亚洲大陆岩石圈多层构造模型和塑性流动网络

中、东部亚洲大陆的广大地区存在着由两族大型地震带共轭相交而成的统一地震网络;位于中、上地壳的这种地震网络,实际上是岩石圈下层(含下地壳和岩石圈地幔)塑性流动网络的一种响应。统一塑性流动网络系统的存在,证实了板内构造变形的驱动力源主要来自印度板块的碰撞推挤,而作用力的远程传递主要借助于网络状塑性流动。塑性流动网络对板内构造变形起着控制作用。     

火成岩地表复杂区地震资料的构造解释及应用

北部湾盆地的迈陈凹陷东部地区浅层广泛分布第四纪火成岩,地表条件复杂,发育多期断裂系统,构造破碎,导致地震资料品质较差,构造解释及圈闭描述难度大。笔者在开展解释处理一体化以提高地震资料品质的同时,建立区域构造地质模型,综合运用多种解释技术手段,进行构造解释研究。解决了速度及多期活动小断层的识别及断层组合的解释等问题,提高了圈闭的可信度和构造解释方案的准确性。     

青藏高原东北缘最新构造变形的初步研究

在分析研究青藏高原东北缘地震、地震形变带及活动断裂带的基础上,确定了NNW向最新活动构造体系。该体系的主体构造是由一系列呈NNW向相间展布的现代隆起带和沉降带组成。青藏高原东北缘最新构造变形是该构造体系活动的结果。另外,还对体系的变形特征及"敏感点"进行了较详细的探讨。      

燕山水库区域构造稳定性及坝区地震基本烈度

笔者在详细的野外地质调查、地面高精度磁测和室内测试的基础上,综合地质、地球物理、地应力场和地震资料,系统地探讨了工作区的总体构造环境,认为燕山水库区域构造正趋稳定。 对地震基本烈度的评定,是采用了从大到小的三级判定法,即地震小区—潜在震源区—地震危险区方法来确定未来100年内可能发生M_L≥3级地震的地震危险区,然后在考察测区地震烈度随震中距衰减规律的基础上,同时虑及各地震危险区及邻区强震对坝区的迭加影响,得出了燕山水库坝区地震基本强度为Ⅵ度的结论。     

汾渭地堑系盆地发育进程的差异及其控震作用

基于盆地断陷规模、断陷幅度、构造样式的差异,将汾渭地堑系诸盆地划分为初始型、成长型、成熟型及连接型四类;认为盆地从初始型、成长型至成熟型,其构造闭琐度有减弱的趋势;剖析了各级强震震源区的构造特征,依据震源体理论,认为盆地类型与震级上限有对应关系。      

南北构造带天水、武都强震区地壳和上地幔顶部结构

利用两条相互垂直的高分辨地震折射/宽角反射剖面和相应的非纵观测的多个扇形剖面取得的人工地震资料, 研究天水和武都8级大震区的地壳和上地幔顶部结构和构造.二维剖面结果显示, 地壳沿垂向可分为上地壳和下地壳两大层.上地壳中部存在低速层, 层内介质速度比背景值低0.3~0.5km/s.莫霍面深度大约为46~48km.NE向的天水-武都剖面下地壳速度在横向上变化剧烈, NW向的成县-武山剖面, 在礼县以西, Moho面和C界面有被上涌物质改造过的迹象.三维速度成像显示, 在105°E附近, 从7至11km的深度范围内, 存在一条近NS向的断裂带, 在该带的两侧速度结构有明显的差异, 西侧为低速异常, 而东侧为高速异常, 这一近NS向的断裂带与二维剖面的下地壳深断裂在位置上很接近.该地区的几个8级大震均发生在105°E附近, 并且呈一近NS条带.      

地震迁移的类型、特征及机制讨论

地震活动的迁移是指地震沿着某一方向循序地发生,是地震活动总体无序中局部出现的有序结构。通过系统分析区域上典型的地震迁移现象可以发现,迁移可划分为沿断裂走向的纵向迁移、垂直断裂走向的横向迁移与岩石圈尺度的深源迁移三大类。结合具体的实例分析,可初步归纳出纵向迁移（包括单向、双向、反复和跳跃式迁移等常见形式）、横向迁移和深源地震迁移的主要特征,并初步估算出了不同类型迁移的速度值,其中沿全球板块边界纵向迁移平均速度约为V=569 km/a,沿亚板块边界的平均速度约为V=120 km/a,沿大陆内部断裂带平均速度约为V=50 km/a。横向迁移相对比较复杂,初步发现在东亚存在两种速度分别为约20 km/a、50 km/a的迁移现象。而深源地震迁移速度的全球平均值大约为360 km/a。地震的纵向与横向迁移都存在不同层次和级别,也存在多种不同频率、能量与速度的形变波与迁移现象,这很可能是区域上大地震丛集活动过程中断层相互作用、地震应力触发和岩石圈尺度的形变波传播等因素共同作用的结果,而这种大空间尺度上的地震迁移现象的存在及其所具有的规律性特征,显然可为开展区域地震危险性分析提供新的思路和方法参考。      

台湾中部造山带前缘强震发生的构造环境分析(英文)

台湾中部造山带前缘呈现为一弧形逆冲构造体系。每个弧形带分别由不同尺度但各自独立的次级弧形构造所组成。而每一个弧形构造都有其各自独立的几何、运动和动力学特征 ,是典型的板块造山运动变形带前缘之褶皱逆冲带 ,但同时各个次级弧形构造间却又有自相似特性。台湾中部弧形系列构造带 ,由运动学看来 ,是从弧形顶部向西逆冲向两侧过渡到斜冲 ,到弧凹处的逆冲为止。每一个地震活动带与独立活动的弧形逆冲构造间可能有一定的对应关系存在。大地震发生在规模较大的弧形构造上 ,而中小地震则发生在规模较小的次级弧形构造上。在对台湾中部地区弧形逆冲体系的空间位置与地震活动间关系研究的基础上 ,文中归纳出中部弧型逆冲地震带的地震活动特征。     

柴达木盆地新生代演化及其构造重建——基于地震剖面的解释

柴达木盆地是青藏高原内部最大的坳陷。柴达木盆地构造成因的研究, 可以揭示青藏高原形成机制和生长历史。本文分析了柴达木盆地区域地震勘探剖面, 得到如下认识:柴达木盆地一级构造为新生代宽缓复向斜, 其振幅和半波长分别从柴西的> 16km和~170km变化为柴东的 < 4km和~50km。褶皱首先在柴西贴近阿尔金断裂附近形成(65~50.5Ma), 并向柴东扩展(23.3Ma)。复向斜的形成与较老的柴北缘逆冲断层系(65~50.5Ma)和较年轻的柴南缘逆冲断层系(35.5~23.3Ma)有关。盆地内部新生代上地壳缩短作用, 由柴西的> 48%, 向柴东减小到 < 1%, 说明在柴西和柴东之间, 存在地壳加厚机制的渐进转换:柴西主要为上地壳缩短, 柴东主要为下地壳缩短。      

TSP—202探测系统在新倮纳隧道地质超前预报中的应用研究

就TSP－202地质超前预报系统在实际地质超前预报工作中所产生的预测精度误差的问题，提出了采用构造地质力学的手段，概率论和材料力学的理论来调整系统探测探索角，以实现精度校正的方法，经在新倮纳隧道的现场试验，取得了良好的效果。     

大别山地震波速度剖面的重力拟合及花岗岩带

笔者对穿越大别山造山带的六安—大冶宽角反射地震剖面进行了重力拟合。拟合结果表明严格按宽角反射地震速度换算成的密度剖面所产生的是一个重力高,它反映出大别山是一个穹隆,与实测大别山重力低大相径庭。只有将位于大别山山根上,南北大别之间设置一个从地表直达莫霍界面的巨大低密度体,重力曲线才能得到很好的拟合。这个低密度体应为近北西走向的花岗岩带。它与反射地震剖面上石镇透明反射地震带位置吻合,但宽度远较反射地震透明带为大。重力曲线的拟合进一步说明,在华北陆块与扬子陆块碰撞后的白垩纪时,大别山出现一个伸展期,在这个时期,大别山穹隆形成,并伴随有大规模花岗岩的侵入,超高压变质岩从地壳中下部折返到地表。研究说明,联合应用反射地震、宽角反射地震和重力,进行综合解释是必要的,可以得到更令人信服的地质结论。     

La Mamora,charnière entre la Meseta et le Rif: son importance dans l'évolution géodynamique postpaléozoïque du Maroc / The Mamora Plain,a hinge between the Meseta and the Rif. Its importance in the post-Paleozoic geodynamic evolution of Morocco

Abstract

The Mamora area (Morocco) is located in the northern part of the Meseta and the southern part of Rharb. The recent formations (Mesozoic to Quaternary) lie unconformably on a Paleozoic basement. This study based on hydrogeological, sedimentological, drilling data and seismic reflection profiles interpretation, proposes new interpretations of geodynamical evolution of this area particularly in terms of tectonic patterns. The most ancient formations recognized in this region are Paleozoic schists and quartzites in the Tifíete sector. They represent the basement of the basin on which Triassic conglomerates and red mudstones associated with basalts lie unconformably. Jurassic and Cretaceous sediments are limestones and marls. The Mio-pliocene formations are open marine blue marls. Plio-quaternary sediments are limestones and sands containing gravel and pebbles. Miocene to Pliocene blue marls facies corresponds to deep marine marls (bathyal as indicated by planctonic foraminifers) with an attributed age from upper Miocene [9] to middle Pliocene [7]. A facies distribution map of the top of the blue marls has been realized where four main facies—conglomerate, shelly sandstone, limestone and marls—indicate a major regression in the Mamora basin. The datation of the formations was mostly realized by Wernli [22, 23, 24, 25], and Cirac [10], In the Mamora area, Hercynian faults show two main structural directions, N020°E-N040°E (Agadir-Rabat), N120°E (Rabat- Tiflète) [5], and a new major Hercynian fault (K2S). The seismic profiles have been studied between Sidi Slimane and Sidi Yahia area, to illustrate the structure of the Mamora, and to replace it, in the geodynamical evolution. The seismic reflection lines and drilling data show that the eastern Mamora was subdivided into two sectors: i) the southern sector is affected by Hercynian faults which create horsts and grabens in the Paleozoic. Mio-Pliocene formations infill these depressions and are covered by Quaternary sediments; ii) the northern sector is constituted by various formations: 1. Paleozoic formation as basement covered by autochthonous Mesozoic to Miocene, 2. Prerifain nappes (marls and evaporites), 3. Mio-Plio-Pleistocene formations as subautochthonous to autochthonous. These two sectors are separated by a major fault (K2S). On the other hand, in the occidental Mamora, the facies distribution and the Plio-Pleistocene thickening seem to be induced by faults with a NE-SW and NW-SE trends which affect the Paleozoic basement. Then, between the Meseta domain and the septentrional Rharb basin, two major Hercynian initially dextral shear zones, Rabat- Tiflete and K2S, have been recognised. During the Atlantic Ocean opening, they are probably senestral shear zones. At the same time the subsidence in Rharb basin is active, major action of these faults is normal. Therefore, Mamora represents a real hinge between stable Meseta and unstable septentrional Rharb basin. © 2001 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS     

Probabilistic seismic hazard maps for Panama

Probabilistic seismic hazard maps in term of Modified Mercalli (MM) intensity are derived by applying the Cornell-McGuire method to four earthquake source zones in Panama and adjacent areas. The maps contain estimates of the maximum MM intensity for return periods of 5, 25 and 100 yr. The earthquake phenomenon is based on the point source model. The probabilistic iso-intensity map for a return period of 50 yr indicates that the Panama Suture Zone (PSZ) could experience a maximum (MM) intensity IX, and the Panama Fracture Zone (PFZ) an MM intensity VIII, for the rest of the area this varies from IV up to VIII. The present study intends to serve as a reference for more advanced approaches, to stimulate discussions and suggestions on the data base, assumptions and inputs, and path for the risk based assessment of the seismic hazard in the site selection and in the design of common buildings and engineering.     

汤原断陷断裂特征及构造样式分析

基于汤原断陷的4条主干地震剖面的重新构造解释,对断陷的整体构造样式进行了深入的介绍,总结出两种伸展构造样式、3种收缩构造样式、一种扭动构造样式以及一种反转构造样式.通过对不同构造样式的应力场分析,综合地震剖面特征,证明汤原断陷演化过程经历了5期的应力场变化。根据构造运动期次分析,发现局部构造与油气的生成时间具有较好的配置关系,断裂构造具有较好的封闭性。     

用低速带切除法提高构造图精度

塔里木盆地内地表面巨厚的沙层是油气勘探的主要障碍。本文在构造解释中用切除法把地表面低速的、不稳定的沙层切除,然后通过折射波反演方法,得其厚度,从而提高了构造图的精度。     

Development of the Miocene Guangle Carbonate Platform in the South China Sea: Architecture and Controlling Factors

This study investigates the evolution of the Miocene Guangle carbonate platform(or Triton Horst)of the northwestern South China Sea margin.The platform is located at a junction area surrounded by Yinggehai basin,Qiongdongnan basin and Zhongjiannan basin.Well and regional geophysical data allow the identification of the morphologic and stratigraphic patterns.The Guangle carbonate platform was initiated on a tectonic uplift during the Early Miocene.The early platform was limited at Mesozoic granitic basement,pre-Paleogene sediments localized tectonic uplift and was small extension at the beginning stage.While during the Middle Miocene,the carbonate buildup flourished,and grow a thrived and thick carbonate succession overlining the whole Guangle Uplift.The isolated platforms then united afterward and covered an extensive area of several tens of thousands of square kilometers.However,it terminated in the Late Miocene.What are the control factors on the initiation,growth and demise of the Guangle carbonate platform?The onset of widespread carbonate deposits largely reflected the Early Miocene transgression linked with early post-rift subsidence and the opening of the South China Sea.Stressed carbonate growth conditions on the Guangle carbonate platform probably resulted from increased inorganic nutrient input derived from the adjacent uplifted mainland,possibly enhanced by deteriorated climatic conditions promoting platform drowning.Therefore,tectonics and terrigenous input could be two main controlling factors on the development of the Guangle carbonate platforms and main evolution stages.     

TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE WESTERN KUNLUN AND KARAKORAM MOUNTAINS—SOME NEW OBSERVATIONS FROM A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY GEOSCIENTIFIC TRANSECT (MGT) IN NW TIBET

TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE WESTERN KUNLUN AND KARAKORAM MOUNTAINS—SOME NEW OBSERVATIONS FROM A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY GEOSCIENTIFIC TRANSECT (MGT) IN NW TIBET     

Structural and geological characteristics of a “seismic gap” in the central part of the Kuril Island Arc

The results of the cruise of R/V Akademik M.A. Lavrentiev conducted by the Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far East Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences in August to September 2005 are considered. The aim of the works was to specify the tectonic structure, seismogenic potential, and tsunamigenic hazard of the central segment of the Kuril Island Arc. The complex studies involved single-channel seismic profiling, gravimetry, magnetometry, detailed bathymetry, dredge sampling of sea-floor rocks and sediments, and gas geochemistry. Geophysical and geological data are reported. It was demonstrated that the target area is an active tectonic destruction zone, the zone boundaries were outlined, and the main internal structural and compositional heterogeneities were identified.     

花岗岩体的冲断变形以酒泉盆地东部金佛寺花岗岩为例

根据对酒泉盆地东部金佛寺花岗岩体野外变形特征调查和地震剖面解释的研究，分析了金佛寺花岗岩体受后期区域构造作用的冲断变形特征，认为该岩体在晚新生代以来发生了强烈的冲断作用，岩体平均推覆距离大于15km。在主冲断层和次级冲断层的控制下，岩体内部发生了强烈的构造变形，形成了复杂的断层传播褶皱。主逆冲断层的下盘掩覆了酒泉盆地中、新生代前陆坳陷的一部分，发育了一受控于深部滑脱断层的断层传播褶皱。     

基于深地震测深的深部动力学研究方法和应用

深地震测深是探测壳幔岩石圈精细速度结构、探讨岩石圈变形和演化过程的一种有效方法,在青藏高原隆升、克拉通裂解等大陆动力学研究中已发挥了重要的作用。然而,地震测深方法与深部动力学研究的结合尚处于现象描述为主的状态。因此,本文对前人利用深地震测深资料进行深部动力学研究的相关方法进行了回顾与总结:宽角反射/折射地震震相特征具有明显的动力学响应,是进行动力学研究的基础;通过速度结构对比可以确定不同地壳速度结构模型所对应的构造单元及其演化过程,地壳厚度和泊松比等参数可以用于地壳变形模式的讨论,壳内高速和低速异常体反映了不同动力学过程对地壳的改造;人工地震S波资料与Pn波速度可以用于壳幔各向异性的研究,为动力学演化过程研究提供独立的观测证据;运用现代构造解析方法可以构建不同的地壳结构—动力型式,进而通过壳幔结构的解构恢复岩石圈演化过程;此外,地震测深资料可以约束地壳成分结构,为动力学数值模拟提供岩石流变参数等资料。本文对于充分挖掘深地震测深资料在动力学研究中的应用价值至关重要,对于加强地震测深同其他学科的交叉研究也具有重要意义。