中国大地构造几个重大问题的探讨

中国大地构造需要研究的重大问题甚多 ,文中选择了其中的 4个加以讨论。首先是大地构造发展演化的动力学理论。现在流行的按密度差、温度差建立的地幔对流、拆沉作用、地幔柱理论 ,阐明不了中国大陆岩石圈、大陆造山带的组成、结构与演化。我们的研究成果表明 ,任何一个自然形成的系统 ,其运动与演化的能源 (或力源 )都来源于它的自身 ;它内部的变形和结构几何学特征 ,也是它自身运动的结果。为此特提出在地球自转速度变化制约下的多层扭动涡旋甩出说———核幔壳“风暴”所引发的热核反应是地球发展与演化惟一的、统一的动力来源。第二 ,地槽、板块是涡旋甩出构造体系中的一种运动方式、一种造山模式。此外 ,我们根据秦岭和其它造山带所总结出来的抽拉逆冲岩片构造 (或抽拉构造 )也是大陆岩石圈板块或壳块内部的一种新的运动方式 ,它是继地槽学说、板块构造理论以后一种新的造山模式。文中较详细地介绍了抽拉构造理论的基本特征。第三 ,中国大陆岩石圈在中—新生代时期、在陆相沉积盆地形成以后、在抽拉构造体制作用下所形成的 (陆内 )造山带以及它们之间的残留陆相 (或海相 )沉积盆地 ,是中国大地构造的基本特征。陆内造山作用是中国大陆划时代的造山作用 ,所形成的造山带是中国大陆最重要的造山带。?     

秦岭造山带发展演化阶段的新认识

秦岭-大别造山带的发展演化与全球联合古陆的形成与裂解十分相似。显生宙以来,古中国板块裂解为华北、扬子古板块,秦岭有限洋盆的时期为中晚奥陶世。而聚合拼贴形成的中国板块和中秦岭造山带与联合古陆的形成时期同为石炭、二叠纪。中生代以来新形成的秦岭造山带、华北和扬子地块是与全球联合古陆的解体相同,是裂解的结果。中生代时期秦岭-大别的花岗岩是裂解而不是碰撞俯冲的产物,含柯石英、金刚石的榴辉岩和超基性岩是深部岩片沿造山带走向从深处向表层抽拉-逆冲时带至地表的。      

东天山大地构造演化的成矿示踪

矿床是大地构造演化的重要指示标志,矿床特征和时空分布格局为重建东天山地区大地构造演化提供了新的制约。研究表明,夹于吐哈地块和中天山地块之间的东天山古生代造山带,在空间上可分为吐哈盆地南缘铜矿带(北带)、康古尔金矿带(中带)和阿齐山—雅满苏铁(铜)-银多金属矿带(南带)3个不同的构造-地层(岩浆)-成矿带。在时间上东天山造山带具有明显的三阶段演化性:(1)吐哈盆地南缘奥陶—泥盆纪为活动大陆边缘,形成了包括VMS型铜锌矿床和斑岩型铜矿床在内的古陆缘成矿系统;晚泥盆世末—早石炭世初古洋壳向北俯冲关闭,中天山地块增生拼贴到吐哈地块(属哈萨克斯坦—准噶尔板块组成部分)南缘。(2)早石炭世(维宪期)沿康古尔缝合带再次拉张,形成石炭纪裂陷槽火山-沉积岩系及相应的层控成矿系统(VMS型铜锌矿床、火山岩型铁(铜)矿床、自然铜矿床),裂陷槽封闭过程中发育了夕卡岩型银多金属矿床。(3)早二叠世形成与幔源岩浆底侵作用有关、跨构造单元发育的铜镍硫化物成矿系统和与剪切活动有关的金矿床。依据上述认识,对东天山地区的矿产勘查提出了新建议。     

辽东地区古元古代侵入岩特征及构造岩浆大陆动力学演化

辽宁古元古代侵入岩广泛分布于太子河凹陷以南的营口、宽甸、丹东、桓仁等地。本文概述了侵入岩地质、岩石、岩石化学及地球化学等特征，探讨了其源区有原幔源型、壳幔混源型、壳源型的属性。岩浆演化规律为：造山前富Mg质玄武岩、拉斑玄武岩系列与钙碱系列双向演化；造山期由中酸性→酸性、由钠质→钾质；造山后崩塌期由基性→中性→酸性，由拉斑玄武岩系列→钙碱系列，由钠质→钾质。构造岩浆大陆动力学演化过程和模式为造山前毗芦寺超基性－基性杂岩侵喷就位，造山早期条痕状花岗岩同构造底劈侵位，造山主期片麻状黑云－二云母二长花岗岩同构造中高位侵入，造山晚期块状花岗闪长岩－二长花岗岩组合高位侵入，造山期后构造崩塌期辉长－辉绿岩组合、闪长岩－斜长花岗岩－钾长花岗岩组合伸展就位。     

新疆尼勒克县布谷拉超钾质岩浆岩的~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar年龄和地球化学特征

本文在西天山尼勒克县布谷拉地区厘定出了具有构造指示意义的超钾质岩浆岩,它侵位在石炭纪大哈拉军山组地层中,出露面积约为0.02km2,在空间上该类岩石与铜的矿化异常带或矿化带紧密共生。布谷拉超钾质岩浆岩具有典型的斑状结构,斑晶以钾长石、橄榄石、辉石为主,偶见白榴石残留体或假象。造岩矿物及岩石化学组成特征显示,布谷拉超钾质岩浆岩为斜长白榴岩类超钾质岩浆岩。布谷拉超钾质岩浆岩微量元素蛛网图表现为Nb-Ta、Zr-Hf、Ti的负异常和Pb的正异常,暗示该超钾质岩浆岩形成于造山阶段。微量元素地球化学特征显示,布谷拉超钾质岩浆岩是含金云母的石榴石尖晶石二辉橄榄岩部分熔融的产物,其形成深度介于70～80km狭窄的范围内。布谷拉超钾质岩浆岩的40Ar-39Ar有效坪年龄为274.2±1.6Ma,等时线年龄为274.3±4.4Ma,表明该类岩石形成于早二叠世。布谷拉超钾质岩浆岩的地球化学特征及40Ar-39Ar定年研究结果显示,在早二叠世至少阿吾拉勒山的东段仍处于造山演化阶段。     

秦岭造山带组成结构与演化的新认识

据北秦岭及商丹带、南秦岭、勉略带、太白一佛坪一汉南带的组成、结构特征,结合深部资料,提出秦岭是由五类岩石地层地质体按非线性、混论动力学的关系组合在一起的拼贴、镶嵌、叠置、堆垛的综合构造体,是南北与东西共存的构造格局,经历了太古代一古无古代陆核或古陆块增生或拼贴的发展阶段;中一新元古代板块构造体制发展阶段;震旦纪一三叠纪饭内海相沉积盆地与造山带转换的发展阶段;印支或以来陆相沉积盆地与造山带转换的抽拉一道冲岩片构造（或抽拉构造）体制的发展阶段的发展演化。     

对海南岛大地构造特征的新探索

当前对海南岛大地构造的认识主要有槽台说、地洼说、岛弧说和板块构造说,所有这些观点,包括活动论的板块构造都是建立在以垂直升降运动为主的固定论的基础上的,都认为地层和岩石,特别是花岗岩都是原地形成的,并依此建立了多阶段、多旋回的地质-构造旋回或地槽、地台、地台活化(或地洼)的发展阶段和演化历史,集中体现了活动与稳定相互转化的递进过程。当我们重新分析研究已有资料并采用新全球动力学理论和抽拉构造形成褶皱带、造山带模式的理论来重新认识海南岛的大地构造时,以上观点都值得商榷。研究发现:(1)海南岛前白垩系的所有地层都存在顶底不清、接触关系不明并常呈断层接触,岩石地层的建立不符合相关规范,不能按时代先后顺序建立全岛统一的地层柱,也不能按时代顺序和不整合上下关系建立地质-构造旋回和大地构造发展阶段;(2)组成全岛最广的岩石是片麻状花岗岩,与沉积-变质岩占多数的大陆褶皱带(造山带)明显不同,具片麻状、混合岩化的花岗岩实属太古宙的TTG岩套,它不是侵位于相邻的前白垩系地层中的侵入岩,而是以抽拉-逆冲-推覆出地表的岩片构造;(3)全岛岩石地层按接触关系自下而上可划分出5个岩片构造系统:原地系统、准原地系统和3个外来系统,并以此为依据划分出海南岛的构造单元;(4)海南岛所属的一级构造单元是青藏高原涡旋-甩出-热核反应构造体系,二级构造单元为南海-海南岛旋扭涡旋构造区,三级构造单元为海南岛旋卷-扭动构造及其内部的砥柱构造;(5)砥柱状隆升与南海基性火山岩中的热点相复合,是海南岛异常突出海面的根本原因,属原地系统;(6)不同岩片构造系统按抽拉构造的方式叠置堆垛在砥柱状-热点构造之上是海南岛大地构造的基本特征;(7)海南岛的大地构造发展史只能从中生代晚期开始。     

秦岭造山带结构与演化若干问题的再认识

本文详细论述了北秦岭与商丹带、南秦岭、勉略带和太白－佛坪－汉南带的组成、结构特征;重新划分和阐述了秦岭造山带的构造单位及其发展演化。提出秦岭是由五类岩石地层地质体按非线性、混沌动力学的关系组合在一起并拼贴、镶嵌、叠置、堆垛而成的综合构造体,是南北与东西共存的构造格局。其经历了太古宙－古元古代陆核或古陆块增生或拼贴的发展阶段,中－新元古代板块构造体制发展阶段,震旦纪－三叠纪板内海相沉积盆地与造山带转换的发展阶段．印支期以来陆相沉积盆地和造山带转换的抽拉－逆冲岩片构造(或抽拉构造)体制的发展阶段。     

大陆的起源

太阳系固体星球都有类似的核-幔-壳结构,但唯独人类居住的地球具有长英质组成的大陆壳.太古宙大陆克拉通主要由英云闪长岩(Tonalite)-奥长花岗岩(Trondhjemite)-花岗闪长岩(Granodiorite)为主的TTG深成侵入体变质而成的正片麻岩和由基性-超基性酸性火山岩及少量沉积岩变质的表壳岩(绿岩)组成....     

海南岛前寒纪岩石圈演化的记录：基性岩类岩石地球化学证据

海南岛前寒武纪基性岩类具有的不同的岩石地球化学特征，记录了海南岛前寒武纪大地构造环境和岩石圈的演化史。古中元古代时，琼中屯昌变基性－超基性岩，为大洋型火山岛弧低钾拉斑玄武岩，明显具有镁铁质－玄武质科马提岩特征，来源于高度亏损的地幔；与之同时代的琼西，则为一套具洋底玄武岩和岛弧拉弦玄武岩的过渡型玄武岩，是古俯冲带上部地幔楔和自消减带卷入地幔楔地壳物质所组成的混合端元部分熔融产物，具低亏损地幔特征，产生于弧后（或弧间）盆地环境；中新元古代的琼西变基性－超基性岩具铁镁质－超铁镁质科马提岩特征，来源于较高亏损的地幔，产于大洋板块边缘的构造环境。据此，可以推测，海南岛前寒武纪岩石圈演化至少经历了古中元古代的古板块俯冲、中新元古代的裂解二次事件，并伴随洋盆的出现。     

Structural isomerization and the evolution of the molecular world during the early universe evolution

Basic tendencies and relations in the origin of the molecular world during the early evolution of the universe imply the conclusion that the key factor in the synthesis of complicated molecules as a consequence of the fluctuating aggregation of atoms and simplest compounds was the ability of the same group of atoms to generate molecules in the form of a vast number of diverse structural isomers. The problem of the complementarity of random and deterministic processes is discussed.     

Structural stages and evolution of the Urals

Five main structural and historical stages are established in the territory of the Urals: 1) Archean-Paleoproterozoic, a time of formation of the Volgo-Uralia subcontinent and its amalgamation with the other blocks of the craton of Baltica; 2) Riphean-Vendian (Meso- and Neoproterozoic), а stage that was finished with formation of Timanides; 3) Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic stage, corresponding to the development of the Uralides; 4) Mid-Jurassic-to Miocene platform stage; 5) Pliocene-Quaternary neo-orogenic stage. In this paper stratigraphic data are discussed, schemes of the structural zonation are presented, and the problems of the structural geology and geodynamics of sedimentary and magmatic complexes are discussed in a chronological order. Ideologically, the paper is based on plate and plume tectonics, in their modern versions.     

Tectonomagmatic evolution of the Earth and Moon

The Earth and Moon evolved following a similar scenario. The formation of their protocrusts started with upward crystallization of global magmatic oceans. As a result of this process, easily fusible components accumulated in the course of fractional crystallization of melt migrating toward the surface. The protocrusts (granitic in the Earth and anorthositic in the Moon) are retained in ancient continents. The tectonomagmatic activity at the early stage of planet evolution was related to the ascent of mantle plume of the first generation composed of mantle material depleted due to the formation of protocrusts. The regions of extension, rise, and denudation were formed in the Earth above the diffluent heads of such superplumes (Archean granite-greenstone domains and Paleoproterozoic cratons), whereas granulite belts as regions of compression, subsidence, and sedimentation arose above descending mantle flows. The situation may be described in terms of plume tectonics. Gentle uplifts and basins (thalassoids) in lunar continents are probable analogues of these structural elements in the Moon. The period of 2.3–2.0 Ga ago was a turning point in the tectonomagmatic evolution of the Earth, when geochemically enriched Fe-Ti picrites and basalts typical of Phanerozoic within-plate magmatism became widespread. The environmental setting on the Earth’s surface changed at that time, as well. Plate tectonics, currently operating on a global scale, started to develop about ∼2 Ga ago. This turn was related to the origination of thermochemical mantle plumes of the second generation at the interface of the liquid Fe-Ni core and silicate mantle. A similar turning point in the lunar evolution probably occurred 4.2–3.9 Ga ago and completed with the formation of large depressions (seas) with thinned crust and vigorous basaltic magmatism. Such a sequence of events suggests that qualitatively new material previously retained in the planets’ cores was involved in tectonomagmatic processes at the middle stage of planetary evolution. This implies that the considered bodies initially were heterogeneous and were then heated from above to the bottom by propagation of a thermal wave accompanied by cooling of outer shells. Going through the depleted mantle, this wave generated thermal superplumes of the first generation. Cores close to the Fe + FeS eutectics in composition were affected by this wave in the last turn. The melting of the cores resulted in the appearance of thermochemical superplumes and corresponding irreversible rearrangement of geotectonic processes.     

准噶尔盆地二叠纪盆地属性的再认识及其构造意义

准噶尔盆地及其邻区野外剖面、钻井剖面的系统对比和地震剖面的精细解释表明,二叠系沉积演化、断裂控制沉积、箕状断-超反射特征及大地构造背景均显示,二叠纪准噶尔盆地是形成于张性背景下的断陷-裂陷盆地。准噶尔盆地及邻区火山岩地化特征、年代学数据及区域构造研究成果也证明,二叠纪是张性的大地构造背景。早二叠世—中二叠世早期以发育冲积扇沉积为特征,各构造部位的沉积环境差异较大,强烈断陷并逐渐形成坳隆相间的沉积格局,为断陷盆地的裂陷期;中二叠统中晚期由早二叠世隆坳分割的局面逐渐转化为统一的大型内陆湖盆,吐哈盆地与准噶尔盆地水体相通,形成统一的沉积体系,为断陷盆地扩张期;晚二叠世时期以出现冲积-河流相红色粗碎屑沉积为特征,准噶尔盆地和吐哈盆地分割自成沉积体系,是断陷盆地的萎缩期。因此,中生代盆地演化是建立在二叠纪张性背景的基础之上,二叠纪断陷-裂陷盆地的提出对重新认识中生代盆地演化历程将具有重要启示意义,也将对今后的油气勘探具有重要指导意义,值得进一步研究。     

Heavy minerals and the evolution of the modern Nile

Heavy mineral analysis is a useful tool in tracing the changes in the hydrographic setting of the Nile through time. Analyses by the writer and others are presented to differentiate between a former Nilotic system, a Proto-Nile, and the modern Nile system, and to demonstrate the changes undergone by the modern Nile.The Proto-Nile was almost totally dependent upon discharge from equatorial and sub-equatorial tributaries in East Africa and from local Sudano-Egyptian affluents. The modern Nile system, in contrast, is dominated by contributions from the Blue Nile and the Atbara River, which drain the Ethiopian Plateau. The discharge of these rivers is governed by the monsoonal rains which are responsible for the summer floods in the Lower Nile Basin. It has been generally believed that this riverine system is very recent, perhaps not much older than 20,000 years. The evidence presented in this paper indicates that the Modern Nile system was well established by the later part of the Middle Pleistocene. In its early stage, the modern Nile was characterized by greater contributions from the non-Ethiopian East African and Sudano-Egyptian tributaries than at present.     

Concerning tectonics and the tectonic evolution of the Arctic

The particularities of the current tectonic structure of the Russian part of the Arctic region are discussed with the division into the Barents–Kara and Laptev–Chukchi continental margins. We demonstrate new geological data for the key structures of the Arctic, which are analyzed with consideration of new geophysical data (gravitational and magnetic), including first seismic tomography models for the Arctic. Special attention is given to the New Siberian Islands block, which includes the De Long Islands, where field work took place in 2011. Based on the analysis of the tectonic structure of key units, of new geological and geophysical information and our paleomagnetic data for these units, we considered a series of paleogeodynamic reconstructions for the arctic structures from Late Precambrian to Late Paleozoic. This paper develops the ideas of L.P. Zonenshain and L.M. Natapov on the Precambrian Arctida paleocontinent. We consider its evolution during the Late Precambrian and the entire Paleozoic and conclude that the blocks that parted in the Late Precambrian (Svalbard, Kara, New Siberian, etc.) formed a Late Paleozoic subcontinent, Arctida II, which again “sutured” the continental masses of Laurentia, Siberia, and Baltica, this time, within Pangea.     

术语“Karst”的起源和演化

对于术语＂karst＂的起源和演化,不少文献（包括手册、教科书、字典等）仍有不准确、不一致甚至错误的论述。鉴于此,本文不仅重述了众所周知的关于＂karst＂起源的事实,而且介绍了＂karst＂起源和演化的最新语言学研究结果。＂karst＂是由喀尔斯（Kras）高地的名称演化而来的。喀尔斯位于亚得里亚海的里雅斯特湾（Gulf of Trieste）达尔马提亚（Dal matia）海岸地区,其大部分属于斯洛文尼亚。喀尔斯是一处海拔150~450 m,覆盖面积550 km2（长约40 km,宽约13 km）的碳酸盐岩高地。斯洛文尼亚语、意大利语和德语分别称之为Kras、Carso和Karst。喀尔斯高地表面大致平坦,但从局部看,喀斯特洼地遍布,各种典型的喀斯特地貌形态随处可见,包括坡立谷、大小溶斗（包括大的塌陷溶斗）、喀斯特干谷和溶洞。这些形态规模较小,起伏平缓。喀尔斯高地的名称起源于前罗马时期,其古典拉丁语名称（也是目前已知最早的名称）为Carsus。该词的词根＊kar（u）s-是由意思为＂石头或岩石＂的词根＊kar-演化而来。从欧洲众多文献中可以发现有许多名词来自前印欧语系的词根kar（r）a/gar（r）a。这些词根最初意思指石头或岩石,而后发展为石头筑成的遮盖物——一间房屋,一座城堡,甚至一个村落,这些词根还演化成喀斯特相关术语。由Carsus的宾格形式Carsum演变成现代意大利语名称Carso;同样的宾格依据前斯洛文尼亚语言规则（即r或l出现在元音和辅音字母之间时,须将其移至元音字母之前。）演变成Kras;德语Karst则是由意大利语Carso依据德语变化规则（以s结束的单词末尾须添加t）演变而来。由此可见,Kras、Karst和Carso均源于古拉丁文Carsus,该词含有词根＊kar（u）s-。印刷技术的改进和新大陆的发现,带动了地图和地图集的出版。喀尔斯高地的名称不仅出现在地方性地图上,而且被大尺度区域性地图所标示出来,德文Karst甚至被用作区域地图的标题,足见喀尔斯高地的重要性。喀尔斯高地之所以比其它更大的地区重要且较早为人们所认识,与历史的地缘政治形势有关。16至19世纪,地中海东海岸大多由威尼斯共和国管辖,的里雅斯特港口和内陆地区则隶属于奥地利和土耳其帝国。对于奥地利帝国的公民,大部分中欧人和小部分东欧人来说,通向地中海唯一可行的途径就是从维也纳穿过卢布尔雅那市（Lju-bljana）,经喀尔斯高地,至的里雅斯特镇。1719年,当的里雅斯特港宣布成为自由港后,这条道路变得更为重要。与此同时,喀尔斯高地不寻常的地貌和恶劣的自然环境给途经的旅行者和学者留下了深刻的印象。在他们的旅行记录中对Kras有近乎相同的描述：＂碳酸盐岩裸露,岩洞繁多,没有水和土壤,夏暑冬寒,冬季强烈的冷风暴有时让高地无法通行......＂。此后,当描述其他喀斯特地区时,作者们往往会将其与Kras（Karst）相类比。1830年F.J.H.Hohenwart在《Postojna岩洞导游手册》中,第一次确切地写道＂喀斯特地貌不仅存在于Karst高地,它从Friuli平原一直延伸至希腊岛……＂。十九世纪上半叶,地质、地理和水文学者开始了对喀尔斯高地的详细研究,出版了喀斯特地质地貌方面的著作,并开始使用一些喀斯特术语。自1830年起,由于这些记述性的文字和专业著作大多用德语撰写,德语名称Karst逐渐为更多地区的人们所了解。19世纪末20世纪初,可以说＂karst＂已经成为国际科技术语。对＂karst＂加入国际术语行列影响最大的可能是毕业于维也纳大学的Jovan Cviji′c教授,他是最重要的学者之一,也是著名地形学教授A.Penck的学生。他最重要的喀斯特著作＂Das Karstphanomen＂（The phenomenon of Karst）的书名中就使用了＂karst＂。＂karst＂就这样由一个地名逐渐演变为学术名词,然后成为国际科技术语。     

Architecture and early evolution of the Oslo Rift

A revised assessment of architecture and pre-rift fabric connections of the Oslo Rift has been undertaken and linked to a new appraisal of observations and data related to the initial phase of the rift evolution. In addition to half-graben segmentation, accommodation zones and transfer faults are readily identified in the linking sectors between the two main grabens and between graben segments. Axial flexures are proposed between facing half-grabens. The accommodation zones were generally sites of volcanism during rifting. Pre-rift tectonic structures played an influential role in the rift location and development. The deviant N-S axis of the Vestfold graben segment is viewed as related to pre-rift structural control through faults and shear zones. This area was probably a site of Proterozoic/Palaeozoic crustal and lithospheric attenuation.

Field evidence suggests that the rift started as a crustal sag with no apparent surface faulting in a flat and low-lying land at a time about 305–310 Ma. Volcanism, sub-surface sill intrusion and faulting started about simultaneously some time after the initial sag (300–305 Ma). Faulting and basaltic volcanism were initially localized to transfer faults along accommodation zones and a NNW-SSE transtensional zone along the eastern margin of the incipient Vestfold graben segment. This transtensional zone was probably created by right-lateral simple shear tracing pre-rift structures in response to a regional stress field with the tensional axis normal and the maximum compressional axis parallel to the NNE-SSW-trending rift axis.