一种珠江口深度基准面格网模型的建立

针对珠江口现阶段陆海高程基准不统一的事实以及由此产生的海岸带陆海数字成果无法拼接的问题,详细介绍了基于国家高程基准建立珠江口深度基准面格网模型的技术流程及构建方法。通过项目实施获取的实测数据对模型进行精度检验与方法比较,确立采用克里金内插法建立珠江口深度基准面格网模型。最后对模型的具体应用进行了阐述与展望。     

福建沿岸当地平均海面的高程研究与应用

通过对福建沿岸多年来已有的当地平均海面高程资料和与1985国家高程基准的水准点联测成果，分析并研究了福建沿岸主要验潮站的当地平均海面的高程情况和变化趋势，对福建沿岸当地平均海面的高程（1985国家高程基准）进行了比较深入的研究和探讨，阐述了福建沿岸与浙江、广东沿海平均海面高程的连续性和与我国海区平均海面高程的一致性，论述了当地平均海面高程的应用方法，以解决福建沿海海岸地形图和水深图的基准统一及高度衔接问题。     

跨海高程基准传递方法及其精度研究

利用GPS水准法和同步改正法实现了跨海高程基准的传递。GPS传递结果与同步改正法传递结果相差3cm。结果表明,GPS结合大地水准面精化技术实现跨海高程基准传递省时省力、方便可靠。     

典型海湾区域海洋测绘中垂直基准的构建研究

以典型的海湾区域为例,基于可行实用原则并保证精度的情况下,对陆海垂直基准的传递和统一进行研究,结合平均海面传递和GPS高程拟合方法,构建了典型海湾区域统一的海洋测绘垂直基准,实现了海湾区域海洋测绘中海岸地形图和水深图的无缝拼接。通过实例研究表明:研究路线正确,选择方法可行,成果精度符合《规范》要求,满足海湾区域测图的需要。     

连续深度基准面构建及通航水深服务模式研究

通航水深是船舶在某时段沿着一定航线通过特定区域的最浅水深,对船舶的安全航行具有重要意义。海图测绘时将水深归算至深度基准面,由验潮资料求得,而潮汐值是通过临近区域发布的潮汐表来进行推算,由此获得的通航水深精度不 高,且不同港区之间采用深度基准不统一,所以无法为船舶提供精确、连续的通航水深。本文提出了一种基于高精度 GNSS的通航水深测量方法,直接测量海底高程,通过精密数值模型模拟海面高程,由此获得通航水深,并提出了实时通航水深的应用模式。为了建立与陆地地形相衔接的海底地形模型,以 CGCS2000 参考椭球面为垂直参考基准面,深度基准面采用 POM（Princeton Ocean Model） 模式进行潮波数值模拟的方法构建。实验结果显示：数值模型精度较高,构建的深度基准面误差在5 cm 以内。本文提出的方法改变了传统的通航水深测量及服务模式,提供高效率、高精度通航水深、海图水深数据,可为船舶用户提供实时动态水深服务。     

基于高分遥感影像的海岛建筑物高度测算研究

准确、快速建立海岛建筑物的三维立体模型对于海岛生态保护与开发利用、海岛建设项目监督和管理、海岛权益维护等具有重要意义。其中建筑物高度数据是三维模型建立的重要基础数据。如何快速、准确获取成为研究的重点和难点。本文通过对比、分析现行的高度数据提取方法,选择利用高分遥感影像进行建筑物阴影测高法,以河北省月岛为实验区,进行了建筑物高度提取,并和实际高度进行对比,对阴影测高法测量高度进行精度评价。     

Groupiness of Sea Waves and Their Characteristic Parameters

Three methods for studying wave groups and their main parameters for describing wave groupiness are reviewed in this paper. Then they are analyzed and compared combined with field data from both aspects of group height and group length. A method and two parameters that can describe wave groupiness are suggested. The groupiness parameters of sea waves at three field stations are given. The effects of groupiness on both distributions of the wave height and the phase of component waves are investigated. The effects of datum length on the calculated value of grouping parameters are also discussed.     

大地水准面高的计算及其在海底地形反演中的应用

为充分挖掘海洋重力数据在反演海底地形中的应用潜力,尝试探索利用大地水准面高反演海底地形的技术途径,并以夏威夷—皇帝海山链拐点所在海区作为反演试验区进行验证。首先采用Belikov列推法计算伴随(缔和)勒让德函数,利用EIGEN-6C4地球重力场模型解算获取了分辨率为1'的大地水准面高格网数值模型;然后通过综合分析反演比例函数和转换函数特点、研究海区大地水准面高与海底地形的相干特性以及大地水准面高本身尺度特征,获得了利用大地水准面高反演海底地形的频段范围;最终以试验海区大地水准面高为数据输入,构建了相应的海底地形模型(BNT模型),并与ETOPO1等海深模型进行比对分析。试验结果表明:BNT模型检核差值在一倍均方差范围检核点数量占比70.60%,相比正态分布更加集中;BNT模型检核精度低于ETOPO1等海深模型;海深模型检核精度随着水深增加不断提升,水深小于1 000 m时,海深模型相对误差出现较大发散现象;计算海域ETOPO1模型精度最高,GEBCO模型和DTU10模型检核精度相当。     

Route height connection across the sea by using the vertical deflections and ellipsoidal height data

Distance between the main land and island is so long that it is very difficult to precisely connect the height datum across the sea with the traditional method like the trigonometric leveling,or it is very expensive and takes long time to implement the height transfer with the geopotential technique.We combine the data of GPS surveying,astro-geodesy and EGM2008 to precisely connect the orthometric height across the sea with the improved astronomical leveling method in the paper.The Qiongzhou Strait is selected as the test area for the height connection over the sea.We precisely determine the geodetic latitudes,longitudes,heights and deflections of the vertical for four points on both sides across the strait.Modeled deflections of the vertical along the height connecting routes over the sea are determined with EGM2008 model based on the geodetic positions and heights of the sea segmentation points from DNSC08MSS model.Differences of the measured and modeled deflections of the vertical are calculated at four points on both sides and linearly change along the route.So the deflections of the vertical along the route over the sea can be improved by the linear interpolation model.The results are also in accord with those of trigonometirc levelings.The practical case shows that we can precisely connect the orthometric height across the Qiongzhou Strait to satisfy the requirement of order 3 leveling network of China.The method is very efficient to precisely connect the height datum across the sea along the route up to 80 km.     

海面高因素对北斗系统海上无源定位精度的影响

研究了海面高因素对北斗系统定位精度的影响,并利用“三星＋高程约束法”、“星际差分＋初始高程约束法”和“余弦定理解析求解法”三种解算方法进行仿真计算,计算结果表明,考虑海面高因素能有效地提高北斗系统定位精度且提高幅度与解算方法有关。     

Local normal height connection across sea with ship-borne gravimetry and GNSS techniques

Heights as the basic geographical information are very important to study marine geophysics, geodesy and oceanography. Based on the astronomical leveling principle, we put forward a new method to unify the normal height (NH) datum along one ship route across sea with the ship-borne gravimetry and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) techniques. Ship-borne gravimeter can precisely measure gravity anomalies and the GNSS technique is used to measure precise sea surface heights (SSHs) along the ship track across sea. Precisions of ship-borne gravities and SSHs are improved with the colinear adjustment. To remove the effects of sea wave and wind, the Gaussian filter is used to filter residuals both between the ship-borne and modeled gravities from EGM2008 to degree 2160, and the measured and modeled SSHs from DTM10MSS, respectively. Deflections of the vertical (DOVs) along the ship route are estimated from the measured gravities with the least squares collocation method. The astro-geodetic survey is made on continent and island to improve the accuracy of DOVs along the route. We use the new method to connect NHs on the coastal sea of Shandong Peninsula, China. The results indicate that the method is very efficient to precisely connect the NH along the ship route across sea.     

同步验潮法在刘公岛跨海高程传递中的应用

阐述了短期同步验潮法在跨海高程传递测量中的基本原理与应用,通过试验介绍了短期同步验潮法传递高程的实施流程与数据处理。根据短期同步验潮法在山东省刘公岛跨海高程传递测量中的试验,结果表明,在短距离跨海时,短期同步验潮法能达到三等以上水准测量精度要求。     

Prediction of Height and Period Joint Distributions for Stochastic Ocean Waves

This article proposes a new methodology to predict the wave height and period joint distributions by utilizing a transformed linear simulation method. The proposed transformed linear simulation method is based on a Hermite transformation model where the transformation is chosen to be a monotonic cubic polynomial, calibrated such that the first four moments of the transformed model match the moments of the true process. The proposed new approach is applied for calculating the wave height and period joint distributions of a sea state with the surface elevation data measured at an offshore site, and its accuracy and efficiency are favorably validated by using comparisons with the results from an empirical joint distribution model, from a linear simulation model and from a second-order nonlinear simulation model.     

基于支持向量回归的海面高度统计预报方法研究

本文提出一种基于支持向量回归的统计预报方法,通过经验正交分解对原始数据矩阵进行时空分解,提取出空间模态和时间系数。由于海面高度变化具有非线性、大惯性的特点,对时间系数进行小波分析,能有效滤除其中的高频信号,得到表征海面高度变化的低频信号。利用支持向量回归方法对小波分解后的低频信号构建预报模型。最后,进行小波重构,还原时间序列长度,实现未来7天的海面高度预报。通过黑潮附近海域的海面高度预报结果验证,该预报方法的预报效果优于整合滑动平均自回归预报方法。本文通过机器学习的算法实现了海面高度的预报,为海洋预报方法提供了新的思路。     

利用高程基准模型实时获取海拔高技术研究

高程信息是时空位置的重要组成部分,实时获取高精度海拔高是测绘导航信息化的关键步骤之一。北斗导航终端能快速高效地测定大地高,结合高精度的数字高程基准模型,可实时获取精密海拔高程。在顾及1985国家高程基准与全球高程基准之间垂直偏差的基础上,基于GOCE+EGM08重力场模型构建了统一到CGCS 2000椭球的区域数字高程基准模型,该模型范围对应北斗区域导航的覆盖范围,即55°S~55°N,55°E~180°E,模型精度优于米级,满足北斗导航终端对海拔高的应用需求;利用实时SQLITE数据库技术,基于该数字高程基准模型构建了北斗导航终端的海拔实时获取系统,实现了任意测点精密海拔高程的实时获取。     

Modified Rayleigh Distribution of Wave Heights in Transitional Water Depths

This paper concerns the calculation of wave height exceedance probabilities for nonlinear irregular waves in transitional water depths, and a Transformed Rayleigh method is first proposed for carrying out the calculation. In the proposed Transformed Rayleigh method, the transformation model is chosen to be a monotonic exponential function, calibrated such that the first three moments of the transformed model match the moments of the true process. The proposed new method has been applied for calculating the wave height exceedance probabilities of a sea state with the surface elevation data measured at the Poseidon platform. It is demonstrated in this case that the proposed new method can offer better predictions than those by using the conventional Rayleigh wave height distribution model. The proposed new method has been further applied for calculating the total horizontal loads on a generic jacket, and its accuracy has once again been substantiated. The research findings gained from this study demonstrate that the proposed Transformed Rayleigh model can be utilized as a promising alternative to the well-established nonlinear wave height distribution models.     

我国海域无缝垂直基准面的选择

介绍了椭球面、大地水准面、平均海面和海图深度基准面的定义。系统分析了潮汐基准面和大地水准面不适合作为无缝垂直基准面的原因,及以椭球面作为无缝垂直基准面的合理性和可行性,并建议选择WGS84椭球面作为我国海域的无缝垂直基准面。     

西北太平洋中国沿海海面倾斜及其机理初探

海面倾斜与高程基准密切相关,它已经受到大地测量学界和海洋学界的重视.进一步讨论了大地水准的测量精度,指出了大地(几何)水准与沿海验潮资料的不符是由于海面的倾斜;分析了海面倾斜的机理,其中包括海流、海水密度分布、气压、台风引起的破碎波等的作用;提出了用海水异常密度的三维分布计算大地水准面的扰动,实质上它反映了海面的倾斜,该量占大地水准测量结果的73%,这进一步说明密度的异常乃是我国沿海海面倾斜的主要原因.     

一种建立局域无缝海图深度基准面的方法

根据海洋测绘中垂直基准构建的需求,提出了一种基于主成分-逐步回归分析的建立局域无缝海图深度基准面的方法。在此基础上,利用中国某海区多个验潮站深度基准面值及分潮调和常数振幅,建立了该海区局域无缝深度基准面值回归方程。实例计算表明,该方法所建立的局域海区无缝海图深度基准面值能够达到厘米级精度,可为海图深度基准面体系的重新构建提供技术支持。     

Altimetric Algorithm and Errors of Ocean Altimetry Using GNSS Reflection Signals

As a new remote sensing technology, the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) reflection signals can be used to collect the information of ocean surface wind, surface roughness and sea surface height. Ocean altimetry based on GNSS reflection technique is of low cost and it is easy to obtain large amounts of data thanks to the global navigation satellite constellation. We can estimate the sea surface height as well as the position of the specular reflection point. This paper focuses on the study of the algorithm to determine the specular reflection point and altimetry equations to estimate the sea surface height over the reflection region. We derive the error equation of sea surface height based on the error propagation theory. Effects of the Doppler shift and the size of the glistening zone on the altimetry are discussed and analyzed at the same time. Finally, we calculate the sea surface height based on the simulated GNSS data within the whole day and verify the sea surface height errors according to the satellite elevation angles. The results show that the sea surface height can reach the precision of 6 cm for elevation angles of 55° to 90°, and the theoretical error and the calculated error are in good agreement.