西藏林周盆地设兴组玄武岩地球化学特征及意义

青藏高原南部拉萨地块分布的晚白垩世岩浆活动,对了解特提斯洋的构造演化及约束印度-亚洲大陆初始碰撞时限等具有重要的意义。本文在西藏林周盆地林子宗火山岩的下伏晚白垩世设兴组地层中首次发现了玄武岩夹层,并系统开展了玄武岩的Ar-Ar年代学、全岩主量和微量元素地球化学、以及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学研究。设兴组玄武岩呈夹层状产出于设兴组顶部的红色砂岩中,其斜长石Ar-Ar年龄为90.6±1.8Ma。玄武岩属于高钾钙碱性系列,富集轻稀土元素、强烈富集Ba、Th、U等大离子亲石元素(LILEs),亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素(HFSEs),具有明显的大陆边缘弧的火山岩成分特征。玄武岩的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素成分比较均匀,(87Sr/86Sr)t为0.706568~0.706620,εNd(t)为+0.72~+4.75,(206Pb/204Pb)t比值为18.649~18.675,(207Pb/204Pb)t比值为15.640~15.666,(208Pb/204Pb)t比值为39.055~39.108,岩石总体表现出来自于亏损地幔的特征。综合岩石学和地球化学研究结果,设兴组玄武岩可能是晚白垩世(约90.6Ma)俯冲于拉萨地块之下的新特提斯洋壳在重力拖拉下发生板片回转,导致软流圈物质上升提供热量,从而诱发了俯冲流体交代的地幔楔的部分熔融形成的。本文结果进一步证明,之前普遍认为缺少晚白垩世火山岩的拉萨地块南缘,存在新特提斯洋的俯冲作用及其岩浆作用产物。     

西藏林周盆地中侏罗统却桑温泉组碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学及地质意义

林周盆地位于冈底斯板块中部，对其进行盆地分析将为理解冈底斯板块构造演化过程提供重要的沉积学证据。本文以林周盆地中侏罗统却桑温泉组为研究对象，开展岩石学和碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究，结果显示却桑温泉组岩屑石英砂岩最年轻碎屑锆石年龄为169 Ma，存在620～540 Ma,1 220～1 055 Ma等年龄峰值，其中最年轻碎屑锆石年龄是对特提斯洋壳俯冲引发的岩浆事件的响应。碎屑锆石区域对比研究表明却桑温泉组物源主要来自冈底斯中部唐加-松多造山带，为特提斯洋向北俯冲、向南增生过程的沉积记录。     

雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段仲巴地区俯冲—增生过程

雅鲁藏布江缝合带是新特提斯洋俯冲消亡的残余,记录了新特提斯洋打开—闭合的全过程。本文以雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段仲巴地区南侧的纳久混杂岩为研究对象,进行了详细的放射虫年代学,砂岩碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素年代学以及碎屑组分统计研究。我们的数据表明,纳久混杂岩中硅质岩含有大量保存较好的放射虫化石,包含Pseudodictyomitra carpatica带典型分子,根据放射虫时代组合确定其时代为早Barremian阶;混杂岩中砂岩岩块主要为岩屑砂岩,不同样品碎屑锆石得出的最大沉积年龄介于95～73 Ma之间。碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄源区分析表明,碎屑物质来自北侧的冈底斯岩浆弧和拉萨地体。纳久混杂岩南侧的砂岩沉积时代为早白垩世,碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄源区表明具有典型的特提斯喜马拉雅特征。我们的数据表明,纳久混杂岩基质时代为早白垩世,砂岩岩块时代为晚白垩世,与北侧的早白垩世蛇绿岩共同组成了白垩纪的增生楔,随着印度与欧亚大陆的碰撞仰冲到特提斯喜马拉雅之上。     

西藏札达地区上白垩统-下始新统达机翁组:对冈底斯弧前盆地演化的制约

冈底斯弧前区域地层沉积记录,对新特提斯洋消亡和印度-亚洲碰撞过程的研究具有十分重要的意义。位于西藏南部札达地区的达机翁组,北邻冈底斯岩浆弧,南靠雅鲁藏布江缝合带。岩石组成主要包括砾岩、岩屑砂岩、泥页岩和灰岩等。沉积环境分析认为达机翁组形成于扇三角洲相环境。火山灰锆石U-Pb定年、碎屑锆石最年轻年龄以及底栖有孔虫化石组合共同约束达机翁组的形成时代为晚白垩世-始新世早期(即ca.73～49Ma)。物源区分析结果表明达机翁组物源类似于区域上分布的日喀则弧前盆地沉积,直接以北侧冈底斯岩浆弧为主要物质源区。通过与区域弧前沉积对比,为冈底斯弧前盆地海相地层时代提供制约,结果显示新特提斯洋在亚洲大陆南缘的弧前海退存在东西方向上的穿时性,即海水自东向西逐渐退出,并最终在～49Ma退出冈底斯-拉达克弧前区域。     

冈底斯中段厅宫地区比马组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄

桑日群广泛分布于冈底斯火山岩浆弧的中东段,是新特提斯洋俯冲作用的代表性记录。本文对冈底斯中段厅宫地区桑日群比马组开展了碎屑锆石U-Pb同位素测年和地球化学特征研究,结果表明：比马组所含的碎屑锆石具有85.7~143.5Ma、160.2~191.2Ma、334.4~364.1Ma和904Ma四个年龄段,其中最年轻的碎屑锆石年龄为85.7±1.9Ma,结合古生物资料,认为比马组形成于早—晚白垩世,其物源主要来自于拉萨地块,尤其是冈底斯岩基剥蚀源区;岩石地球化学特征显示,比马组沉积主要来源于长英质岩石,是上地壳源区物质经风化剥蚀后搬运沉积形成。     

藏南冈底斯白垩纪弧后盆地的地壳变形及初始高原的形成

在藏南"南冈底斯岩浆弧"的北侧,发育一个白垩纪碳酸盐-碎屑岩组成的弧后盆地,盆地基底为早侏罗纪火山岩,其上被大面积晚白垩世-古新世林子宗群火山岩(62~45Ma)角度不整合覆盖,以及65~40Ma花岗岩基的侵位。南冈底斯弧后盆地的主要地壳变形表现为:在自北向南剪切应变下,以早侏罗世火山岩与晚侏罗-白垩世沉积岩之间的冈底斯滑脱带(GD)为主要构造底面,与上部白垩纪地层的强烈褶皱和铲式构造一起组成的"滑脱-褶皱"构造样式。研究表明,弧后盆地的滑脱-褶皱构造是90~62Ma期间与新特提斯大洋岩石圈板片俯冲有关的弧后盆地地壳缩短、加厚和造山作用的表征。大面积存在的冈底斯林子宗火山岩与其下部地层的角度不整合是一种"火山披盖式"的不整合,说明冈底斯弧后盆地经历伸展到地壳缩短变形、造山隆升和剥蚀夷平的演化过程,标志洋-陆俯冲到陆-陆碰撞的转换。提出南冈底斯初始高原在晚白垩世俯冲条件下开始形成的新认识。     

冈底斯中部松多岩组形成时代及物源:来自碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学证据

冈底斯中部广泛发育的松多岩组因缺少化石依据,其沉积时代一直存在争议,严重制约了对冈底斯古生代构造演化的认识.在详细野外地质调查基础上,利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年对松多岩组中变质砂岩进行了锆石U-Pb同位素测定,获得变质砂岩中最小碎屑锆石年龄值为316 Ma,时代为晚石炭世,代表了松多岩组形成时代的下限.通过碎屑锆石年龄示踪和区域对比研究,松多岩组物源很可能来自拉萨地块内部(南拉萨地块和北拉萨地块),可能是松多古特提斯洋初始洋盆的沉积记录.研究区松多岩组沉积时代下限的厘定,进一步完善了该区晚古生代地层系统,对冈瓦纳大陆北缘晚石炭世－早二叠世岩相古地理研究具有重要意义.      

藏南林周盆地林子宗火山岩的时代、成因及其地质意义：锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素证据

本文对林子宗火山岩命名地-林周盆地内典中组最底部的英安质火山角砾岩和年波组下段的流纹质熔结凝灰岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素分析,结果显示前者形成于62.5±1.1Ma,而后者形成于56.4±1.2Ma,表明林子宗火山活动的起始时间略晚于K/T界限年龄。岩浆锆石的ε_(Hf)(T)值分别为 9.0～ 0.5和 11.0～ 4.8,显示亏损地幔的特征,与同时期冈底斯岩体的岩浆锆石相似,应为同源产物,源自于地幔楔的部分熔融。此外,典中组样品含有石炭纪年龄的捕获锆石,它们的ε_(Hf)(T)值介于-0.6～-3.2之间,具有中元古代的Hf同位素模式年龄,与附近念青唐古拉岩带花冈岩的捕获锆石相若,暗示拉萨陆块老地壳的混染在岩浆演化中亦扮演了角色。结合区域地质,我们认为在藏南拉萨陆块上的林子宗火山岩是印度与欧亚大陆碰撞之前到碰撞初期新特提斯海洋板块向北俯冲、拆离作用的结果。     

西藏革吉地区沙木罗组碎屑锆石年代学研究:物源及其对班公湖-怒江特提斯洋西段闭合时限的制约

班公湖-怒江特提斯洋盆的闭合时限对理解班公湖-怒江结合带的构造演化意义重大。本文采用碎屑锆石年代学的方法,分析了班公湖-怒江结合带西段革吉地区沙木罗组下段与沙木罗组上段的物源特征及差异,为班公湖-怒江特提斯洋盆西段的闭合时间提供了新的证据。研究结果表明沙木罗组下段碎屑锆石年龄分布于2586±26Ma～130±1. 5Ma之间,显示出1个主峰年龄约165Ma,1个次峰年龄约240Ma。碎屑锆石年龄分6个组别,集中在2600～2400Ma、2000～1900Ma、1000～840Ma、500～400Ma、340～200Ma和200～130Ma,分别与新太古代克拉通汇聚事件、哥伦比亚超大陆相关的构造热事件、新元古代构造热事件、冈瓦纳大陆边缘安第斯型造山作用的岩浆活动事件、龙木错-双湖结合带岩浆活动事件和班公湖-怒江特提斯洋盆俯冲消减的岩浆活动事件一一对应。沙木罗组上段碎屑锆石年龄分布于2558±22Ma～101±1. 0Ma之间,显示出1个主峰年龄约107Ma,2个次峰年龄分别约226Ma、150Ma。碎屑锆石年龄集中分布于1个年龄组为122～101Ma,记录了班公湖-怒江特提斯洋盆俯冲消减的岩浆活动。通过与潜在源区的年龄谱峰进行对比,沙木罗组下段物源区与南羌塘地块有良好的亲缘性,表明其沉积物物源主要为南羌塘地块,其中南羌塘岩浆弧可能为其主要贡献者。沙木罗组上段物源区与南羌塘地块和北拉萨地块均具有良好的亲缘性,其沉积物物源具有双源性,分别来源于南羌塘岩浆弧和北拉萨岩浆弧。沙木罗组下段和上段沉积物物源的差异性暗示它们形成的沉积环境和物源区不同。对比分析沙木罗组下段和上段岩石学、碎屑锆石形态学等特征,也揭示了类似的差异性。结合其他相关地质资料,认为班公湖-怒江特提斯洋盆在革吉地区的主体闭合时间约115～110Ma,其代表性岩浆事件为南羌塘地块和北拉萨地块的早白垩世岩浆弧,沙木罗组为班公湖-怒江特提斯洋盆由俯冲消减到闭合过程中的沉积产物。     

冈底斯中段厅宫地区林子宗火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学特征

林子宗火山岩事件是印度-亚洲大陆主碰撞过程的火山作用响应,对冈底斯带的构造演化具有重要意义。在冈底斯中段厅宫地区通过系统的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年,获得林子宗群典中组底部、年波组上部和帕那组顶部的火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为(66.4±0.35)Ma、(53.6±1.5)Ma和(45±0.6)Ma。对林子宗火山岩的岩石地球化学分析表明,该火山岩具弧火山岩特征,早期表现出陆缘弧火山岩的特点,至中期年波旋回钾玄岩出现,标志着陆内岩浆作用的开始,到晚期帕那旋回则显示出陆壳重熔和地壳加厚的特征,记录了新特提斯洋消减俯冲到陆陆碰撞的地质信息。     

Geochemistry,detrital zircon geochronology and Hf isotope of the clastic rocks in southern Tibet: Implications for the Jurassic-Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the Lhasa terrane

In order to reconstruct tectonic evolution history of the southern margin of Asia (i.e., Lhasa terrane) before the India-Asia collision, here we present a comprehensive study on the clastic rocks in the southern Lhasa terrane with new perspectives from sedimentary geochemistry, detrital zircon geochronology and Hf isotope. Clasts from the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous sedimentary sequences (i.e., Yeba and Chumulong Formations) display high compositional maturity and experienced moderate to high degree of chemical weathering, whereas those from the late Early-Late Cretaceous sequences (Ngamring and Shexing Formations) are characterized by low compositional maturity with insignificant chemical weathering. Our results lead to a coherent scenario for the evolution history of the Lhasa terrane. During the Early-Middle Jurassic (∼192-168Ma), the Lhasa terrane was speculated to be an isolated geological block. The Yeba Formation is best understood as being deposited in a back-arc basin induced by northward subduction of the Neo-Tethys ocean with sediments coming from the interiors of the Lhasa terrane. The Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Lhasa-Qiangtang collision resulted in the formation of a composite foreland basin with southward-flowing rivers carrying clastic materials from the uplifted northern Lhasa and/or Qiangtang terranes. During the late Early-Late Cretaceous (∼104-72Ma), the Gangdese magmatic arc was uplifted rapidly above the sea level, forming turbidites (Ngamring Formation) in the Xigaze forearc basin and fluvial red beds (Shexing Formation) on the retro-arc side. At the end of Late Cretaceous, the Lhasa terrane was likely to have been uplifted to high elevation forming an Andean-type margin resembling the modern South America before the India-Asia collision.     

青藏高原南部岩脉分布及其研究意义

青藏高原是面积大、海拔高、时代最新的经典碰撞造山带，其演化过程被记录在各类地质作用中，包括各类岩浆作用。岩脉是与其他类型岩浆作用具有相似矿物成分的小规模侵入体，德国人Harry Rosenbusch早在1877年对其开展了系统研究。区域上大规模产出的基性岩墙群经常发育在伸展构造环境，并被认为代表地质历史时期发生的大陆裂解作用，其深部则与地幔柱或者热点存在相关。在青藏高原的羌塘地体、拉萨地体和喜马拉雅造山带发育了不同类型的岩脉或岩墙群。在羌塘地体中部出露面积约为40000km²的早二叠世（约283Ma）基性岩墙群属于大火成岩省（LIP）岩浆作用，与二叠纪中特提斯洋的初始打开有关。在西藏南部的特提斯喜马拉雅带产出的时代约为132Ma的白垩纪措美-班伯里大火成岩省岩浆作用，覆盖面积超过50000km²，其最早的岩浆作用可能代表了特提斯喜马拉雅之下大陆裂解之前孕育克格伦地幔柱头部的相关岩石圈伸展作用，并继续裂解导致了印度与澳洲大陆的裂解分离。本文着重讨论了高原南部的白垩纪以来的岩脉，它们主要发育在拉萨地体南部，蕴含了岩浆作用与构造作用的双重信息。它们具有不同的产状、成分、年龄和成因，对于揭示冈底斯弧演化、印度与亚洲大陆的碰撞过程，以及碰撞导致的高原应力状态变化等都具有重要的意义。高原南部岩脉主要分为三期：（1）时代约为90Ma的岩脉，具有玄武质到中酸性的成分，主要侵位在日喀则白垩纪弧后盆地，例如在南木林县南部出现的基性-酸性双峰式岩浆作用，可能代表了冈底斯岩浆弧之上发育的伸展作用。（2）时代约为50Ma的同碰撞期岩脉，主要侵入到林子宗火山岩、冈底斯岩基或者白垩世设兴组/昂仁组沉积地层等单元中，它们发育时间为60~41Ma，其峰期作用时间与冈底斯岩浆大爆发的时间一致，可能受控于深部俯冲的特提斯洋洋壳的断裂作用。（3）碰撞后中新世岩脉，多具有埃达克质岩石的地球化学性质，与区域上钾质-超钾质火山岩和埃达克质侵入岩的时代一致，它们是高原南部加厚下地壳部分熔融作用的产物，可能受控于下地壳拆沉作用或者与南北向裂谷带密切相关的板片撕裂有关。这些岩脉的延伸方向既有南北向，也有东西向，在构造上可能代表了高原隆升到最大高度后深部拆沉作用导致的山体垮塌伴生的伸展构造有关。     

Sedimentary record of Jurassic northward subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang Ocean: insights from detrital zircons

The subduction polarity and related arc–magmatic evolutional history of the Bangong–Nujiang Ocean, which separated the South Qiangtang terrane to the north from the North Lhasa terrane to the south during the Mesozoic, remain debated. This study tries to reconstruct the subduction and evolution of the Bangong–Nujiang Ocean on the basis of U–Pb and Hf isotopic analyses of detrital zircons in samples from sedimentary rocks of the middle-western section of the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone in Gerze County, central Tibet. The Middle Jurassic Muggargangri Group in the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone was deposited in a deep-sea basin setting on an active continental margin. The Late Jurassic strata, such as the Sewa Formation, are widely distributed in the South Qiangtang terrane and represent deposition on a shelf. The Early Cretaceous Shamuluo Formation in the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone unconformably overlies the Muggargangri Group and was probably deposited in a residual marine basin setting. The detrital zircons of the Muggargangri Group contain seven U–Pb age populations: 2.6–2.4 Ga, 1.95–1.75 Ga, 950–900 Ma, 850–800 Ma, 650–550 Ma, 480–420 Ma, and 350–250 Ma, which is similar to the age populations in sedimentary rocks of the South Qiangtang terrane. In addition, the age spectra of the Shamuluo Formation are similar to those of the Muggargangri Group, indicating that both had a northern terrane provenance, which is conformed by the north-to-south palaeocurrent. This provenance indicates northward subduction of the Bangong–Nujiang oceanic crust. In contrast, two samples from the Sewa Formation yield variable age distributions: the lower sample has age populations similar to those of the South Qiangtang terrane, whereas the upper possesses only one age cluster with a peak at ca. 156 Ma. Moreover, the majority of the late Mesozoic detrital zircons are characterized by weakly positive εHf(t) values that are similar to those of magmatic zircons from arc magmatic rocks in the South Qiangtang terrane. The findings, together with information from the record of magmatism, indicate that the earliest prevalent arc magmatism occurred during the Early Jurassic (ca. 185 Ma) and that the principal arc–magmatic stage occurred during the Middle–Late Jurassic (ca. 170–150 Ma). The magmatic gap and scarcity of detrital zircons at ca. 140–130 Ma likely indicate collision between the Qiangtang and Lhasa terranes. The late Early Cretaceous (ca. 125–100 Ma) magmatism on both sides of the Bangong–Nujiang suture zone was probably related to slab break-off or lithospheric delamination after closure of the Bangong–Nujiang Ocean.     

Cretaceous–Tertiary geology of the Gangdese Arc in the Linzhou area, southern Tibet

Knowledge of the Cretaceous–Tertiary history of upper crustal shortening and magmatism in Tibet is fundamental to placing constraints on when and how the Tibetan plateau formed. In the Lhasa terrane of southern Tibet, the widely exposed angular unconformity beneath uppermost Cretaceous–lower Tertiary volcanic-bearing strata of the Linzizong Formation provides an excellent geologic and time marker to distinguish between deformation that occurred before vs. during the Indo-Asian collision. In the Linzhou area, located  30 km north of the city of Lhasa, a > 3-km-thick section of the Linzizong Formation lies unconformably on Cretaceous and older rocks that were shortened by both northward- and southward-verging structures during the Late Cretaceous. The Linzizong Formation dips northward in the footwall of a north-dipping thrust system that involves Triassic–Jurassic strata and a granite intrusion in the hanging wall. U–Pb zircon geochronologic studies show that the Linzizong Formation ranges in age from 69 Ma to at least 47 Ma and that the hanging wall granite intrusion crystallized at  52 Ma, coeval with dike emplacement into footwall Cretaceous strata. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar thermochronologic studies suggest slow cooling of the granite between 49 and 42 Ma, followed by an episode of accelerated cooling to upper crustal levels beginning at  42 Ma. The onset of rapid cooling was coeval with the cessation of voluminous arc magmatism in southern Tibet and is interpreted be a consequence of either (1) Tertiary thrusting in this region or (2) regional rock uplift and erosion following removal of overthickened Gangdese arc lower crust and upper mantle or break-off of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic slab.     

Caribbean island-arc rifting and back-arc basin development in the Late Cretaceous: Geochemical, isotopic and geochronological evidence from Central Hispaniola

We present new regional petrologic, geochemical, Sr–Nd isotopic, and U–Pb geochronological data on the Turonian–Campanian mafic igneous rocks of Central Hispaniola that provide important clues on the development of the Caribbean island-arc. Central Hispaniola is made up of three main tectonic blocks—Jicomé, Jarabacoa and Bonao—that include four broad geochemical groups of Late Cretaceous mafic igneous rocks: group I, tholeiitic to calc-alkaline basalts and andesites; group II, low-Ti high-Mg andesites and basalts; group III, tholeiitic basalts and gabbros/dolerites; and group IV, tholeiitic to transitional and alkalic basalts. These igneous rocks show significant differences in time and space, from arc-like to non-arc-like characteristics, suggesting that they were derived from different mantle sources. We interpret these groups as the record of Caribbean arc-rifting and back-arc basin development in the Late Cretaceous. The> 90 Ma group I volcanic rocks and associated cumulate complexes preserved in the Jicomé and Jarabacoa blocks represent the Albian to Cenomanian Caribbean island-arc material. The arc rift stage magmatism in these blocks took place during the deposition of the Restauración Formation from the Turonian–Coniacian transition (~ 90 Ma) to Santonian/Lower Campanian, particularly in its lower part with extrusion at 90–88 Ma of group II low-Ti, high-Mg andesites/basalts. During this time or slightly afterwards adakitic rhyolites erupted in the Jarabacoa block. Group III tholeiitic lavas represent the initiation of Coniacian–Lower Campanian back-arc spreading. In the Bonao block, this stage is represented by back-arc basin-like basalts, gabbros and dolerite/diorite dykes intruded into the Loma Caribe peridotite, as well as the Peralvillo Sur Formation basalts, capped by tuffs, shales and Campanian cherts. This dismembered ophiolitic stratigraphy indicates that the Bonao block is a fragment of an ensimatic back-arc basin. In the Jicomé and Jarabacoa blocks, the mainly Campanian group IV basalts of the Peña Blanca, Siete Cabezas and Pelona–Pico Duarte Formation, represent the subsequent stage of back-arc spreading and off-axis non-arc-like magmatism, caused by migration of the arc toward the northeast. These basalts have geochemical affinities with the mantle domain influenced by the Caribbean plume, suggesting that mantle was flowing toward the NE, beneath the extended Caribbean island-arc, in response to rollback of the subducting proto-Caribbean slab.     

新疆甜水海地块种羊场石炭纪火山岩年代学和地球化学:岩石成因和地质意义

甜水海地块西段的种羊场地区发育一套互层状产出的玄武岩-玄武安山岩-流纹岩,本文对其进行了岩石学、同位素年代学和地球化学研究。结果表明,流纹岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年获得三组年龄:343.5±4.1Ma表明火山岩的形成时代为早石炭纪,2439±26Ma和1988±36Ma说明甜水海地块存在前寒武纪结晶基底。其中玄武质岩石岩性从拉斑系列、钙碱性系列向碱性系列过渡,呈现出E-MORB(OIB)、大陆板内拉张和岛弧的混合特征,与典型弧后盆地Okinawa玄武岩有一定的差异,表明其可能是异常陆缘弧后盆地拉张裂解的产物。玄武质岩石和流纹岩的主量元素、稀土元素和微量元素比值对的差异表明它们不是同源岩浆演化的产物,玄武质岩石的源区为类似E-MORB(OIB)的岩石圈地幔,且发生了部分熔融,原始岩浆上升过程中经历了矿物分离结晶和地壳混染作用。流纹岩属于高硅高碱的钙碱性火山岩,是上地壳部分熔融的产物。种羊场早石炭纪火山岩可能代表了古特提洋西端早期扩张的记录,为西昆仑-喀喇昆仑地区晚古生代多岛洋格局提供了新的证据。     

Early Cretaceous sedimentary evolution of the northern Lhasa terrane and the timing of initial Lhasa-Qiangtang collision

Lower Cretaceous strata in the Baingoin basin of the northern Lhasa terrane record initial collision between the Lhasa and Qiangtang blocks, followed by the early uplift of central Tibet. North-south traverses across the Baingoin basin highlight major differences between the Duba Formation in the north and the quasi-coeval Duoni Formation in the south. The Duba Formation documents upward transition from shallow shelf and deltaic environments to coarse-grained siliciclastic fluvial sedimentation. Abundance of detrital zircons yielding Jurassic-Cretaceous ages with εHf(t) values mainly between −2 and +10, occurrence of chert, Cr-spinel, and pyroxene grains, together with southward paleocurrent directions indicate that the Duba Formation was sourced from the southern Qiangtang terrane and Bangong-Nujiang suture zone to the north. The Duoni Formation in the south was deposited in shelfal to fan-delta and fluvial environments. Abundant volcanic clasts, detrital zircons yielding Cretaceous ages with mainly negative εHf(t) values, and northward paleocurrents indicate an active volcanic source located in the central Lhasa terrane to the south, with minor input from the northern Lhasa terrane. Only the northern part of the Baingoin basin was directly controlled by the Lhasa-Qiangtang collision and may thus be considered a peripheral foreland basin, whereas the southern part was mainly influenced by tectonic processes related to the northward subduction of Neotethyan lithosphere, and may thus be comparable to a retroarc foreland basin. But these sedimentary features and the 139–79 Ma Baingoin plutonic intrusion do not fit well with classical foreland-basin models. Zircon chronostratigraphy constrains the final consumption of Bangong-Nujiang oceanic lithosphere and initial collision between the Lhasa and Qiangtang microcontinents to have taken place by 122 Ma, which has major implications for paleotectonic reconstructions of the Tibetan Plateau.     

西藏孔隆—达果地区古近纪火山—沉积盆地时空演化

对冈底斯带的研究历来聚焦于岩浆弧,对弧间盆地的较少关注导致火山—沉积序列缺乏精细化研究。冈底斯带古近纪地层划分方案是基于并沿用东段林周、南木林地区的层序格架,即林子宗群与日贡拉组垂向叠置不整合接触,在带上其他地区适用时常产生矛盾,制约了基础地质及资源评价工作。通过系统实测孔隆—达果地区古近纪地层剖面,选取剖面中火山岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,以详实的同位素年代学数据搭建精细年代地层格架,以沉积学、地层学研究分析充填演化过程,恢复火山—沉积盆地古地理。结果显示冈底斯造山隆升剥蚀并被扇沉积体系记录的过程,从晚白垩世早期断续持续至古近纪;以火山岩和/或以沉积岩为主的盆地,发育时限均下延至约70 Ma,暗示岩浆作用与隆升剥蚀对雅鲁藏布洋俯冲的响应几乎同时启动;火山—沉积盆地发育贯穿了整个增生造弧事件,以印亚大陆初始碰撞后的沉积间断为界,分为70~56 Ma和56~40 Ma两期,火山岩与沉积岩同时发育,以时空上的负消长关系占主导地位,表现为剖面上交互或夹层,并受喷发中心、沉积中心的横向迁移约束,产生了地层发育时限的空间变化;受晚白垩世末—古近纪雅鲁藏布洋北向俯冲及印亚大陆碰撞过程影响,持续的造山隆升及岩浆活动的周期性强弱变化约束了盆地发育样式,火山—沉积序列在区域上延展不稳定,垂向序列产生多样性。因此,本文提出层型剖面上火山岩与碎屑岩垂向叠置序列关系不能普适地代表整个冈底斯带,同期火山岩与沉积岩存在空间上快速相变过渡,应使用更为精细年代格架下的空间展布关系,指导冈底斯带弧间盆地地层划分,探讨印亚大陆碰撞的火山—沉积响应过程。     

拉萨地体东南缘始新世早期变质作用及其构造意义

本文对位于青藏高原拉萨地体东南缘林芝杂岩中的片麻岩进行了岩石学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究.所研究的样品包括正片麻岩和副片麻岩,它们经历了中压角闪岩相变质作用.岩石地球化学分析结果表明,所研究的正片麻岩的原岩具有钙碱性岛弧岩浆岩的特征.锆石U-Pb年代学分析结果表明,副片麻岩中的碎屑锆石核部为岩浆成因,它们给出的206Pb/238U年龄范围为3012～ 522Ma,其锆石的增生边给出了～51Ma的变质年龄.在正片麻岩中,黑云母片麻岩给出了～67Ma的原岩结晶年龄和～ 55 Ma的变质年龄;石榴石角闪黑云斜长片麻岩给出了～58Ma的原岩结晶年龄和～54Ma的变质年龄.因此,所研究的林芝杂岩并不能代表拉萨地体中的前寒武纪变质基底,而是古生代的沉积岩和晚白垩纪至早新生代的岩浆岩在始新世早期变质而成.这一时期,表壳岩和侵入岩一起经历的中压角闪岩相变质作用很可能跟新特提斯洋俯冲导致的地壳增生、加厚有关.     

日喀则弧前盆地碎屑铬尖晶石地球化学与物源判别

该工作在藏南日喀则弧前盆地砂岩中发现了大量碎屑铬尖晶石。电子探针化学成分分析显示这些铬尖晶石具有高铬(铬指数Cr#为0.52~0.89)、低Fe3+含量(Fe3+/ Fe2+<0.5)、低TiO2含量(多小于0.2%)的特征,指示这些铬尖晶石来源于与洋壳俯冲作用有关的橄榄岩和火成岩,因此弧火山岩和SSZ型蛇绿岩套是其最可能的物源。考虑到日喀则弧前盆地的碎屑物主要来源于拉萨地体,而拉萨地体北侧的班公-怒江缝合带的碎屑物质不可能穿过晚白垩世时期已经隆起的冈底斯岩浆弧。笔者推测,铬尖晶石可能来自于冈底斯弧和拉萨地体内部已经消失的古蛇绿岩套。