新疆新源台固体潮潮汐因子特征浅析

采用Venedikov调和分析方法对新源台倾斜固体潮整点观测数据进行处理，得到倾斜固体潮鸩波潮汐因子变化曲线。分析其震兆异常特征，给出了新源台倾斜固体潮潮汐因子异常标准，结果发现异常与周围200km范围内的5级以上地震对应较好，具有较高的预报效能并通过了尺值评分检验。     

新疆两次Ms≥5.2级地震的重力固体潮观测异常

一、引言 1983年12月15日新疆和静东北发生了5.2级地震(42°48′,87°30′),1987年12月22日罗布泊发生了5.7级地震(φ_N41°20′,λ_E89°48′)。震前乌鲁木齐红山台GS—15—218重力仪均出现一个月以上较明显的短期异常,异常量约150μGal。同时重力潮汐响应也出现了明显的异常变化。 红山地震台重力仪1982年正式开始工作。工作基本连续,对周围350km,范围内发生的M_s≥5.0级以上的地震有一定的反映,上述是该仪器对应较好的两个震例。     

云龙台固体潮观测对地震监测能力的评价

对云龙台的水管倾斜仪观测数据进行了倾斜固体潮的潮汐分析，发现ＥＷ和ＮＳ两个分量的振幅因子异常变化与地震有较好的对应关系。由于潮汐分析方法本身的科学性和严密性，故振幅因子误差小、精度高；又因为对潮汐谐波波群的选择，避免了以太阳日为基础的周期性干扰，Ｍ２、Ｏ１波振幅因子的地震异常识别则简易可行，并且可信度高。云龙台的固体潮观测具有较强的地震监测能力。     

琼中地震台连续重力变化特征

收集了2009年以来琼中地震台（以下简称琼中台）连续重力观测数据,经对原始数据进行突跳、台阶和删除错误数据等处理,计算分析了琼中台重力潮汐变化数据特征、M₂波潮汐因子变化特征和典型事件的观测数据频谱特征。结果表明,琼中台连续重力观测数据除包含了固体潮、零漂等长周期信号外,也记录到了地震和台风等高频信号。对于记录到的7.0级以上强震,地震信号的频率主要分布于0.3 Hz以内;台风引起的扰动信号则主要分布于0.1—0.4 Hz频带内。同时,2009年以来,琼中台连续重力原始数据及其M₂波潮汐因子无明显前兆异常。      

银川台石英摆倾斜仪异常特征及预测指标分析

应用形态法、潮汐因子判别法对银川台石英摆倾斜仪观测资料进行系统分析,拟总结出银川台石英摆倾斜仪观测资料异常特征及其预测指标。分析结果显示:在银川台周边地区400km范围内发生的中强地震前,银川台石英摆倾斜仪观测资料存在明显的异常,同时在2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震、2008年四川汶川8.0级地震前均存在不同程度的异常变化。     

濮阳ML4．6级地震泰安地震台潮汐形变短临异常的识别

将倾斜固体潮Nakai拟合检验、倾斜潮汐变化分析引入潮汐形变资料处理中,对2006年4月9日山东莘县与河南濮阳交界的濮阳ML4．6级地震前泰安台的潮汐形变观测资料进行处理与分析,发现在地震前十天左右,泰安地震台出现潮汐形变地震短临异常,异常信号就是我们想要得到的地震前兆信息。     

澜沧地震前昆明弥渡重力场变化特征

本文用澜沧—耿马地震前后昆明台和弥渡台的重力固体潮观测资料对震前昆明、弥渡的重力场进行了潮汐变化和非潮汐变化的分析研究。研究表明澜沧—耿马地震前昆明、弥渡的重力场变化有如下特征:1.重力值变化和重力值差分值变化不明显。2.重力潮汐因子有较明显的负异常变化。3.重力潮汐因子变化的异常时间和1976年5月29日龙陵7.3、7.4级地震异常时间半年多接近;异常的最大变幅处于同一量级,但澜沧地震前昆明台的最大变幅4.7%比龙陵地震前的最大变幅3.4%稍大。4.重力潮汐因子变化有较明显的中期异常,短期异常也有一定反映,但临震异常不明显。     

基于经验模态分解的潮汐观测长趋势分析

运用经验模态分解方法,提取定点倾斜和应变固体潮观测数据的长趋势变化.通过对在震中周边600km范围内的地震台站的倾斜潮汐长趋势变化进行倾斜矢量分析,发现在2010年4月14日青海玉树Ms7.1地震前,距震中31km的玉树台倾斜矢量曲线出现“打结”现象.同时,对该区域内的应变潮汐长趋势变化进行面应变分析,发现处于玉树—甘...     

新疆形变固体潮观测与中强地震关系的初步研究

分析了新疆几个形变台潮汐因子的时间分布及震兆异常特征,认为震兆异常的统计关系为：异常范围随着震级的增大而增大,5级地震前可能在100km范围出现异常,5．5级左右的地震可能达250km．而8级地震的异常范围则达到1000km以上;异常持续时间与震级呈正比关系,5级地震异常持续1～5个月,6级地震3～7个月;异常幅度与观测仪器的精度及环境干扰关系密切;部分台的γm2值受格值影响较大,在异常判定前必须做相关分析。     

黑龙江省延寿地震台竖直摆倾斜仪潮汐短临变化特征

选择黑龙江省延寿地震台CZB-1型竖直摆倾斜仪2005年的固体潮观测资料,提取了2005年7月25日黑龙江省林甸M5.1和9月19日内蒙古牙克石M4.7地震前,倾斜固体潮半日波(M2)的潮汐因子γ及相位滞后因子Δφ等参量,综合分析了中强地震前区域倾斜形变潮汐的短临变化特征。认为:1)对潮汐频段参数潮汐因子、相位滞后因子异常信息进行提取,有利于捕捉地震前兆异常。2)潮汐因子的变化特征从时间上给出了震源的短临前兆信息。从图形变化看,这种变化过程可归纳为趋势性背景变化→增大(或减小)→极值→恢复→等待→发震。3)固体潮调和分析方法具有较强的抗干扰能力,图形变化稳定、异常突出明显     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.