潮流沙脊和沙波沉积结构特征——以西班牙东北部比利牛斯前陆盆地Roda砂岩组为例

以位于西班牙东北部的比利牛斯前陆盆地(Pyrenean Foreland Basin)南部的Roda砂岩组三段为对象,研究潮流沙脊、沙波的内部结构特征。主要的沉积结构为大型楔状、板状交错层理,局部发育大型槽状交错层理,平行层理和小型波纹层理等。垂向上,板状交错层理呈向上变粗变厚的趋势。潮汐束厚度周期性变化,复活面众多,双泥层不发育,局部可见鱼骨状交错层理。交错层理底部生物扰动强,内部较弱,贝壳碎屑常见,泥粒在交错层理底部普遍,古水流方向多变但主要以向西方向为主,主流方向与三角洲的前积方向呈锐角至平行关系,指示潮流沙脊和沙波共存。     

塔中志留系下沥青砂岩段风暴沉积的砂体研究

塔中志留系下沥青砂岩段沉积砂体的类型有滨岸砂、浅海砂坝和陆棚砂3种类型，正常条件下沉积的滨岸砂体具低角度交错层理和少量波痕，呈现出由泥岩-粉砂岩-细砂岩-中细砂岩的反韵律变化特征。风暴作用下，滨岸砂体沉积呈正韵律，多由泥砾向上变化为粉、细砂，生物建造较少，具多方向的低角度板状交错层理、丘状层理。正常条件下沉积的陆棚砂体、浅海砂坝砂体岩性较均一，见交错层理，粒级变化不甚明显，多为粉、细砂岩，以反韵律为主。风暴作用下，砂体底部多具撕裂状泥砾，向上呈正韵律粒序演化，并具侵蚀面、槽状交错层理与丘状层理等特征。风暴作用下的滨岸沉积单砂体相对较厚，一般厚6～13m，宽约数十米，浅海砂坝和陆棚砂的单层砂体相对较薄，厚约3～8m，砂体规模较正常条件下沉积的砂体规模增大。此3类砂体在空间展布上极具规律性，垂向上砂体类型由下而上为滨岸砂-浅海砂坝-陆棚砂的交替演化序列；平面上由海洋向陆地方向砂体类型依次为陆棚砂体-浅海砂坝-滨岸砂体。     

南黄海辐射沙脊群西洋潮道晚更新世晚期以来沉积环境

利用首次在江苏大丰港岸外西洋潮流通道内获取的钻孔沉积物,通过沉积相分析和浅地层剖面解 译,结合同位素测年,对西洋长周期演变和成因机制进行了综合分析。共识别出７种沉积相,即：潮道底部滞 留相、潮间-潮下相、贝壳层、湖相、泛滥平原相、滨海湖沼相及滨海沙坝相。西洋潮流通道长周期演化显 示,晚更新世晚期以来研究区经历了滨海沙坝→滨海湖沼→泛滥平原→滨岸 湖→潮流沙脊→潮道充填→潮道 侵蚀一系列复杂的沉积环境演变。进入全新世,随着海侵的加剧,潮流作用逐渐增强并改造下伏沉积物形成潮 流沙脊。晚全新世期间,中全新世形成的潮流沙脊沉积体系面临调整,西洋潮流通道在此期间通过沙脊蚀低形 成。公元1128-1855年黄河夺淮,带来大量泥沙,充填了西洋潮流通道。随着黄河北归、沙源被切断,潮道底 部遭受强烈冲刷和侵蚀,遂成为强潮水道。     

东海陆架平湖海域改造砂沉积特征

东海陆架平湖海域分布的改造砂。其物质来源为晚更新世末生成的沙脊物质,是在晚更新世末至全新世初期间,原始物质被掀起再沉积的产物。     

渤海东部潮流沉积特征及MIS4以来的沉积环境演化

渤海东部发育了典型的潮流沉积,由老铁山水道冲刷槽、辽东浅滩沙脊和渤中浅滩沙席组成。该文基于中国海洋地 质调查最新获取的高分辨率单道地震数据,与水深变化进行对比,将该区的潮流沉积特征与其地震相特征进行精细分析, 同时结合晚第四纪CD5孔的岩性、14C测年和层序地层划分,识别出晚更新世以来的四期层序地层,分别是MIS4以细砂为 主的陆相地层、MIS3以粉砂和黏土为主的滨浅海相沉积地层、MIS2末次盛冰期形成的以粉砂质粘土和细砂质粉砂为主的陆 相沉积地层和全新世（MIS1） 发育的以粉砂质黏土和细砂组成的海相沉积地层。其中全新世地层分别由早期的滨海相沉 积、中期的浅海沉积和晚期的潮流沉积组成。通过这四期层序的研究,揭示了该区MIS4期以来的沉积环境演化。     

东海陆架沙脊三维地震地貌学、演化及成因

线状陆架沙脊一直是海洋地质学和沉积学研究的热点。基于东海近海底1700 km2的三维地震数据,对陆架沙脊开展地震地貌学、沉积构型、成因和演化研究,并取得以下3点认识：（1）研究区发育7条NW-SE向陆架沙脊体系,海底呈槽脊相间地形特征。沙脊表面发育NE-SW向沙波体系。脊1、脊2、脊4和脊6表现为2～3条交叉或合并的沙脊体系,而脊3、脊5和脊7呈现为独立沙脊体系。（2）线状陆架沙脊横剖面左右不对称,宽2～11 km,脊高3～31 m,坡面相对较缓,倾角大多小于1°。（3）研究区水深变化和近海底潮流速度等因素指示研究区沙脊处于活动沙脊和衰亡沙脊的过渡阶段。研究第四纪陆架沙脊对沙脊储层的预测具有一定的指导意义。     

南黄海南部陆区全新世沉积研究

研究区全新统不整合超覆于上更新亚统之上,自下而上由滨海相(局部含河口海湾相)?近岸浅海相(潮成沙体相)和潮滩相构成?全新统海侵层主要受控于晚更新世末SE→NW逐渐抬高的掀斜状古地形,表现出明显的水平相交,可归纳为四种层序类型?本文通过钻孔剖面分析对比,揭示了研究区垂向相序演替和水平相变的规律及其二者间的关系,恢复了全新世沉积演化过程?     

南黄海辐射沙脊群形成演变的动力地貌过程数值模拟

江苏沿海辐射沙脊群在国内潮成沙体中较为罕见,有关辐射沙脊形成的动力机制已有定论,但对其形成时间和物质来源说法不一。运用长时间尺度动力地貌过程数学模型复演了辐射沙脊群形成演变过程,结果表明:江苏岸外辐聚辐散的流场不依赖于局部海底地形而独立存在;不同初始地形下只要泥沙供给充足,经过150年左右潮流动力对地形不断塑造,辐射状"水道-沙脊"相间的地貌格局都能基本形成;辐射沙脊群是废黄河北归约150年后,随着废黄河水下三角洲不断被侵蚀,辐聚辐散的潮流对不同来源物质重新塑造的结果,是动力-泥沙-地形相互作用的产物。     

塔里木盆地满加尔凹陷西北缘上奥陶统铁热克阿瓦提组海相砂体类型与储集性

通过对羊屋2井、跃南2井、吉南1井等5口井岩心的精细描述、单井沉积微相与测井相分析及350 km地震剖面解释,认为在满加尔凹陷西北缘上奥陶统铁热克阿瓦提组海相砂泥岩沉积地层中发育5种重要的海相砂体,即滨岸（临滨-前滨）砂体、内陆棚沙脊砂体、内陆棚沟槽砂体、风暴砂体与潮道砂体。在等时地层格架内,研究区西部羊屋与哈得井区,铁热克阿瓦提组最底部分布着具有正韵律特点的、发育海侵砾岩与冲刷面的内陆棚沟槽砂体,其上为正反韵律均有且冲刷面不发育的较细粒内陆棚沙脊砂体,上部则是发育平行层理和冲洗交错层理的具明显反韵律特征的滨岸（临滨-前滨）砂体,顶部发育非均质性较强的风暴层砂体。在东部的吉南井区,下部发育内陆棚沙脊砂体,上部发育潮下带潮道砂体及潮间带砂坪沉积。受奥陶纪末期全球海平面下降影响,砂体分布范围逐步增大。铁热克阿瓦提组海相砂岩储集体以次生孔隙为主,非均质性比较强,导致储集层非均质性的主要原因是不均匀胶结作用、溶解作用以及局部发育有裂缝。对比5种类型海相砂体的储集性,按优差排序依次是内陆棚沙脊砂体、滨岸（临滨-前滨）砂体、内陆棚沟槽砂体、潮道砂体与风暴沉积砂体。

     

东濮凹陷沙三段的风暴沉积

东濮凹陷下第三系沙三段发育风暴沉积,主要特征有:(1)具重力流沉积特征的变形构造;(2)反映风暴作用的丘状交错层理、冲刷-充填构造(渠模)、浪成沙纹层理、和震荡波痕;(3)与风浪作用相关的生物活动,包括潜穴、钻孔和生物逃逸现象;(4)可与海相风暴岩对比的“似鲍马层序”以及(5)多变的砂层顶面形态。根据风暴砂层的性质,可将风暴岩系划分为三个微相:(1)水道充填沉积;(2)漫溢沉积微相;(3)末稍沉积微相。     

Intertidal clay-drape couplets (Gironde estuary, France)

Clay-drape couplets on subaqueous dunes have been regarded as a diagnostic feature of the subtidal environment since Visser's seminal paper (1980). The new observation of clay-drape couplets in the intertidal zone on a present day tidal bar of the Gironde estuary shows that they are not restricted to the subtidal zone.
In the intertidal zone, low-tide slack-water clay drapes are deposited in the bottomsets of the dominant current dunes when the muddy water retained in the troughs is absorbed into the sand during the emergence of the intertidal bar. They drape emergence run-off ripples generated by the drainage currents in the bottomsets. High-tide slack-water clay drapes are deposited over the entire dune surface and are preserved on the lee side of the dunes and in the bottomsets. They drape the subordinate current ripples. Low-tide and high-tide slack-water clay drapes enclose one thin rippled sand layer (the subordinate current bundle) and are isolated from other adjacent clay-drape couplets by the dominant current bundle.
The clay-drape couplets deposited in the intertidal zone can be distinguished from their subtidal counterparts on the basis of two morphological differences:
1. In the intertidal zone, the low-tide clay drape is only present in the bottomsets of the dunes, whereas in the subtidal zone equivalent clay drapes are also present on the lower part of the lee side of the dunes.
2. In the intertidal zone, low-tide clay drapes are deposited in the bottomsets of the dunes over emergence run-off ripples oriented in the direction of the drainage currents (i.e. in a direction normal to the tidal currents). Conversely, in the subtidal zone, the equivalent clay drapes are typically deposited over ripples oriented in the tidal-current direction (ebb or flood). There is a difference of polarity of 90° between the intertidal and subtidal small-scale bedforms draped by the low-tide slack-water drapes.     

吐哈盆地西南缘层间氧化带型铀矿的地质特征及成矿条件分析

本文详实介绍了吐哈盆地地质特征、砂体特征、层间氧化带特征、铀矿化特征和铀成矿条件,指出了西山窑组一、二、三岩性段为主要找矿层位,认为吐哈盆地具有良好的成矿前景。     

松辽盆地舍伯吐地区第三系砂体层间氧化-还原过渡带发育特征及其含铀性

松辽盆地是上叠于海西褶皱带基底之上的中新生代陆相沉积盆地。舍伯吐地区位于松辽盆地西南部，区内上第三系松散堆积层赋存有3层稳定的砂体。砂体中均发育有不同规模的区域性层间氧化带。经钻探揭露，榆树屯地段Ⅱ层砂体的层间氧化-还原过渡带比较典型，并有铀和钼的次生富集，这一发现为松辽盆地找矿工作的突破展现了良好的前景。     

Wavy lamination in a mixed sand and gravel foreshore facies of the Pleistocene Hosoya Sandstone, Aichi, central Japan

Although sandy foreshore facies are generally characterized by parallel lamination, wavy lamination is predominant in the mixed sand and gravel foreshore facies of the Pleistocene Hosoya Sandstone, which crops out along the Pacific coast of the Atsumi Peninsula, Aichi, central Japan. The foreshore facies consists of three sedimentary subfacies; interbeds of gravel and parallel laminated sand of the lower foreshore facies, parallel laminated fine to medium sand beds containing scattered pebbles and cobbles of the middle foreshore facies, and wavy laminated fine to medium sand beds containing scattered pebbles and cobbles of the upper foreshore facies. A lack of erosional surfaces in the middle foreshore facies indicates the continuous accumulation of sand in flat beds under upper plane bed flow. The wavy laminated sands of the upper foreshore facies exhibit erosional surfaces indicative of repeated deposition and erosion. The erosional surfaces are undulatory, with depressions (10 cm wide and 3 cm deep) that contain scattered pebbles and cobbles. These depressions reflect backwash erosion of sand around and below the pebbles and cobbles. Sand draping over the undulating erosional surfaces forms the wavy lamination. The wavy laminated sand with scattered pebbles and cobbles is a key facies of an upper foreshore or swash zone, and is a good sea-level marker.     

水平动载下饱和砂土地基液化区扩展

对一侧受沿深度分布的水平振动载荷时 ,半无限饱和砂土地基液化区域的扩展进行了数值分析。结果表明 :在水平振动载荷作用下 ,砂土地基液化区域从载荷端由近到远逐渐发展 ;随载荷强度和频率的增加 ,以及土体模量的减小 ,液化发展逐渐加快。在考虑的频率范围内 ,随着载荷频率的增加 ,土体表面的变形和土中的孔隙压力上升速度增加。     

沙漠—绿洲过渡带近地表风沙过程研究进展

受绿洲和沙漠景观格局的双重影响,沙漠—绿洲过渡带是一个对外界条件变化极为敏感的生态环境脆弱带。沙漠—绿洲过渡带近地表风沙过程及其动态演变直接影响绿洲的稳定和有序发展,在空间上制约沙漠的进退或绿洲的变迁。从沙漠—绿洲过渡带局地小气候、沙尘暴、风沙环境、土壤风蚀、风沙输移和绿洲防护体系建设等几个方面比较全面地综述了近数十年来沙漠—绿洲过渡带近地表风沙过程研究进展,并基于当前沙漠—绿洲过渡带生态环境建设与地方需要等面临的实际问题,分析了该领域今后的研究重点和发展趋势。     

Ichnology and Depositional Environment of the Cambrian Nagaur Sandstone (Nagaur Group) Along the Dulmera Section,Bikaner-Nagaur Basin,Rajasthan

Abstract: The Lower Cambrian Nagaur Sandstone (Marwar Supergroup) has yielded trace fossils Treptichnus, Cruziana, serially repeated Rusophycus, Diplichnites, Monomorphichnus, Bergaueria, arthropod swimming traces and leap frogging marks of Cruziana ichnofacies. This ichnofossils assemblage is dominantly preserved in fine to medium grained red sandstone beds of the Mohra Member (Nagaur Sandstone). The presence of graded rip-up clasts, current ripples, dune cross-stratification with mud drapes and tidal bundles indicates a subtidal paleoenvironment for the deposition of Nagaur Sandstone Formation, which is corroborated by the Cruziana ichnofacies trace fossil assemblage.     

砂柱排水真空阻滞效应的试验和动力学解释

含低渗透盖层的强透水层在排水过程中可能产生包气带真空并阻滞排水。这种真空阻滞效应具有什么动力学特征,是岩土渗流领域有待解决的新课题。以细砂作为粗砂的盖层,进行了双层结构砂柱的排水试验,观测到了包气带真空度先快速增大,然后缓慢减小的过程,排水速率显著低于无细砂覆盖的情况。细砂盖层厚度越大,真空阻滞效应越强烈。基于水-气渗流理论提出了解释试验现象的水流方程和气流方程,并得到了排水早期和后期真空度变化的近似解析公式,说明真空度峰值随盖层厚度呈非线性增加趋势。对试验结果进行参数分析,发现盖层透气性在排水后期明显大于早期,反映了盖层含水率对透气性的影响。     

Suction dynamics-induced bubbly sand under groundwater table fluctuations

Bubbly sand is found in intertidal zones and has been considered to be closely related to swash and tides. Unlike bubble structures that arise from in situ methane gas production and bubble growth in river and marine sediments due to organic matter decomposition, the formation mechanism and conditions of bubbly sand remain unresolved. The present study aims to resolve them on the basis of a conceptual model and controlled laboratory experiments. The study demonstrates that bubbly sand is a consequence of the cyclic expansion of sand under groundwater table fluctuations. The varying intensity of dynamics of suction, which is sand moisture tension defined by negative pore water pressure relative to atmospheric pressure, controls the manifestation of a full spectrum of sand behaviour relevant to the formation of bubbly sand. Namely, with increasing intensity of suction dynamics under larger groundwater table fluctuations, the sand behaviour varies from enhanced cyclic contraction, to weak contraction, loosening and expansion resulting in bubbly sand. The suction dynamics-induced cyclic expansion of sand occurs under conditions where the maximum suction developed exceeds the air-entry suction of sand such that the degree of saturation becomes lower than 60%, while the groundwater tables cyclically rise to and fall from the sediment surface. Accordingly, the sand porosity changes remarkably from dense to super-loose states of bubbly sand. These findings account for previously unanswered questions with respect to bubbly sand, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and will lead to a renewed understanding of the geological record and morphological features at waterfronts that are subject to groundwater table fluctuations.     

地表几何形态对冲断带构造特征影响的物理模拟实验研究

设计了基底均匀的水平砂层单测挤压砂箱模型,包括水平砂层上无砂丘以及砂丘分别位于距左侧活动挡板5 cm、10 cm、15 cm、20 cm、25 cm、30 cm时的7组实验,通过实验着重对水平砂层在受单侧挤压时不同位置砂丘对冲断带的影响问题进行研究。实验结果表明,砂丘在不同位置时,冲断带的形成规模、几何形状都发生相应变化:砂丘距左侧活动挡板10～25 cm时,冲起构造发育,且冲断带的构造特征明显;而砂丘距左铡活动档板5 cm、30 cm时不发育冲起构造,主要发育逆冲断层。