Granite-hosted molybdenite mineralization from Archean Bundelkhand craton-molybdenite characterization,host rock mineralogy,petrology, and fluid inclusion characteristics of Mo-bearing quartz

The dominantly high-K, moderate to high SiO₂ containing, variably fractionated, volcanic-arc granitoids (± sheared) from parts of Bundelkhand craton, northcentral India are observed to contain molybdenite (Mo) in widely separated 23 locations in the form of specks, pockets, clots and stringers along with quartz ± pyrite ± arsenopyrite ± chalcopyrite ± bornite ± covellite ± galena ± sphalerite and in invisible form as well. The molybdenite mineralization is predominantly associated with Bundelkhand Tectonic Zone, Raksa Shear Zone, and localized shear zones. The incidence of molybdenite is also observed within sheared quartz and tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) gneisses. The fluid inclusion data show the presence of bi-phase (H₂O–CO₂), hypersaline and moderate temperature (100°–300°C) primary stretched fluid inclusions suggesting a possible hydrothermal origin for the Mo-bearing quartz occurring within variably deformed different granitoids variants of Archean Bundelkhand craton.     

Paleoproterozoic Granitoids on Liaodong Peninsula,North China Craton

Paleoproterozoic granitoids are an important constituent of the Jiao–Liao–Ji Belt(JLJB). The spatial-temporal distribution and types of Paleoproterozoic granitoids are closely related to the evolution of the JLJB. In this paper, we review the field occurrence, petrography, geochronology, and geochemistry of Paleoproterozoic granitoids on Liaodong Peninsula, northeast China. The Paleoproterozoic granitoids can be divided into pre-tectonic(～2.15 Ga; peak age=2.18 Ga) and post-tectonic(～1.85 Ga) granitoids. The pre-tectonic granitoids are magnetite and hornblende–biotite monzogranites and granodiorites. Pre-tectonic monzogranites are widespread in the JLJB and have A_2-type affinities. In contrast, pretectonic granodiorites are only present in the Simenzi area and have adakitic affinities. The post-tectonic granitoids consist of porphyritic monzogranite, syenite, diorite, granodiorite, quartz monzonite, monzogranite, and granitic pegmatite, which are adakitic rocks and I-, S-, and A_2-type granitoids. The assemblage of pre-tectonic A_2-type granitoids and adakitic rocks indicates the initial tectonic setting of the JLJB was a continental back-arc basin. The assemblage of post-tectonic adakitic rocks and I-, S-, and A_2-type granitoids indicates a post-collisional setting. The 2.20–2.15 Ga A_2-type granitoids and adakitic rocks were associated with the initial stage of back-arc extension, and the peak of back-arc extension is inferred from the subsequent(2.15–2.10 Ga) mafic intrusive activity. The ～1.90 Ga adakitic rocks mark the beginning of the postcollisional stage, which was followed by the intrusion of low-temperature S-and I-type granitoids. High-to low-pressure granitoids(S-type) were generated during the peak of post-collisional lithospheric delamination and asthenospheric upwelling. The emplacement of later granitic pegmatites occurred during the waning of the orogeny.     

Paleocene adakite Au–Fe bearing rocks,Mezcala, Mexico: evidence from geochemical characteristics

The Au–Fe mineralized granitoids at Mezcala district have a porphyry texture with a quartz+feldspar microcrystalline matrix and phenocrysts of plagioclase, quartz (with reaction rims), hornblende and biotite. The primary minerals are oligoclase–andesine, microcline and β-quartz. The accessory minerals are biotite, hornblende and, in minor amounts, apatite+zircon+sphene+titanomagnetite. Some intrusive rocks present abundant hornblende autoliths. Based on the petrography and bulk geochemistry of these granitoids, they are classified as monzonite, tonalite (the most abundant) and granodiorite with a strong calc-alkaline trend in potassium (K₂O=3.8% average). The bulk and trace elements chemistry is SiO₂=63.8%, Al₂O₃=15.83%, Fe₂O₃+MgO+MnO+TiO=6.52%; V=76.7 ppm, Cr=50.2 ppm, Ni=19.7 ppm, Sr=694 ppm. These granitoids show a strong depletion in heavy rare-earth elements (HREE), with average values of Yb=1 ppm and Y=13 ppm, this being the characteristic geochemical signature for adakite. The trace elements content suggests that the adakite granitoids from Mezcala were formed within a tectonic framework of volcanic arc related to the interaction between the Farallon and North America plates. This interaction occurred during the Paleocene after the Laramide Orogeny (post-collision zone) in a fast convergent thick continental crust (>50 km) subduction regime. The original magma is interpreted as being the product of partial melting of an amphibolite–eclogite transition zone source with little contribution of the mantle wedge. Along with the hydration processes, a metallic fertility also took place in the area. The geochemical signature of the adakites within the granitoids rocks represents a characteristic guide for further exploration for Au-rich skarn-type ore deposits in southern México.     

Mantle derivation of Archean amphibole-bearing granitoid and associated mafic rocks: evidence from the southern Superior Province,Canada

Amphibole-bearing, Late Archean (2.73–2.68 Ga) granitoids of the southern Superior Province are examined to constrain processes of crustal development. The investigated plutons, which range from tonalite and diorite to monzodiorite, monzonite, and syenite, share textural, mineralogical and geochemical attributes suggesting a common origin as juvenile magmas. Despite variation in modal mineralogy, the plutons are geochemically characterized by normative quartz, high Al₂O₃ (> 15 wt%), Na-rich fractionation trends (mol Na₂O/K₂O >2), low to moderate Rb (generally<100 ppm), moderate to high Sr (200–1500 ppm), enriched light rare earth elements (LREE) (Ce_N generally 10–150), fractionated REE (Ce_N/Yb_N 8–30), Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu^*) 1, and decreasing REE with increasing SiO₂. The plutons all contain amphibole-rich, mafic-ultramafic rocks which occur as enclaves and igneous layers and as intrusive units which exhibit textures indicative of contemporaneous mafic and felsic magmatism. Mafic mineral assemblages include: hornblende + biotite in tonalites; augite + biotite ± orthopyroxene ± pargasitic hornblende or hornblende+biotite in dioritic to monzodioritic rocks; and aegirine-augite ± silicic edenite ± biotite in syenite to alkali granite. Discrete plagioclase and microcline grains are present in most of the suites, however, some of the syenitic rocks are hypersolvus granitoids and contain only perthite. Mafic-ultramafic rocks have REE and Y contents indicative of their formation as amphibole-rich cumulates from the associated granitoids. Some cumulate rocks have skeletal amphibole with X_Mg(Mg/(Mg+ Fe²⁺)) indicative of crystallization from more primitive liquids than the host granitoids. Geochemical variation in the granitoid suites is compatible with fractionation of amphibole together with subordinate plagioclase and, in some cases, mixing of fractionated and primitive magmas. Mafic to ultramafic units with magnesium-rich cumulus phases and primitive granitoids (mol MgO/ (MgO+0.9 FeO^TOTAL) from 0.60 to 0.70 and C_T >150 ppm) are comagmatic with the evolved granitoids and indicate that the suites are mantle-derived. Isotopic studies of Archean monzodioritic rocks have shown LREE enrichment and initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios indicating derivation from mantle sources enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) shortly before melting. Mineral assemblages record lower P_H2O with increased alkali contents of the suites. This evidence, in conjunction with experimental studies, suggests that increased alkali contents may reflect decreased P_H2O during mantle melting. These features indicate that 2.73 Ga tonalitic rocks are derived from more hydrous mantle sources than 2.68 Ga syenitic rocks, and that the spectrum of late Archean juvenile granitoid rocks is broader than previously recognized. Comparison with Phanerozoic and recent plutonic suites suggests that these Archean suites are subduction related.     

Plume — Lid interactions during the Archean and implications for the generation of early continental terranes

Many Archean terranes are interpreted to have a tectonic and metamorphic evolution that indicates intra-crustal reorganization driven by lithospheric-scale gravitational instabilities. These processes are associated with the production of a significant amount of felsic and mafic crust, and are widely regarded to be a consequence of plume-lithosphere interactions. The juvenile Archean felsic crust is made predominantly of rocks of the tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) suite, which are the result of partial melting of hydrous metabasalts. The geodynamic processes that have assisted the production of juvenile felsic crust, are still not well understood. Here, we perform 2D and 3D numerical simulations coupled with the state-of-the-art of petrological thermodynamical modelling to study the tectonic evolution of a primitive Archean oceanic plateau with particular regard on the condition of extraction of felsic melts. In our numerical simulations, the continuous emplacement of new, dry mafic intrusions and the extraction of the felsic melts, generate an unstable lower crust which drips into the mantle soon after the plume arrival. The subsequent tectonic evolution depends on the asthenosphere T_P. If the T_P is high enough (≥ 1500 ^∘C) the entire oceanic crust is recycled within 2 Myrs. By contrast at low T_P, the thin oceanic plateau slowly propagates generating plate-boundary like features.     

The late Neoarchean transition from low- to high-K granitoids in western Liaoning Province,NE China: Clues from geochemistry and zircon U–Pb–Hf–O isotopes

High-K granitoids are among the most abundant rock types in many Archean cratons. Late Neoarchean monzogranitic to syenogranitic gneisses with high-K affinities are widely distributed in the Anshan, Suizhong, Qinhuangdao, and Aolaishan areas on the northeastern margin of the North China Craton (NCC). In this contribution, we present an integrated study of zircon U–Pb–Hf–O isotopic compositions and whole-rock elemental compositions of amphibolites and trondhjemitic and monzo–syenogranitic gneisses of the Jinzhou area in the metamorphic basement of eastern Hebei–western Liaoning, with the aim of constraining their petrogenesis and geodynamic setting. Emplacement ages of the amphibolites and trondhjemitic–monzogranitic gneisses are 2543 ± 27, 2532 ± 19, and 2513 ± 7 Ma, respectively. The amphibolites are tholeiitic in composition with SiO₂ contents of 49.7–50.8 wt%, variable degrees of light rare-earth-element (LREE) enrichment and high-field-strength element (HFSE) depletion, and high zircon εHf(t) values of +2.6 to +6.3, suggesting a depleted lithospheric mantle origin. The major- and trace-element compositions of the trondhjemitic gneisses are similar to those of the low-pressure tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) suite. The zircon Hf (εHf(t) = +1.6 to +3.9) and O (δ¹⁸O = +3.76‰ to +5.73‰) isotopic compositions of the trondhjemitic gneisses indicate a juvenile basaltic source at the base of a thickened magmatic arc. The monzogranitic gneisses differ from their TTG counterparts in that they have lower SiO₂ and higher MgO, K₂O, and incompatible-element (especially Ba, Th, Sr, P, and LREE) contents. They also have slightly evolved zircon εHf(t) values (+0.6 to +3.8) and higher δ¹⁸O values (+4.69‰ to +6.13‰). These features suggest that the monzogranitic gneisses represent sanukitoid-type rocks, with a mantle source modified by crust-derived melts. The weakly deformed syenogranitic gneisses are characterized by high SiO₂ and K₂O, and very low MgO, Cr, and Ni contents, suggesting that they were formed by partial melting of local TTG rocks. Our results, together with those of previous investigations, suggest that the 2554–2513 Ma low- to high-K magmatism in the Jinzhou area most likely originated in an arc–back-arc tectonic setting on the northern margin of the NCC. The large volumes of high-K granitoids in eastern Hebei–western Liaoning are related to extensive mantle–crust interactions and crustal reworking in such a setting.     

Geochemical and isotopic (Nd–O) evidence bearing on the origin of late- to post-orogenic high-K granitoid rocks in the Western Superior Province: implications for late Archean tectonomagmatic processes

The granitoid rock dominated central Wabigoon subprovince of the Superior Province records low-K trondhjemite–tonalite–granodiorite (TTG) type magmatic episodes at <2.83–2.74 and 2.722–2.709 Ga, and high-K mafic to felsic plutonism at 2.690–2.685 Ga. High-K units consist of granite to granodiorite dykes and sills, a K-feldspar megacrystic granodiorite suite of sanukitoid affinity and a suite of mafic dykes and intrusions. Initial ϵ_Nd values (−3.1 to +3.3) indicate variable input to all units from light REE-enriched older crustal materials. The δ¹⁸O (VSMOW) range of felsic compositions (+7.1 to +8.9%) overlaps closely that of average upper Superior Province crust. The granite/granodiorite units probably received melt components derived from both older tonalitic crust and isotopically juvenile supracrustal material. The thermal flux for partial melting was provided by mafic components of the coeval megacrystic granodiorite suite. This latter suite likely formed by extensive crustal assimilation and fractionation of enriched-mantle-derived high-Mg dioritic magmas in a post-collisional setting, possibly resulting from slab breakoff or broader scale lithospheric delamination. A genetic link is inferred between mafic magmatism and the late- to post-tectonic high-K granitoid magmatism that typically represents the last stabilization event within Superior subprovinces. That crustal recycling processes played a major role in the petrogenesis of central Wabigoon high-K granitoid suites is consistent with other evidence that supports repeated and substantial continental recycling within this subprovince as far back as the Mesoarchean.     

太行-五台山区不同时代花岗岩类岩石学和地球化学的特征对比及陆壳演化

通过对太行－五台山区太古宙、元古宙和中生代等不同时代的花岗岩类岩石学和地球化学特征的对比，并将晚太古时期花岗岩类同国内外同时期花岗岩类进行对比，确定了本区晚太古时期花岗岩类岩石组合为英云闪长岩－奥长花岗岩－花岗闪长岩或英云闪长岩－奥长花岗岩－花岗闪长岩－花岗岩，并以奥长花岗岩演化趋势为主，叠加了部分钙碱性演化；而元古宙、中生代花岗岩类岩石组合则主要为花岗闪长岩－花岗岩或花岗岩，以钙碱性演化趋势为特征。可以认为晚太古时期的太行－五台山区正处于陆壳演化的初始阶段和成熟阶段之间的过渡性阶段。     

An early Cretaceous analogue of the ~ 2.5 Ga Malanjkhand porphyry Cu deposit,Central India

The ~ 2.5 Ga Malanjkhand Cu mineralization is hosted by adakitic granitoids in central India. The mineralization represents a large Cu deposit. However, significant debate still surrounds its identification as an analogue of modern circum-Pacific style porphyry Cu deposits. The controversy is intricately linked to several first-order geological issues, such as: the onset of modern plate tectonics and ensuing supercontinent cycles, temporal evolution of the Earth's continental crust coupled with buoyancy of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) and oxidation state of the sub-arc mantle wedge. The petrology and geochemistry of the early Cretaceous Lower Yangtze River Belt (LYRB) adakitic granitoids, central-eastern China that hosts several porphyry Cu deposits are similar to the ~ 2.5 Ga Malanjkhand adakitic granitoids of central India, hosting Cu mineralization. The relict amphibole chemistry of both, the LYRB and Malanjkhand granitoids reveals similar “porphyry mineralizing trends” implying high concentrations of H₂O and elevated fO₂ conditions of the ore-bearing shallowly emplaced adakitic granitoids. Consequently, the Malanjkhand and LYRB adakitic granitoids were generated in near-identical tectonothermal regimes. The LYRB porphyry Cu deposits belong to the circum–Pacific metallogenic belt of the Eurasian active continental margin. Collectively, the mineralogical, petrological and geochemical similarities of the Malanjkhand and the LYRB adakitic granitoids imply porphyry style mineralization of the Malanjkhand Cu deposit. The identification of Malanjkhand mineralization as a truly Neoarchean porphyry Cu deposit along with coeval adakites, calc-alkaline rhyolites, high-Mg andesites (HMA), followed by rift-related tholeiites and A₂-type granites helps to constrain the tectonic evolution of central India. The rarity of porphyry Cu deposits in the Earth's early history is primarily attributed to their lack of preservation. This study opens up exploration possibilities for hitherto unexplored and concealed porphyry Cu deposits in other geologically favorable Precambrian terranes comprising shallowly emplaced adakitic granitoids.     

Archean geodynamics in the Central Zone, North China Craton: constraints from geochemistry of two contrasting series of granitoids in the Fuping and Wutai complexes

The Archean to Paleoproterozoic Central Zone of the North China Craton is situated between the Eastern and Western Archean continental blocks and contains two contrasting series of Neoarchean granitoids: the 2523–2486 Ma tonalite−trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) gneisses in the Fuping Complex, and the 2555–2525 Ma calc-alkaline granitoids (tonalite, granodiorite, granite and monzogranite) in the Wutai Complex. The Fuping TTG gneisses most likely formed from partial melting of 2.7 Ga basalts at >50 km, with an involvement of 3.0 Ga crustal material. The Wutai granitoids have higher K₂O, LILE and Rb/Sr, but lower Sr/Y and La_N/Yb_N than the Fuping TTG gneisses, are characterized by Nd T_DM from 2.5 to 2.8 Ga and _Nd(t) from 0.49 to 3.34, and are derived from partial melting of a juvenile source at <37 km.The geochemistry of these two contrasting series of Neoarchean granitoids provides further evidence that the Wutai Complex originated and evolved separately from the Fuping Complex. The Wutai Complex most likely formed as an oceanic island arc with volcanism and synvolcanic granitoid intrusions at 2555–2525 Ma. The Wutai Complex was subsequently accreted onto the Eastern Archean Continental Block, and was probably responsible for crustal thickening and TTG magmatism at 2523–2486 Ma in the Fuping Complex (as part of the Taihangshan–Hengshan block), at the western margin of the Eastern Archean Continental Block.     

Timing and geochemistry of potassic magmatism in the eastern part of the Svecofennian domain,NW Ladoga Lake Region,Russian Karelia

The Puutsaari intrusion is a potassium-rich magmatic complex in the eastern part of the Svecofennian domain close to the Archaean border. The intrusion is generally undeformed in contrast to 1880–1875 Ma-old country rock tonalitic migmatites and diatectites. The main rock types are: (1) mafic rocks of a gabbro–norite–diorite–quartz monzodiorite series; (2) quartz diorite–tonalite–granodiorite; and (3) coarse-grained microcline granite. The three rock-types intruded coevally forming a peculiar three-component mingling system. The mafic rocks, enriched in K, P, Ba, Sr and LREE, have marked shoshonitic affinities (K₂O=1.97–5.40, K₂O/Na₂O=0.6–2.37). On a regional scale they demonstrate transitional geochemistry between less enriched syn-orogenic 1880 Ma-old gabbro–tonalite complexes and strongly enriched 1800 Ma post-collisional shoshonitic intrusions. The microcline granite as well as the tonalite–granodiorite rocks are geochemically similar to crustal anatectic granitoids of the NW Ladoga Lake area. The three rock groups do not form a single trend on Harker-type diagrams and are unlikely to be related by fractional crystallisation or mixing. Zircons from the Puutsaari microcline granite and from the mafic rock series have been dated by ion-microprobe (NORDSIM) at 1868.2±5.9 and 1869±7.7 Ma, respectively. Most zircons recovered from a granite sample had zoned or homogeneous cores and unzoned fractured rims. No statistically significant variation of zircon core and rim ages from the granite was established in the course of this study. Zircons from the mafic rock are unzoned. It is suggested that the mafic rocks at Puutsaari were derived from an enriched mantle shortly after the main Svecofennian collisional event and the roughly 1.88 Ga regional metamorphic culmination. The emplacement of the mafic melt caused anatectic melting of various crustal protoliths and produced coeval granitic and tonalitic compositions.     

The effects of the source composition on the origin of orthopyroxene-bearing adakitic granitoid in West Qinling,Central China

Orthopyroxene-bearing granodiorite (sometimes referred to as ‘charnockite’) with an adakitic affinity is a rare type of granitoid. It is generally accepted that the stabilization of orthopyroxene in igneous charnockites essentially requires low aH₂O and/or high temperatures in a closed system. However, orthopyroxene can be an antecryst in a trans-crustal magmatic system. In this regard, orthopyroxene-bearing granitoids are somewhat analogous to pseudo-charnockites, where the orthopyroxene stems from a mafic reservoir. On the other hand, the source compositions of continental adakites can vary, which is often ignored in the interpretation of their contribution to the adakitic geochemical signature. In this study, we have investigated a rare orthopyroxene-bearing felsic pluton from the Zhuyuan area of West Qinling, Central China. The Zhuyuan pluton was emplaced in the Middle–Late Triassic (222–217 Ma) and is mainly composed of metaluminous to weakly peraluminous granodiorites belonging to the high-K calc-alkaline series. Moreover, they are characterized by high Mg# values (49.7–60.9) and Sr contents (471–697 ppm), low Y (12.2–15.4 ppm) and Yb (1.03–1.24 ppm) contents, high Sr/Y (33.2–46.2) and (La/Yb)_N (15.3–21.4) ratios, and weakly negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.78–0.89). The Zhuyuan adakitic granodiorites exhibit fairly limited Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic ratios and variable zircon initial Hf isotopes, indicating a major contribution from the Neoproterozoic basement of the Qinling Orogenic Belt. There is no evidence of any formation through high-pressure magmatic processes, and we propose that the adakitic signature of the Zhuyuan pluton could have been inherited from its source rocks (i.e., from the Neoproterozoic basement). The orthopyroxenes in the Zhuyuan granodiorites display poikilitic textures with high MgO, NiO and Cr₂O₃ contents, indicating that they have an antecrystic origin. Studies of regional tectonic evolution have shown that the Zhuyuan granodiorites formed during the tearing stage of the A'nimaque–Mianlue oceanic subduction slab. Therefore, this study emphasizes the effect of source inheritance on the formation of pseudo-charnockite with an adakitic signature.     

中国埃达克岩或埃达克质岩及相关金属成矿作用

本文概述了近年(2003~2006)来中国埃达克岩或埃达克质岩及相关金属成矿作用研究的一些主要进展,主要包括岩石的分布、分类、构造背景、成因,以及一些相关的岩石组合、成矿、实验岩石学和动力学意义等。     

TTG-type plutonic rocks formed in a modern arc batholith by hydrous fractionation in the lower arc crust

We present the geochemistry and intrusion pressures of granitoids from the Kohistan batholith, which represents, together with the intruded volcanic and sedimentary units, the middle and upper arc crust of the Kohistan paleo-island arc. Based on Al-in-hornblende barometry, the batholith records intrusion pressures from ~0.2 GPa in the north (where the volcano-sedimentary cover is intruded) to max. ~0.9 GPa in the southeast. The Al-in-hornblende barometry demonstrates that the Kohistan batholith represents a complete cross section across an arc batholith, reaching from the top at ~8–9 km depth (north) to its bottom at 25–35 km (south-central to southeast). Despite the complete outcropping and accessibility of the entire batholith, there is no observable compositional stratification across the batholith. The geochemical characteristics of the granitoids define three groups. Group 1 is characterized by strongly enriched incompatible elements and unfractionated middle rare earth elements (MREE)/heavy rare earth element patterns (HREE); Group 2 has enriched incompatible element concentrations similar to Group 1 but strongly fractionated MREE/HREE. Group 3 is characterized by only a limited incompatible element enrichment and unfractionated MREE/HREE. The origin of the different groups can be modeled through a relatively hydrous (Group 1 and 2) and of a less hydrous (Group 3) fractional crystallization line from a primitive basaltic parent at different pressures. Appropriate mafic/ultramafic cumulates that explain the chemical characteristics of each group are preserved at the base of the arc. The Kohistan batholith strengthens the conclusion that hydrous fractionation is the most important mechanism to form volumetrically significant amounts of granitoids in arcs. The Kohistan Group 2 granitoids have essentially identical trace element characteristics as Archean tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) suites. Based on these observations, it is most likely that similar to the Group 2 rocks in the Kohistan arc, TTG gneisses were to a large part formed by hydrous high-pressure differentiation of primitive arc magmas in subduction zones.     

Geochemistry and Genesis of the Late Jurassic Granitoids at Northern Great Hinggan Range: Implications for Exploration

<正>The Longgouhe and Ershiyizhan intrusions of the Late Jurassic,located in the Upper Heilongjiang Basin of the northern Great Hinggan Range,are closely related to porphyry Cu-Au mineralizations.In lithology the intrusions are quartz diorite,quartz monzodiorite and granodiorite of high-K calc-alkaline series,with minor aspects of shoshonite series.Their SiO_2 and Al_2O_3 contents range from 61.37%to 66.59%and 15.35%to 17.06%,respectively.The MgO content ranges from 2.02%to 3.47%,with Mg~# indices of 44-59.The(La/Yb)_N and Eu/Eu~* values range from 16.85 to 81.73 and 0.68 to 0.93,respectively,showing strong differentiation rare earth element(REE) patterns similar to those of adakites.The rocks are enriched in Ba,Sr and light REE(LREE),obviously depleted in Nb and Ta,slightly depleted in Rb and Ti,and poor in Yb and Y,with Yb and Y contents of 0.31-1.32 ppm and 4.32-12.07 ppm,respectively.As indicated by Sr/Y ratios of 67.74-220.60,the rocks are characterized by low-Y and high-Sr contents,which characterize the adakites in the world.Holistically, geochemical tracers suggest that the interested intrusions are adakitic rocks.Given that the Paleo-Asian Ocean and Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean were closed in the Late Paleozoic and Permian-Middle Jurassic,respectively,the interested intrusions should be formed by partial melting of delaminated crust,which had been thickened during collisional orogeny between the Siberian and Mongolian-Sinokorean continents.     

Paleoproterozoic granitoids from the northern limit of the Archean Amapá block (Brazil), southeastern Guyana Shield: Pb–Pb evaporation in zircons and Sm–Nd geochronology

Central Amapá, northern Brazil is located at the boundary between: (a) a northern Paleoproterozoic domain, consisting mainly of granite-greenstones terrains and (b) a southern Archean continental block (Amapá block), including an Archean basement reworked during the Transamazonian orogeny (2.26–1.95 Ga). Field investigations, Pb–Pb zircon and Sm–Nd whole rock geochronology supported by geochemical data on granitoids brought further constraints on Paleoproterozoic crustal growth in the southeastern Guyana Shield. A first magmatic episode, dated at 2.26 Ga, is marked by the crystallization of metaluminous low-K tholeiitic tonalites and quartz-diorites, which geochemical affinity with volcanic arc and association with T-MORB amphibolites suggest that they formed in a back-arc basin – island arc system. This event is coeval to the oceanic stage registered in French Guyana during the Eorhyacian (2.26–2.02 Ga). A second magmatic episode is represented by peraluminous, medium- to high-K calc-alkaline tonalite and granodiorite, which revealed some similarities with Mesorhyacian TTG rocks of French Guyana. For granitoids of both episodes, T_DM and ε_Nd values indicate the contribution of some Archean crustal component, probably by assimilation or contamination. This second magmatic episode occurred at 2.10 Ga, indicating that the period of successive calc-alkaline magmatic arcs formation may have extended until the Neorhyacian. Meanwhile, during this time, tectonic accretion by collision of the newly formed continental landmass was the prevailing process in French Guyana. The latter magmatic episode, even though poorly constrained, was registered around 2.08–2.02 Ga in central Amapá. It corresponds to the emplacement and solidification of high-K collisional granitoids, produced by partial melting of the Archean continental crust, as testified by the Archean T_DM, inherited Pb–Pb zircon ages and strongly negative ε_Nd values. Our results point toward the existence of a protracted episode of crustal growth during the Neorhyacian in the southeastern Guyana Shield. This episode has been predominantly driven by magmatic arc accretion during, at least, 160 My, along the period of 2.26–2.10 Ga. This cycle ended with diachronic closure of the oceanic basins and arc–continent collision.     

Sources and formation conditions of Early Proterozoic granitoids from the southwestern margin of the Siberian craton

Three stages of Early Proterozoic granitoid magmatism were distinguished in the southwestern margin of the Siberian craton: (1) syncollisional, including the formation of migmatites and granites in the border zone of the Tarak massif; (2) postorogenic, postcollisional, comprising numerous granitoid plutons of diverse composition; and (3) intraplate, corresponding to the development of potassic granitoids in the Podporog massif. Rocks of three petrological and geochemical types (S, I, and A) were found in the granitoid massifs. The S-type granites are characterized by the presence of aluminous minerals (garnet and cordierite), and their trace element distribution patterns and Nd isotopic parameters are similar to those of the country paragneisses and migmatites. Their formation was related to melting under varying H₂O activity of aluminous and garnet—biotite gneisses at P ≥ 5 kbar and T < 850°C with a variable degree of melt separation from the residual phases. The I-type tonalites and dioritoids show low relative iron content, high concentrations of CaO and Sr, fractionated REE distribution patterns with (La/Yb)_n = 11–42, and variable depletion of heavy REE. Their parental melts were derived at T ≥ 850°C and P > 10 and P < 10 kbar, respectively. According to isotopic data, their formation was related to melting of a Late Archean crustal (tonalite-diorite-gneiss) source with a contribution of juvenile material ranging from 25–55% (tonalites of the Podporog massif) to 50–70% (dioritoids of the Uda pluton). The most common A-type granitoids show high relative iron content; high concentration of high-field-strength elements, Th, and light and heavy REE; and a distinct negative Eu anomaly. Their primary melts were derived at low H₂O activity and T ≥ 950°C. The Nd isotopic composition of the granitoids suggests contributions to the magma formation processes from ancient (Early and Late Archean) crustal (tonalite-diorite-gneiss) sources and a juvenile mantle material. The contribution of the latter increases from 0–35% in the granites of the Podporog and Tarak massifs to 40–50% for the rocks of the Uda and Shumikha plutons. The main factors responsible for the diversity of petrological and geochemical types of granitoids in collisional environments are the existence of various fertile sources in the section of the thickened crust of the collisional orogen, variations in magma generation conditions $(\alpha _{H_2 O} , T, and P)$ during sequential stages of granite formation, and the varying fraction of juvenile mantle material in the source region of granitoid melts.     

Geochemistry, Zircon U–Pb Dating and Hf Isotopic Characteristics of Neoproterozoic Granitoids in the Yaganbuyang Area, Altyn Tagh, NW China

The South Altyn continental block is an important geological unit of the Altyn Tagh orogenic belt, in which numerous Neoproterozoic granitoids crop out. Granitoids are mainly located in the Paxialayidang–Yaganbuyang area and can provide indispensable information on the dynamics of Rodinia supercontinent aggregation during the Neoproterozoic. Therefore, the study of granitoids can help us understand the formation and evolutionary history of the Altyn Tagh orogenic belt. In this work, we investigated the Yaganbuyang granitic pluton through petrography, geochemistry, zircon U–Pb chronology, and Hf isotope approaches. We obtained the following conclusions:(1) Yaganbuyang granitoids mainly consist of two-mica granite and granodiorite. Geochemical data suggested that these granitoids are peraluminous calc–alkaline or high-K calc–alkaline granite types. Zircon U–Pb data yielded ages of 939±7.1 Ma for granodiorite and ~954 Ma for granitoids, respectively.(2) The εHf(t) values of two–mica granite and granodiorite are in the range of-3.93 to +5.30 and-8.64 to +5.19, respectively. The Hf model ages(TDM2) of two-mica granite and granodiorite range from 1.59–.05 Ga and 1.62–2.35 Ga, respectively, indicating that the parental magma of these materials is derived from ancient crust with a portion of juvenile crust.(3) Granitoids formed in a collisional orogen setting, which may be a response to Rodinia supercontinent convergence during the Neoproterozoic.     

Tracing a late Mesozoic magmatic arc along the Southeast Asian margin from the granitoids drilled from the northern South China Sea

Abstract

The granitoid suites encountered by drilling in the northern South China Sea (SCS) remain important for understanding the evolution of the late Mesozoic Southeast Asian continental margin. They comprise a range of rock types including diorite, tonalite, granodiorite, monzogranite and syenogranite with SiO₂ spanning 56.4–76.8%. Newly acquired secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) U–Pb ages of samples from 14 boreholes indicate two key magmatic episodes: Late Jurassic (161.6–148.2 Ma) and Early Cretaceous (136.5–101.7 Ma). Jurassic magmatism probably began in late Middle Jurassic time, documented by the dates of inherited zircons. The granitoids are dominated by metaluminous to weakly peraluminous I-type granites, are transitional between magnesian and ferroan, and encompass calc-alkaline, high-K calc-alkaline, and shoshonitic series. The geochemical signatures suggest that these granitoids were mostly generated in a normal continental arc environment. Notable features of the I-type samples are well-defined negative Nb–Ta–Ti anomalies typical of arc-related magmas. Taken together, the late Mesozoic arc granites of the SCS, the accretionary wedge of the Palawan terrane to the southeast, and the zone of lithospheric extension north of the SCS throughout Southeast China, define a southeast-to-northwest trench-arc-backarc architecture for the late Mesozoic Southeast Asian continental margin whose geodynamic setting is related to subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific slab beneath the Asian continent. Two key subduction episodes are recognized, one in Late Jurassic and the other in Early Cretaceous time.     

鲁西地区新太古代中期岩浆活动——新甫山与上港等岩体锆石SHRIMPU—Pb定年的证据

新甫山、上港岩体分布于鲁西新太古代早期泰山岩群和英云闪长质片麻岩、条带状英云闪长质片麻岩组成的古陆核的东北部。主要岩性为片麻状花岗闪长岩及片麻状奥长花岗岩。根据新的锆石SHRIMPU—Pb定年结果,片麻状花岗闪长岩形成年龄为（2613±12）Ma,片麻状奥长花岗岩形成年龄为（26234±9）Ma,为新太古代中期形成。在泰山桃花峪一下港之间出露的条带状英云闪长质片麻岩中奥长花岗质脉体锆石U—Pb年龄在2660～2600Ma。该期岩体是新太古代早期英云闪长质片麻岩发生变质作用与重熔岩浆作用的产物。