远海装备技术创新研究投入力度等层面存在问题的探讨,从海洋开发的法律法规和机制体制、宏观战略研究和顶层指导、自主创新、资源开发利用及安全保障建设等层面阐述了加强海洋开发战略研究的目的意义。基于当前国际海洋装备的现状及发展趋势,分析了我国海洋装备在发展水平、设计建造能力、基础科学研究与自主创新和前沿技术研究等方面与国际先进水平的差距;阐述了加快海洋工程装备创新发展的必要性和重要意义。提出并阐明了创新发展深海工作站和海上浮动基地对于维护国家海洋资源权益、尤其是提升南海深水资源开发国际竞争力方面具有的重要战略意义。     

试论我国涉外海洋调查立法的法律渊源和现实空间

涉外海洋调查安全事关国家海洋资源信息安全和军事地理安全.目前,我国对这一类安全的防范刚刚引起警醒.但海上安全现状和紧迫形势需要系统的成文法来规范和管理,而我国包括<涉外海洋科学研究管理规定>、<测绘法>等在内的法律法规并不能涵盖所有在海上进行的调查行为的管理,不能从根本上防范外国情报机构和军事部门以妨碍我国和平和良好秩序为目的的海洋调查行为.部分国家、国际组织和个人,总是以非海洋科学研究、非测绘的名义大摇大摆地进入到我国专属经济区和大陆架,有的还以合作的名义进入到内水和领海,从事各种情报收集、地理信息测量和军事测量活动.本研究试图从涉外海洋调查这一立法概念的立法渊源入手,分析其立法的前提条件、国际实践和国内法现实空间等,提出我国应以涉外海洋调查立法的基本依据.     

进一步完善我国的海洋和渔业法规

《渔业法》颁布实施20年来,我国海洋和渔业法治建设已取得很大成就,但这一法规体系尚存在多方面问题。文章从海洋环境保护和渔业资源养护立法、海洋与渔业自然保护区立法、渔业保险立法、渔船管理立法、《防治海洋工程建设项目污染损害海洋环境管理条例》配套法规等五个方面,提出了进一步完善我国海洋和渔业法规的建议。     

海岛立法 功在当代 利在千秋

我国是海洋大国，海岛众多。海岛是壮大海洋经济、拓展发展空间的重要依托，是保护海洋环境、维护生态平衡的重要平台，是捍卫国家权益、保障国防安全的战略前沿。2009年12月26日，全国人大常委会审议通过了《中华人民共和国海岛保护法》（以下简称《海岛保护法》），这是我国首次以立法的形式，加强对海岛的保护与管理，规范海岛开发利用秩序。《海岛保护法》的颁布实施，是中国海洋事业发展具有里程碑意义的一件大事。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.