前陆褶皱冲断带冲起构造发育特征:基于砂箱构造物理模拟实验研究

冲起构造广泛发育于挤压逆冲构造体系和走滑构造体系,具有极其重要的油气勘探价值,因而备受关注。砂箱模拟模型已经被证明是强大的可视化工具,用来模拟不同岩层中复杂的构造现象。基于相似初始砂箱构造模型条件下不同挤压速率(0.3 mm/s、0.1 mm/s、0.005 mm/s)变形过程,揭示出褶皱冲断带发育过程中的典型两类冲起构造：叠加冲起构造和单一冲起构造,它们对于褶皱冲断带演化过程及其油气勘探具有明显不同的重要性。砂箱物理模拟实验揭示楔形体扩展变形序列对前陆褶皱冲断带冲起构造发育类别具有重要控制作用,即褶皱冲断带前缘以前展式扩展变形为主,主要发育单一冲起构造;后缘以后展式扩展变形为主,主要发育叠加冲起构造。     

不同变形速率下前陆褶皱冲断带的发育特征——基于砂箱物理模拟实验研究

构造模拟实验是研究和模拟自然界地质构造现象、变形特征、成因机制和动力学过程的一种物理实验方法。本文基于砂箱构造物理模型高、中、低速7组不同单向挤压速度的构造模拟实验,揭示不同变形速率下砂箱物质变形的几何学、运动学及其演化特征,探讨不同变形速度(尤其是不同量级速度)对前陆褶皱冲断构造变形的重要性。高速单向挤压变形过程中(0.4~0.1mm/s),砂箱模型中石英砂体后缘构造加积强烈,砂体变形主要以楔形体向前扩展变形为主,其构造样式主要表现为前展式叠瓦冲断构造。中速挤压变形过程中(0.05~0.005mm/s),砂体后缘加积相对较弱,构造变形样式主要为砂箱楔形体前缘先形成(前展式为主)逆冲断层,当达到临界楔形体后,反冲断层发育并与前展式逆冲断层构成冲起构造,构造样式上表现为叠瓦构造与冲起构造的无序叠加。低速挤压变形过程中(0.002mm/s),砂箱物质构造样式以典型冲起带为主。由于砂箱模拟过程的时效性,即如何在最有效时间内获得最全面而复杂的演变过程,通过本次系列实验,我们建议将此有效挤压速度设定为0.05~0.005mm/s范围内,可以先后清晰而全面的获得高速和低速挤压下砂体的变形过程和构造样式。     

盆山地壳横向变化对挤压构造变形的影响——来自砂箱模拟实验的启示

前陆克拉通与造山带增生楔在地壳结构、力学性质等方面有明显的差异。挤压作用使盆山地壳横向变化通过构造变形表现出来。本文设计了具有深浅两个滑脱层"克拉通"与不同能干性的"造山楔"接触砂箱模型,通过模拟实验分析了盆山地壳横向差异变化对挤压构造变形的影响。实验结果表明,端部的挤压收缩位移由刚性的"克拉通"推挤相对软弱的"造山楔"使之形成挤压"冲起构造",而"造山楔"发生收缩变形的同时也斜向推挤刚性的"克拉通",并通过克拉通内部的滑脱层将收缩应变向克拉通内部传递。受不同深度滑脱层发育的影响,"克拉通"发育分层不协调收缩变形。在挤压作用下,随着"造山楔"与"克拉通"地壳在横向上能干性差异的增加,"造山楔"收缩形成的"冲起构造"幅度减小,而向"克拉通"侧向(斜向)挤压形成的"反冲构造"幅度增加,"造山楔"通过深层滑脱层向"克拉通"传递收缩应变的调节能力减弱,通过浅层滑脱层向"克拉通"传递收缩应变的调节能力增强。"造山楔"由深层过渡至浅层形成强变形带,由"克拉通"边缘至内部形成的深层冲断褶皱与浅层褶皱冲断组合过渡为深层褶皱与浅层的褶皱冲断组合,"克拉通"边缘的冲断带由深层的前展式楔状逆冲叠瓦扇构造向"克拉通"内部的浅层褶皱组合过渡。实验结果为理解中国西北部复杂山前冲断带构造的形成机制具有启示作用。     

基于离散元数值模拟的西南天山山前冲断带构造变形控制因素研究

西南天山山前褶皱冲断带的变形与其东侧的柯坪冲断带的大规模薄皮滑脱明显不同,它以发育"堆垛"构造和基底卷入逆冲构造为特征,是什么因素控制了该冲断带的变形。本文基于地震解释剖面,采用离散元数值模拟研究手段,单因素变量控制方法,设计了先存断裂模型,滑脱层模型和先存断裂与不同内聚力的滑脱层组合模型共5组数值模拟实验,分析西南天山山前褶皱冲断带的构造变形的控制因素。实验结果表明:滑脱层岩石强度控制了其下先存断裂向上突破的难易程度,滑脱层内聚力较强时,沿先存薄弱带易突破滑脱层形成逆冲推覆构造;滑脱层内聚力较弱时,滑脱层将发育成逆冲体系的顶板断裂,阻碍滑脱层之下单元中先存断裂后期活动向上传播,易形成相互叠覆的逆冲片。弱内聚力滑脱层发育的地区,变形前锋向前陆方向传播得更快、更远,变形主要发生在滑脱层之上单元,易形成冲起构造和三角带,滑脱层之下单元构造变形相对较弱。通过对比分析,认为西南天山山前冲断带发育堆垛构造和基底卷入逆冲构造变形,主要受控于发育上白垩统-古近系的膏盐层和前新生代的先存断裂。     

准噶尔盆地乌夏前陆冲断带沉降史与沉积响应研究

针对前陆冲断带的特殊构造位置及沉积特征的复杂性,本文在地层剥蚀厚度恢复和层序划分的基础上,通过对准噶尔盆地西缘乌夏前陆冲断带沉降史分析,在海西运动晚期准噶尔地块与西伯利亚板块发生碰撞挤压,形成一系列冲断推覆构造,前缘岩石圈挠曲下陷发育周缘前陆盆地,并夹杂大规模的短暂伸展火山喷发活动,接受了巨厚的二叠系沉积层序;随着板块俯冲在二叠纪末的逐渐消亡,三叠纪进入印支期陆内坳陷继承性挤压活动阶段,周边受南北向挤压和左旋构造应力场影响,前陆冲断带古断裂再次逆冲,哈拉阿拉特山急剧抬升,后缘和什托洛盖盆地形成;进入侏罗纪—白垩纪(燕山运动早中期),为陆内坳陷的填充消亡阶段,但有继承性活动,构造活动强度较二叠纪大为减弱,在燕山运动Ⅲ幕晚期最终被覆盖定型。整个过程受地体碰撞和板内挤压影响,冲断带发生幕式构造活动,从而导致盆地沉降也发生幕式变化,而且冲断带每次挤压逆冲均导致相应的沉降和沉积物充填,并直接控制前陆盆地和陆内坳陷的沉积充填特征。     

准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱-冲断带变形特征及成因机制模拟

准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱-冲断带发育于北天山和博格达山北侧的准噶尔盆地南部的山前地区,构造变形具有明显的横向分带、纵向分段、垂向分层特征,其主控因素在于挤压应力的作用方式和滑脱层的空间分布规律。西段受北天山斜向挤压应力作用影响,发育北西西向四排雁列式褶皱-冲断带,构造变形样式为基底卷入式厚皮构造和盖层滑脱式薄皮构造,变形过程受侏罗系煤层和白垩系、古近系高塑性泥岩层等多滑脱层控制。滑脱层及其上覆岩层厚度决定变形的强度和应力向前传递的远近程度,厚度越大,褶皱变形强度越大。东段受博格达山正向楔冲挤压应力作用影响,发育近东西向向北凸出的弧形基底卷入式褶皱-冲断带,滑脱构造不发育。根据构造变形特征和相似理论,利用沙箱模拟实验分别对正向挤压和15°、30°、45°等斜向挤压平面变形进行了模拟,结果表明正向挤压和15°斜向挤压是形成东段和西段变形特征的主控应力条件,并设计了斜向和正向挤压组合边界平面模拟实验进行了验证,合理地解释了东、西段构造变形的差异。利用双滑脱层剖面模型实验对西段四排褶皱-冲断带的演化过程进行了模拟再现。     

中国中西部褶皱冲断带构造变形机制与结构模型

基于复杂构造解析和实验模拟研究,揭示了中西部前陆褶皱冲断构造带主要表现为受侧向挤压形成的滑脱冲断构造变形过程和结构样式;明确了单层滑脱挤压冲断构造变形存在临界增生和非临界增生两种变形机制,发育脆性拆离型、塑性滑移型和黏性流动型3种作用类型,并受滑脱层强度、地层厚度、底部边界和外动力过程等4种主要因素影响。复杂冲断构造带基本上表现为受多层单滑脱作用控制形成的垂向叠置组合结构,本文提出了复杂滑脱冲断变形结构的可分解性以及受不同性质的滑脱层组合控制形成特征结构模式,并揭示了前陆冲断带前缘多滑脱构造变形结构中由浅层向深层逐渐发育的变形时序;建立了中西部再生前陆冲断带结构模型、构造单元以及基本构造类型;并基于前陆盆地多阶段构造演化过程以及晚期的隆升剥蚀-沉降沉积过程,提出了中西部两种类型冲断带的控油气作用及其勘探领域。     

库车前陆冲断带克拉苏构造带变形影响因素分析——基于离散元数值模拟研究

在解释库车前陆冲断带克拉苏构造带三维地震剖面的基础上,采用离散元数值模拟手段、单因素变量控制方法,通过六组模拟对比实验,探讨挤压背景下应变速率大小和作用时间、盐岩展布形态、先存盐底辟、基底先存断裂以及基底古隆起等因素,对库车前陆冲断带克拉苏构造带变形的影响。离散元数值模拟结果表明:相比于应变速率大小,应力作用时间对冲断带变形的影响更为显著,变形缩短率相同时导致挤压隆升幅度更大,可达70.25%,向前传播距离均更远,横向上变形范围可达73.82%,盐下层叠瓦状逆冲断裂倾角更小。先存底辟主要影响挤压端垂向变形规模,使得隆升幅度更大。先存断裂主要影响挤压端水平方向变形范围,挤压变形水平传播更远。基底古隆起和盐岩展布形态对克拉苏构造带变形也具有重要影响,基底隆起前沿形成应力集中带,盐岩在此聚集形成构造三角带。由于盐岩的分隔作用,盐上层变形相对较弱,靠近挤压端发育背斜和冲断构造,向盆地方向逐渐变为宽缓的向斜构造。     

天山南麓库车晚新生代褶皱-冲断带

库车褶皱冲断带位于天山南麓,由近东西走向的多条构造带组成。三叠系暗色泥岩、侏罗系煤层、古近系库姆格列木组膏盐层和新近系吉迪克组膏盐层构成库车褶皱冲断带的区域性主滑脱面。褶皱冲断带底面由北向南逐渐抬高。褶皱冲断带主体发育盖层滑脱-冲断构造(薄皮构造),基底卷入型冲断构造(厚皮构造)见于北缘的根带。新生界膏盐层之上构造变形以滑脱褶皱为特色,之下以冲断构造为特色。库车褶皱冲断带是印度-亚洲碰撞远程效应下,(南)天山晚新生代造山过程的产物。褶皱冲断带构造变形的动力来源主要是造山楔向塔里木盆地推进所形成的挤压构造应力。褶皱冲断带构造变形的起始时间为约23Ma,构造变形具有阶段式加速的特点,已经识别出约23Ma、约10Ma、5~2Ma和1~0Ma共4个变形加速期。褶皱冲断带的演化过程为前展式,褶皱冲断带前锋向南推进的同时,后缘持续变形。     

双层滑脱构造的物理模拟：对准噶尔盆地南缘褶皱冲断带的启示

为了研究双层滑脱构造变形的主控因素,设计了3类砂箱模型,对滑脱层材料、滑脱层厚度、滑脱层黏度、上覆砂层厚度、受力边界条件等主控因素进行物理模拟试验研究。试验结果表明：不同滑脱层材料产生的变形样式不同。以微玻璃珠组成的滑脱层主要产生前展型逆冲叠瓦式断裂构造,下部滑脱层起主控滑脱作用,上部滑脱层厚度、滑脱层之上砂层厚度越大越容易形成滑脱断层;挤压方向与受力边界间的夹角较大时,上部滑脱层容易先形成滑脱断层,其推覆体前缘水平位移较快。以不同黏度硅胶组成的滑脱层产生不同的分层滑脱构造变形样式,当下部滑脱层硅胶黏度为500～1 000Pa.s时,形成分层滑脱前展型叠瓦式构造;当硅胶黏度为2 000～2 500Pa.s时,靠近挤压端先形成背冲构造,然后在上部滑脱层形成叠瓦式构造,在下部滑脱层形成对冲三角带构造、冲起背斜构造。地震和钻井资料显示,准噶尔盆地南缘西段霍尔果斯—安集海褶皱冲断带具有双层滑脱变形特征;模拟结果认为,斜向受力边界、侏罗纪煤层以及古近纪泥岩层的分层滑脱作用是控制变形过程的主要因素。     

Surge zones in the Moine thrust zone of NW Scotland

The Caledonian thrust zones of Assynt show several examples of large fault-bounded structures, surge zones, up to 8 km² in extent, which have moved further than adjacent rocks. Extensional faults can be traced into strike-slip faults and then to contractional imbricate faults. There are also zones of extensional and contractional flow as shown by strained bioturbation marks in the Cambrian Pipe Rock.Several other low-angle extensional fault zones have been recognized along the length of the Moine thrust zone, notably in the Kinlochewe district. Recognition of these extensional faults and local surge zones has solved several local problems such as the lack of continuity of the Glencoul thrust and the out-of-sequence character of some of the large low-angle faults. Though the thrust propagation direction was generally from east to west, in the transport direction, several of the eastern faults have been reactivated later and locally cut down as extensional faults. The ‘so-called’ Moine thrust shows extensional fault movement at several localities along its length.The extensional structures and the surge zones suggest that body forces have been important in driving the faults rather than just a push from the rear. The Moines and Moine thrust zone were presumably driven to the WNW by gravity spreading and thinning of the main Scottish Caledonides.     

Syn-thrust deformation across a transverse zone: the Grem–Vedra fault system (central Southern Alps, N Italy)

The lateral continuity of the E?CW trending thrust sheets developed within the Lower to Middle Triassic cover of the central Southern Alps (Orobic belt) is disturbed by the occurrence of several N?CS trending transverse zones, such as the poorly known Grem?CVedra Transverse Zone (GVTZ). The GVTZ developed during the emplacement of the up to six S-verging thrust sheets consisting of Lower to Middle Triassic units, occurring immediately south of the Orobic Anticlines. The transverse zone, active during thrust emplacement related to the early Alpine compressions which pre-date the Adamello intrusion, includes three major vertical shear zones, the Grem, Pezzel and Zuccone faults. The major structure of the transverse zone is the dextral Grem fault, forming a deep lateral ramp between thrust sheets 3 and 5. A similar evolution also occurred along the Zuccone and Pezzel faults, which show a left-lateral displacement of syn-thrust folds. The Grem fault was later reactivated as an oblique tear fault during the emplacement of the Orobic Anticlines, due to back-thrusting along out-of-sequence thrust surfaces (Clusone fault). Transpressional deformations along the fault zone are recorded by the rotation of major syn-thrust folds, which also suggest a horizontal offset close to 0.5?km. Records of the first stage of evolution of the Grem fault are better preserved along its northern segment, and structural relationships suggest that it propagated southward and downward in the growing thrust stack. The study of the meso and megascopic structures developed along the GVTZ constrains the evolution of the transverse zone, illustrating the complex deformational phenomena occurring in a transpressional regime. The GVTZ probably reflects the existence of pre-existing tectonic lineaments with a similar orientation. Evidence of pre-existing structures are not preserved in the exposed units, nevertheless the N?CS extensional fault systems that characterize the Norian to Jurassic rifting history of the Lombardian basin are valid candidates.     

Convolute lamination in modern sands of the estuary of the Oosterschelde,the Netherlands,formed as the result of entrapped air*

Soft-sediment deformation structures similar to convolute lamination were found at the sandy rim of an intertidal shoal in the Oosterschelde estuary, the Netherlands. Abundant air filled cavities within upward penetrated domes suggest that reversed density stratification resulting from trapped air in some sand layers plays a role in the deformational process. Field observations show that air-filled cavities are formed within fine-grained sand; at rising tide the ground water level does not rise quickly enough to replace the interstitial air before flood water covers the sediment surface. Thus, air is trapped in the sand between the ground water level and the sediment-water interface. Because of the weight of the overlying water column and the slow downward movement of water due to capillary action, the entrapped air is compressed and eventually may attain a pressure which enables it to lift the overlying sediment. At this time bubbles are formed, often to a depth of 20 cm. Observation and experiments show that, in layers of fine sand, bubbles develop preferentially in better sorted and coarser zones. This is probably because capillary forces are greater in finer-grained and less sorted sand. Thus, water will penetrate by preference into the latter, pressing the interstitial air into the better sorted and coarser sand. The high content of air cavities in certain layers then provides the density instability responsible for the deformational process leading to the formation of convolute lamination. In the intertidal zone this appears to be a slow process that covers a number of ebb and flood cycles. Convolute lamination has been described from a number of ancient sandstones that are thought to have been deposited in shallow water, near-shore environments. In many of these cases sand size compares with that found in the Oosterschelde. Air entrapment might have played a role in the formation of certain of these occurrences of convolute lamination.     

Crustal lineaments and shear zones in Africa: Their relationship to plate movements

Many of the major lineaments in southern Africa are major ductile shear zones with large displacement, occurring within, though often bounding orogenic belts. An example is the boundary to the Limpopo belt in Botswana and Zimbabwe. However, some of these shear zones only record slight displacement when considered on a crustal scale; they are merely planes recording differential movement on much larger, flat to gently dipping, shear zones where the boundary to the orogenic belt is a low-angle thrust zone. These different types of shear zones are clearly shown in the Pan-African belt of Zambia where large ENE-trending lineaments have been recorded. Recent work has shown the northern group of shears to be large lateral ramps; for example, the rocks of the copper belt are part of an ENE-verging thrust package, the southern boundary of which is a major, oblique to lateral ramp. In southern Zambia shears are more analogous to major transform faults; they form as tear faults separating zones of different thrust vergence. A possible plate tectonic model is given for this part of Africa, showing the different relative plate movement vectors estimated from the geometry of the Pan-African shear zones.     

准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带深层地质结构及对油气藏的控制作用:以霍尔果斯—玛纳斯—吐谷鲁褶皱冲断带为例

准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带位于天山北麓,在晚新生代强烈的挤压作用下,地表发育数排背斜带。由于构造变形复杂、地震反射成像质量较差,对深层地质结构争议较大,另外前新生代盆地原型对晚新生代以来的褶皱冲断带构造格局的影响也尚未探讨。霍尔果斯—玛纳斯—吐谷鲁(简称霍-玛-吐)褶皱冲断带位于准噶尔盆地南缘前陆冲断带地表第二排背斜带,利用最新采集和处理的地震反射资料,并结合地表地质露头建立深层构造模型;利用平衡地质剖面复原和构造物理模拟实验的方法探索早侏罗世盆地原型结构对现今褶皱冲断带构造格局的影响;在此基础上分析霍-玛-吐褶皱冲断带深层天然气富集规律。霍-玛-吐褶皱冲断带垂向上发育古近系—第四系逆冲推覆构造、中上侏罗统—白垩系构造楔和下侏罗统半地堑断陷结构。控制早侏罗世半地堑系统的高角度正断层在晚期挤压构造变形体系中充当逆断坡,并控制上覆构造楔和浅层逆冲推覆构造的发育。早侏罗世半地堑系统具有分段性,并通过侧向断坡进行连接,侧向断坡上覆地层发育南北向走滑调节断层。油气勘探现状表明,霍-玛-吐褶皱冲断带内部南北向走滑调节断层具有高效沟通下侏罗统烃源岩的特点,是控制天然气的富集的重要因素。以上研究表明,中西部陆内前陆冲断带前新生代古构造对于晚新生代挤压冲断构造格局和深层天然气富集规律具有重要意义。     

库车前陆冲断带秋里塔格构造带水系形态与褶皱生长

水系形态能够非常敏感的记录活动构造的演化过程,尤其对于褶皱横向生长的地区,常形成特征的水系形态。库车前陆冲断带发育平行于南天山造山带走向的褶皱带,并形成特征的水系形态。利用遥感影像、卫星照片、以及从数字高程数据中提取的地貌和水系参数,对库车前陆冲断带秋里塔格构造带水系形态进行分析研究,得出库车前陆冲断带褶皱具有横向生长的演化特征,并识别出判别褶皱生长的5个水系形态标志。这些水系形态标志包括：不对称的水域形态,水系受到阻挡发生弯曲、捕获、并流现象,背斜脊部风口的形成以及高度依次降低排列,不对称的冲积扇体,被纵向河流分隔的两侧背斜的水系形态差异。褶皱的横向生长最终导致相互拼接形成更大规模的褶皱带,秋里塔格构造带正是由多条背斜的横向生长,并拼接而成现今延伸~300km的褶皱带。     

Compartmentalisation of fluid migration pathways in the sub-Andean Zone, Bolivia

Numerous observations indicate that faults play a major role on the migration pathways of fluids in the Bolivian sub-Andean Zone. Most oil seeps in the foothills are located on faults, but oil fields in the foredeep are closed by faults. In the foothills, analysis of cements in fractures inside and around fault zones indicates that the faults act as barriers for transversal migration but can be preferential lateral migration pathways for both hydrocarbons and water. A detailed study of these apparent contradictions suggests that the hydraulic behaviour of faults changes with depth in relation with sandstone diagenesis, but it is strain-independent. From microstructural analyses of fault zones, we suggest that the main controlling factor is temperature, which facilitates or inhibits quartz precipitation. This result implies that the same fault is a barrier for lateral and transversal migration at depths >3 km, due to sealing of fractures by authigenic quartz at T>80 °C, and is a lateral drain in its shallower parts. As a result, the various thrust sheets are isolated from a hydraulic point of view, whereas migration in the foreland may take place over long distances (>100 km).     

Geoheritage at the small scale: tidal-zone bubble-sand structures as diagnostic paleo-environmental indicators,and their geoheritage significance

In identifying sites of geoheritage significance, commonly there has been an emphasis on the larger-scale features. However, the story of geology and the significant features that are critical to unravel geological processes and geological history are commonly small in scale. This contribution focuses on bubble sand and bubble-sand structures as features that are small-scale but nonetheless important to geology, and hence are of geoheritage significance. Bubble sand and bubble-sand structures are ubiquitous on modern beaches and tidal flats, occurring in the uppermost tidal zone of sandy beaches, as a distinct layer in a shoaling beach-to-dune stratigraphy, and are a diagnostic indicator of upper-tidal conditions where a rising tide and a concomitantly rising water-table interacts with the upper swash-zone wave processes. On sandy tidal flats, bubble sand and bubble-sand structures may occur in the mid- to upper-tidal zones; here they are also diagnostic indicators of tidal conditions, forming during a rising tide where a rising water-table forces air upwards to be trapped in moist sand. If found in ancient sequences, bubble-sand structures are a powerful environmental indicator of tidal conditions and, for beach sequences, an indicator of the high-tide level and sea level. Bubble-sand structures have been found in a number of ancient sequences throughout the geological record as far back as the Neoproterozoic, e.g. within beach-to-dune stratigraphy in Pleistocene limestones of the Perth Basin and in southeastern USA, and in tidal-flat sands of the Mesozoic Broome Sandstone of the Canning Basin. The bubble-sand structure is a significant geological tool for use in paleo-environmental and paleo-oceanographic reconstructions, and determination of the position of a paleo-water-table. Given the rarity of their preservation, these occurrences of bubble-sand structures are of geoheritage significance in their own right and, depending on age of sequence and how common they are in the region, they may be nationally significant or globally significant.     

叠合盆地差异构造变形与油气聚集

文中探讨叠合盆地差异构造变形特征及其对油气聚集的控制作用。叠合盆地差异构造变形受控于多期构造演化导致的多期构造应力场转换、多种变形介质变化以及多方位边界条件的变化,主要表现为:(1)受关键构造变革期应力场转换制约的分期差异构造变形,早期一般受区域伸展作用形成垒 堑构造,中期由于板块聚敛活动形成冲断滑脱和潜山 披覆构造,晚期在叠置的前陆盆地形成褶皱 冲断带;(2)受大型主断裂带控制的分带差异构造变形,这些大型主断裂带一般与先存基底断裂或基底软弱带有关,不同构造带的变形强度呈有规律变化;(3)受多层次滑脱带控制的分层差异构造变形,深层次滑脱构造变形主要表现为与盆山耦合有关的滑脱拆离变形,中层次滑脱构造表现为基底层系的滑脱拆离,浅层次滑脱构造表现为与盐膏岩或泥页岩有关的塑性构造变形;(4)受构造转换带控制的分段差异构造变形,区域性转换带本身常成为重要的横向构造带,不同构造段之间变形样式和运动学过程具有较大差别,局部构造转换带往往形成有利的油气圈闭。差异构造变形与烃源岩发育、油气成藏期、圈闭形成演化、油气藏形成和分布及油气保存条件密切相关。     

恩格尔乌苏冲断带特征及大地构造意义

研究表明恩格尔乌苏冲断带是华北板块和塔里木板块的缝合线,北东东向断续延长800km以上。该冲断带连同南北陆缘地带构造构成典型的陆-弧-陆碰撞造山带,与碰撞造山作用同时,形成区域性透入性劈理。地层学和同位素地质年代学资料表明,碰撞造山作用发生于海西末期或印支早期。碰撞造山作用的动力学过程主要表现为向南的洋壳俯冲和向北的陆壳仰冲,并伴随右旋剪切滑移运动。恩格尔乌苏混杂岩带为韧性-韧脆性冲断推覆构造,其北侧的前陆褶皱冲断带为脆性-脆韧性冲断推覆及褶皱构造。