西藏冈底斯带中部南木林地区林子宗群火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学特征

林子宗群火山岩广泛分布在冈底斯带上,其岩石学特征及所代表的区域不整合事件被认为与特提斯洋俯冲消减到印度-亚洲大陆碰撞转变有关。对冈底斯带南木林地区的林子宗群火山岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年及地球化学研究,获得林子宗群火山岩帕那组LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为46.08±0.47Ma、49.00±1.30Ma,对比冈底斯带其他地区已发表的年龄数据,认为印度-亚洲大陆碰撞(在西藏南部)的时间,东部可能依次早于中部和西部。地球化学特征表明,冈底斯带南木林地区林子宗群火山岩具有碰撞后地壳加厚背景下产生的弧火山岩特征,应为新特提斯洋俯冲消减到印度-亚洲大陆碰撞构造背景下形成的。     

青藏高原冈底斯带中部朱诺地区林子宗群火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学特征

林子宗火山岩是发育在青藏高原南部冈底斯带的古近纪火山岩, 被认为代表了新特提斯洋俯冲消减结束过渡到印度—亚洲大陆碰撞过程的产物, 其确切的时代对于限制印度—亚洲大陆的碰撞时限具有重要意义.对冈底斯带中部朱诺地区的林子宗火山岩进行了系统的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学、元素和Sr-Nd同位素地球化学研究, 获得的林子宗火山岩的典中组、年波组和帕那组LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为64.8±1.6 Ma、59.7±1.8 Ma和48.9±0.8 Ma.元素和同位素地球化学结果表明, 朱诺地区各组特征与区域上特征相似, 其中典中组和年波组火山岩属于钙碱性和高钾钙碱性系列, 具有岛弧火山岩特点; 帕那组出现大量的钾玄岩, 属于同碰撞火山岩.证明前人提出的雅鲁藏布江地区洋盆闭合和印度—亚洲大陆碰撞开始时间为50 Ma左右的观点.      

西藏冈底斯中段孔隆至丁仁勒地区林子宗群火山岩锆石SHRIMP年龄和地球化学特征的区域对比

本文对冈底斯中段孔隆-丁仁勒地区的林子宗群火山岩进行了地球化学和锆石SHRIMP定年测试,在年波组下部的英安质岩屑晶屑熔结凝灰岩(LZ06022-2)中获锆石SHRIMP年龄为59.64±0.72Ma,在典中组下部的安山质晶屑凝灰岩(LZ06017-4)中获锆石SHRIMP年龄为69.97±0.72Ma,这是目前为止林子宗群火山岩底部的最老年龄。结合前人资料,对冈底斯地区林子宗群火山岩的火山活动、地球化学及形成年代等进行了区域对比,结果显示整个冈底斯带林子宗群火山岩以喷溢相和爆发相为主,从早期到晚期爆发强度逐渐减弱,早期典中组以爆发相为主到晚期帕那组以喷溢相为主,且随着时间的演化火山活动强度表现为由强→弱,早期东段比中段和西段火山活动强,中期西段和中段比东段火山活动强,晚期均较弱,年波组火山活动强烈且频繁,持续时间长,从而形成了冈底斯中段林子宗群火山岩的独特性;岩石地球化学特征显示随着时间的演化具有从基性→中性→酸性岩浆演化的规律,全碱含量逐渐升高,岩石系列由钙碱性系列→高钾钙碱性系列→钾玄岩系列逐渐过渡;林子宗群火山岩具有陆缘弧火山岩的特征,是印度-亚洲大陆碰撞的产物,碰撞的起始时限在冈底斯带东、中、西段具有一定的差异,中段略早于东段和西段发生大陆碰撞。     

西藏冈底斯带西段狮泉河地区林子宗群火山岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

林子宗群火山岩广泛发育在冈底斯带的南部,长期以来被认为是印度与亚洲大陆碰撞过程中的火山响应,对冈底斯带南缘的地质演化具有重要意义。迄今对林子宗群火山岩的研究主要集中在冈底斯带的中东部,未见有冈底斯带西部地区林子宗群火山岩的研究报道。对冈底斯带西部狮泉河地区的林子宗群火山岩进行了年代学与元素地球化学研究。结果表明,研究区年波组主要包括玄武安山岩、安山岩与流纹岩,属钙碱性—高钾钙碱性系列;帕那组火山岩主要为流纹岩,属于高钾钙碱性和钾玄岩系列。岩石富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U等,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、Sr、Ba等,与冈底斯带中东部林子宗群火山岩一致,具有岛弧火山岩的特征。此外,帕那组流纹岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为53.9±0.5Ma,比冈底斯带中东部帕那组形成时代更早。结合前人的研究成果表明,印度与亚洲大陆的碰撞具有西早东晚的特点。     

藏南林周盆地林子宗火山岩的时代、成因及其地质意义：锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素证据

本文对林子宗火山岩命名地-林周盆地内典中组最底部的英安质火山角砾岩和年波组下段的流纹质熔结凝灰岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素分析,结果显示前者形成于62.5±1.1Ma,而后者形成于56.4±1.2Ma,表明林子宗火山活动的起始时间略晚于K/T界限年龄。岩浆锆石的ε_(Hf)(T)值分别为 9.0～ 0.5和 11.0～ 4.8,显示亏损地幔的特征,与同时期冈底斯岩体的岩浆锆石相似,应为同源产物,源自于地幔楔的部分熔融。此外,典中组样品含有石炭纪年龄的捕获锆石,它们的ε_(Hf)(T)值介于-0.6～-3.2之间,具有中元古代的Hf同位素模式年龄,与附近念青唐古拉岩带花冈岩的捕获锆石相若,暗示拉萨陆块老地壳的混染在岩浆演化中亦扮演了角色。结合区域地质,我们认为在藏南拉萨陆块上的林子宗火山岩是印度与欧亚大陆碰撞之前到碰撞初期新特提斯海洋板块向北俯冲、拆离作用的结果。     

西藏林周地区帕那组火山岩时代及构造背景

林子宗火山岩在冈底斯带上广泛发育,其中帕那组火山岩的形成时代、构造背景和成因都存在一定争议。对林周地区帕那组火山岩进行了年代学和岩石地球化学研究,结果表明,研究区火山岩以流纹岩和英安岩为主,w(SiO2)极高,表现由高钾钙碱性系列向钾玄岩系列过渡的特征。帕那组火山岩微量元素地球化学特征显示LREE、LILE富集,HFSE亏损,Eu负异常,与岛弧火山岩地球化学特征相似。此外,帕那组流纹岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(51.3±0.7)Ma,是目前为止冈底斯带中东段中的最老年龄。帕那组火山岩形成于后碰撞背景之下,其岩浆为地壳源区的部分熔融作用所形成。     

冈底斯中段林子宗火山岩~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar年龄及其意义

广泛分布在冈底斯岩浆岩带上的林子宗火山岩及与下伏地层间的区域不整合提供了印度-亚洲大陆碰撞的重要证据.本文对冈底斯中段谢通门地区林子宗火山岩年波组下段玄武安山岩中斜长石进行了40Ar-39Ar测年分析.结果表明,年波组火山岩形成于51.67±0.29 Ma,与林周地区年波组火山岩年龄基本一致,均为始新世.结合该区林子宗火山岩岩石学及岩石地球化学特征,指出谢通门地区林子宗火山岩形成于印度-亚洲大陆碰撞过程中.     

西藏南木林盆地林子宗群火山岩年代学和地球化学特征

为了更好地约束林子宗群火山岩的年龄格架、岩石成因及其演化历史,对拉萨地块中南部南木林盆地的林子宗群火山岩进行了详细的岩相学、锆石U-Pb年代学和全岩主微量元素地球化学研究.结果显示,南木林盆地林子宗群火山旋回时限依次为62.8～57.0 Ma、52.0～50.2 Ma、49.7 Ma.随着时间的演化,早期典中组以爆发相为主,年波组以喷发-沉积相为主,到晚期帕那组以喷溢相为主,且呈现出从中酸性向酸性演化,由钙碱性系列向高钾钙碱性系列再到钾玄岩系列逐渐过渡的趋势.其中,典中组英安质岩石为钙碱性系列,富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,具有明显的Nb、Ta、Ti负异常,显示典型的弧火山岩特征;年波组和帕那组流纹质岩石为钙碱性-高钾钙碱性系列岩石,且有钾玄岩出现,富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,除具有明显的Nb、Ta、Ti负异常外,还具有显著的Ba、Sr、P负异常,显示碰撞-碰撞后火山岩的特点.上述特征暗示典中组英安质岩石可能是新特提斯洋北向俯冲消减过程中岛弧区幔源岩浆底侵诱发上覆地壳部分熔融的产物,年波组和帕那组流纹质岩石则是印度-亚洲大陆碰撞初期阶段英安质岩石进一步分离结晶的产物.林子...     

西藏罗布真矿区林子宗群火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

罗布真铅锌多金属矿床位于冈底斯火山-岩浆活动带的中南部,矿区内广泛发育林子宗群火山岩,岩性为英安岩和流纹质晶屑凝灰岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,罗布真矿区内林子宗群英安岩的成岩年龄为(49.14±0.86) Ma,应属于帕那组火山岩地层,并非前人所认为的典中组。岩石具有高K、低Ti的特征,属于高钾钙碱系列;相对富集Rb、Th、U、K、Zr、Hf等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti、Sr等元素,且轻重稀土分馏明显,具有明显的负铕(δEu=0.50~0.65)异常。在印度-亚洲大陆汇聚的过程中,新特提斯洋向欧亚大陆俯冲,约50 Ma发生了大规模的火山、岩浆作用,同时岩浆-热液成矿作用也进入高峰期,林子宗群火山岩的形成时代与该时代一致,形成于陆陆碰撞形成的板内环境。罗布真矿区林子宗群火山岩年龄的厘定,揭示了冈底斯带林子宗群帕那组火山岩具有赋矿潜力,对认识该地区林子宗群火山岩与热液脉型铅锌多金属矿化的关系具有指导意义。     

拉萨北部林周盆地林子宗火山岩层序新议

林子宗火山岩是西藏冈底斯地区典型的新生代火山岩，可分为3个组：典中组、年波组和帕那组，主要由玄武安山岩、安山岩、英安岩、粗安岩、钾玄岩、流纹岩和相应的火山碎屑岩夹灰岩、河湖相沉积岩组成。经过林周盆地火山地质填图，发现林子宗火山岩层序较原定层序复杂得多，其中在典中组原定的安山质一英安质火山岩的底部新发现了一套流纹质火山岩，顶部发现河湖相沉积；年波组在原定上部安山质火山岩中新厘定出钾玄质火山岩，在顶部发现了红色泥岩；帕那组的底部还发现了球粒流纹岩和枕状流纹质熔结凝灰岩。据此重新论述了西藏林周盆地林子宗火山岩的地层层序及区域变化特征，进一步划分出8个段，属3个火山喷发旋回的产物。林子宗火山岩的形成时代，典中组为61．45～64．43Ma，年波组54．07Ma，帕那组43．93～48．72Ma。     

On the wind power potential in the northwest of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico

Wind power density, vertical velocity profiles, and other wind characteristics were established using a 51 m meteorological mast located very close to the shoreline on the northwest of the Yucatan peninsula in the Gulf of Mexico. A comparative study of the wind power density was carried out using information obtained between September 2010 and September 2011. The wind speed probability density function was found to be bimodal due to sea-land breezes, a characteristic that becomes less evident as the vertical distance to the ground increases. The distinction between these two wind regimes was used to fit the Weibull-Weibull curve using a linear least-squares criterion in the parameters. In addition, numerical simulations from a mesoscale model are in close agreement with measurements above z = 50 m (z is the vertical distance to the ground). This result suggests that some mesoscale simulations may serve as a preliminary wind energy assessment tool in coastal zones with extended low-lying areas.     

Recent advances in the study of the Mesoproterozoic geochronology in the North China Craton

The Mesoproterozoic successions in the North China Craton (NCC) and the Qinling–Qilian–Kunlun Orogens have been revised using the new and highly reliable age data. Many Proterozoic strata in the Qinling–Qilian–Kunlun Orogens, such as the Qinling, Jinshuikou and Beidahe groups that have been ascribed to be Paleoproterozoic are actually of Mesoproterozoic Era. The most significant advances are recent geochronological studies on the Mesoproterozoic stratigraphy and magmatic events in the NCC. The boundary age between the Dahongyu Formation and the overlying Gaoyuzhuang Formation is well constrained to be ∼1600 Ma, corresponding to the boundary age between Statherian and Calymmian. The boundary between the Tieling Formation and the overlying Xiamaling Formation is best positioned at ∼1400 Ma, which is coeval with the boundary between Calymmian and Ectasian, and is about 400 Myrs older than the conventional value of 1000 Ma originally defined by the All China Commission of Stratigraphy. Hence the Jixianian System, including the Gaoyuzhuang, Yangzhuang, Wumishan, Hongshuizhuang and Tieling formations in ascending order, is comparable with the Calymmian System in the International Stratigraphic Chart. The lower boundary of the Changchengian System, the first system of the Mesoproterozoic in China Regional Stratigraphic Chart, also needs revision from the conventional 1800 Ma to ∼1650 Ma well constrained by the zircon U–Pb ages 1673 ± 10 Ma (LA-MC-ICP-MS) and 1669 ± 20 Ma (SHRIMP) of a granite-porphyry dike that was overlain unconformably by the basal conglomerate of the Changzhougou Formation, the first formation of the Changchengian System. Therefore, the earliest Mesoproterozoic sequence in the NCC represented by the Changchengian and Jixianian Systems in the Yanliao Aulacogen is identical to that of the Vindhyan Supergroup in Central Indian and the Riphean Series in Russia. On the other hand, a series of 1.8–1.6 Ga anorogenic magmatic records were well-preserved around the NCC, which marked the initial rifting of the Columbia Supercontinent in the NCC. The magmatic events can thus be subdivided into three phases with peaks at ca 1.77 Ga, ca 1.70 Ga and ca 1.63 Ga, respectively. In addition to 1.8–1.6 Ga magmatic events, some minor volcanic eruptions at ca 1.56 Ga and 1.44 Ga, and wide-spread bi-modal magmatic intrusions at 1.35–1.32 Ga have been recognized in the northern NCC, marking the continued rifting of the Columbia Supercontinent since ∼1.8 Ga.     

Intervening in the environment of the everyday

This paper seeks to explore the radical democratic potential in urban artistic interventions. It does so through bringing Gramsci’s concept of nature together with his ‘cultural writings’ and broader debates around avant-garde artistic practice. Empirically, I focus on the work of City Mine(d), a Brussels-based interventionist collective, and Siraj Izhar, a London-based artist-activist. Within Gramsci’s writings, I argue, socio-natural relationships emerge through sensuous activity or work. Making a somewhat more ambitious claim, I suggest that Gramsci’s concept of nature rests on what geographers have come to understand as the production of nature. Whilst attention has only recently turned to this implicit political ecology, much greater attention has been focussed on Gramsci’s cultural insights. For Gramsci, cultural struggles are an integral part of the effort to shape a new reality. Whilst he emphasises the ‘bottom up’ nature of such struggles, the intervention of enlightened outsiders is often a necessary and frustrating complement. However, by turning attention to the manner in which hegemony relates to the production of nature, and through bringing this into dialogue with radical artistic practice, such implicit elitism might be challenged. City Mine(d) and Izhar, I argue, develop a non-vanguardist politics that sees the contestation of hegemony as a struggle integral to the day-to-day nature of cities.     

Paleomagnetism in the Neoarchean polyphase Panozero intrusion in the Fennoscandian Shield

Paleomagnetic research of the Neoarchean polyphase Panozero sanukitoid massif of the Fennoscandian Shield was performed. Paleomagnetic studies of three rock associations of the massif was used to obtain the paleomagnetic pole Φ = −10.2°C Λ = 226.1°C, dp = 4.9°, dm = 3.5° ϕm = − 36.1°. Positive tests of the contact zone between rocks of the sanukitoid massif and the country Mesoarchean metavolcanics, as well as overlying Jatulian amygdaloid basalts and diabases of the Segozero structural feature testify to the primary origin of the high-temperature component of rock magnetization obtained. The paleomagnetic pole obtained indicates that during the period from 2.74 to 2.73 Ga the Karelian Craton was located in tropical moderate latitudes of the South Hemisphere and it possibly moved to the tropical latitudes during the Neoarchean.     

Using environmental isotopes in the study of the recharge-discharge mechanisms of the Yarmouk catchment area in Jordan

The recharge sources, the flow mechanisms and discharge areas of the different groundwater bodies underlying the Yarmouk River catchment area in Jordan, have, until now, not been adequately explained, although a wide range of hydrological, hydrogeological, and hydrochemical studies have been done. Along the Jordanian part of the catchment area of the Yarmouk River, groundwater issues from different aquifers with a variety of chemistries and types within the same aquifer and in between the different aquifers. Conventional recharge/discharge mechanisms, water balances and chemical analyses did not adequately explain the chemical variations and the different water types found in the area. Applying environmental isotopic tools combined with their altitude effects due to topographic variations (250–1,300 m a.s.l. within a distance of 20 km), and taking into consideration re-evaporation effects on the isotopic depletion and enrichment of rainwater, has greatly helped in understanding the recharge discharge mechanisms of the different aquifers. Precipitation along the highlands of an average of 600 mm/year is found to be depleted in its isotopic content of O¹⁸ = –7.0 to –7.26 and D = –32.2 to –33.28, whereas that of the Jordan Valley of 350 mm/year is highly enriched in isotopes with O¹⁸ = –4.06 and D = –14.5. The groundwater recharged along the highlands is depleted in isotopes (O¹⁸ = ~ –6, D = ~ –30), groundwater at the intermediate elevations is enriched (O¹⁸ = ~ –5, D = ~ –23) and that of the Jordan Valley aquifers containing meteoric water is highly enriched (O¹⁸ ~ –3.8, D = ~ –18). The deep aquifers in the Jordan Valley foothills are depleted in isotopes (O¹⁸ –18 = –6, D = –30) and resemble those of the highland aquifers. Only through using isotopes as a tool, were the sources of the different groundwater bodies and recharge and discharge mechanisms unambiguously explained. It was found that recharge takes place all over the study area and produces groundwater, which, from the highlands towards the Jordan Valley, shows increasing enrichment in isotopes. The highlands aquifer, with its groundwater depleted in isotopes, becomes confined towards the Jordan Valley; and, due to its confining pressure, leaks water upwards into the overlying aquifers causing their water to become less enriched in isotopes. Water depleted in its isotopic composition also seeps upward to the ground surface at the mountain foothills through faults and fissures.

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Resumen Las fuentes de recarga, los mecanismos de flujo y las áreas de descarga de los diferentes cuerpos de agua subterránea que subyacen el área de la cuenca del Río Yarmouk en Jordania, se han explicado de manera no ambigua únicamente mediante la aplicación de los isótopos como herramienta. A lo largo de la parte Jordana del área de la cuenca del Río Yarmouk el agua subterránea emerge de diferentes acuíferos con una variedad de tipos y composiciones, ya sea que provengan del mismo acuífero o de diferentes acuíferos. Los mecanismos convencionales de recarga/descarga, balances hídricos y variaciones químicas no han podido explicar las variaciones químicas y los diferentes tipos de aguas. La aplicación de herramientas de isótopos ambientales combinadas con los efectos de altitud derivados de variaciones topográficas (250 hasta 1,300 m s.n.m. en una distancia de 20 km) y tomando en consideración los efectos de re-evaporación en el empobrecimiento de isótopos y enriquecimiento del agua de lluvia han ayudado fuertemente en el entendimiento de los mecanismos de recarga/descarga de los diferentes acuíferos. La precipitación en el área varía de 600 mm/año, a lo largo de las tierras altas, a 350 mm/año en el área del Valle Jordán. El flujo de agua subterránea ocurre de las tierras altas hacia el Valle Jordán. El agua subterránea de las tierras altas está empobrecida en isótopos (O¹⁸ =~ –6, D =~ –30), el agua subterránea de elevaciones intermedias está enriquecida (O¹⁸ =~ –5, D =~ –23), y el agua de los acuíferos del Valle Jordan contiene agua meteórica que se encuentra altamente enriquecida (O¹⁸ =~ –3.8, D =~ –18). Los acuíferos profundos que se localizan al pie de las tierras altas del Valle Jordán están empobrecidos en isótopos (O¹⁸ =~ –6, D =~ –30) y son similares a los acuíferos de las tierras altas. Solo al aplicar los isótopos ambientales como herramienta pudo explicarse de manera inequívoca las fuentes de los diferentes cuerpos de agua subterránea y los mecanismos de recarga y descarga.

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Résumé Les zones de recharge, les mécanismes découlement et les zones de décharges des différentes masses deau souterraine sous le bassin versant de la rivière Yarmouk en Jordanie, étaient expliquées de manière ambiguë par les seuls outils isotopiques. Le long de la parti Jordanienne du bassin versant de la rivière Yarmouk leau souterraine provient de différents aquifères et se distinguent par leur type et leur composition chimique, selon que leau provient du même ou des différents aquifères. Les mécanismes conventionnels de recharge et de décharge, bilan hydrologique ne donnaient pas dexplications satisfaisantes concernant les variations chimiques et les différents types deau. En appliquant les isotopes environnementaux combinés aux effets de laltitude sur les variations des teneurs isotopiques (laltitude varie de 250 à 1,300 m sur une distance de 20 km.) et en prenant en considération les effets de ré-évaporation sur lappauvrissement et lenrichissement isotopique des eaux pluviales ont fortement contribués à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de recharge des différents aquifères. Les précipitations annuelles sont comprises entre 600 mm dans les zones en altitude et 350 mm dans la vallée de la Jordanie. Les écoulements de leau souterraine sont dirigés des zones en altitude vers la vallée de la Jordanie. Les eaux souterraines des zones en altitude sont isotopiquement appauvries (O¹⁸ = ~ –6, D = ~ –30), les eaux souterraines des zones de moyenne altitude sont enrichies (O¹⁸ = ~ –5, D = ~ –23) et les eaux de la vallée très enrichies (O¹⁸ ~ –3.8, D = ~ –18). Les aquifers profonds dans la vallée de la Jordanie sont appauvris (O¹⁸ –18 = –6, D = –30) et se confondent avec les eaux des zones situées en altitude. En appliquant uniquement les isotopes environnementaux comme des outils de compréhension des phénomènes hydrogéologiques, la source des différentes masses deau souterraines, les mécanismes de la recharge et de la décharge pourraient être expliqués de manière ambiguë.

     

Dissolved fluoride in the Lower Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna River system in the Bengal Basin, Bangladesh

The dissolved fluoride (F⁻) in the Lower Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) river system, Bengal basin, Bangladesh, was studied during 1991–1993 to determine its distribution and source in the basin, and its annual flux to the Bay of Bengal. The concentration of dissolved F⁻ varied between 2 and 11 μmol l⁻¹ with statistically significant variations both spatially and temporally in the basin. Such variations are attributable to the geology of the individual subbasins (Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna), dilution by rainwater during monsoon and groundwater contribution to the river systems during dry season. Correlation coefficients among F⁻ and major cations and anions suggest diverse inorganic processes responsible for regulating the concentration of F⁻ in these river systems. However, fluorite seems to be one of the major sources of dissolved F⁻. The concentration of F⁻ in the Lower GBM river system is low compared to the rivers draining Deccan Plateau and arid regions of the subcontinent, for example, Yamuna and its tributaries. However, it is within the range of most of the other Peninsular and Himalayan rivers. The GBM system contributes about 115×10³ tonnes year⁻¹ of dissolved F⁻ into the Bay of Bengal, and thus accounts for about 3% of the global F⁻ flux to the oceans annually. Received: 19 May 1999 · Accepted: 11 October 1999     

东濮凹陷沙三段正常三角洲沉积中遗迹化石及意义

通过对钻井岩心的观察和遗迹化石的鉴定,在东濮凹陷古近纪沙河街组沙三段发现遗迹化石10属15种,包括:Skolithos vertivalis,Skolithos linearis,Skolithos isp.,Palaeophycus tubularis,Palaeophycus isp.,Planolites montanus,Planolites beverlegensis,Planolites isp.,Mermoides isp.,Taenidium isp.,Teichichnus isp.,Helminthoidichnites tenuis,Helminthopsis isp.,Beaconites isp.和Thalassinoides isp.。根据岩性特征、沉积构造和遗迹化石的组成、分布特征,研究区沙三段主要发育正常三角洲前缘亚相、前三角洲亚相,并划分了反映不同沉积环境和水体深度的2种遗迹组合,分别为Palaeophycus-Planolites遗迹组合和Planolites-Helminthoidichnites遗迹组合。     

On the source of the iron in the Lahn ore deposits

A brief summary on the geology and the iron ore deposits of the Devonian Lahn Geosyncline (West Germany) is followed by the examination of the iron variation in the eruptive rocks in this area and in analogous magmatic associations elsewhere. A major strong point is the sporadic appearance of xenolithic inclusions of hematite in some keratophyres of the Lahn area. As a result, analytical, mineralogical and textural evidence is against dependence of the iron in the ore deposits on the contemporaneous femic rocks, whereas, in the keratophyre, another source of that iron is indicated. Thus two periods of magmatic events are derived. Special attention is called to the effects and conditions in the earlier period, and it may be suggested that three magmatic units corresponding to keratophyre, weilburgite and iron ore, owe their origin to the specific hydromagmatic conditions of a spilitic differentiation process in that early period.

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Zusammenfassung Im Anschluß an einen kurzen Überblick über die geologischen Verhältnisse und über die Eisenerzlagerstätten im Devon der Lahnmulde wird die Variation des Eisens in den Eruptivgesteinen an der Lahn und in anderen petrographisch vergleichbaren Gebieten untersucht. Besonders aufschlußreich ist in einer Anzahl der Lahn-Keratophyre das sporadische Auftreten xenolitischer Hämatit-Akkumulate. Chemische, mineralogische und strukturelle Merkmale sprechen gegen die Herleitung des Eisens in den Lagerkomplexen aus den gleichaltrigen femischen Eruptivgesteinen, wohingegen sich in den Fremdeinschlüssen von Hämatit im Keratophyr eine andere Quelle für dieses Eisen anzeigt. Im magmatischen Geschehen zeichnen sich zwei Perioden deutlich voneinander ab. Vornehmlich berücksichtigt sind die der Frühperiode zugehörigen Hinweise und Vorgänge, und vermutlich lassen sich Keratophyr, Weilburgit und Eisenerz als drei magmatische Einheiten auf die spezifischen hydromagmatischen Bedingungen spilitischer Differentiation zurückführen.

     

Chlorine in the stratosphere

This paper reviews the various aspects of chlorine compounds in the stratosphere, both their roles as reactants and as tracers of dynamical processes. In the stratosphere, reactive chlorine is released from chlorofluorocarbons and other chlorine-containing organic source gases. To a large extent reactive chlorine is then sequestered in reservoir species ClONO₂ and HCl. Re-activation of chlorine happens predominantly in polar winter vortices by heterogeneous reaction in combination with sunlight. Catalytic cycles involving Cl, ClO, BrO, Cl₂O₂, ClO₂, and others like NO, NO₂, OH, and HO₂ remove odd oxygen (ozone and atomic oxygen) from the atmosphere. Under an ozone hole condition, the ClO dimer cycle is particularly important, while in mid-latitudes the short-lived reservoir HOC1 has some importance. Solar proton events can also affect stratospheric chlorine chemistry, but whether solar protons effectively activate or deactivate chlorine was shown to depend on illumination conditions. The lifetime of chlorofluorocarbons has an impact on the availability of ozone destructing substances in the stratosphere and depends on the Brewer-Dobson circulation which controls at which altitudes and how long an air parcel is exposed to photochemistry. In turn, the chlorine-containing source gases can be used as tracers to constrain the age of stratospheric air and thus to diagnose the Brewer-Dobson circulation. The use of complementary measurement systems was essential to extend our knowledge on chlorine-containing compounds in the stratosphere. ClO is best measured by remote sensing in its rotational bands in the far infrared and microwave region. For HOC1 the far infrared bands are ideal, but some substantial information was also gained with microwave and mid-infrared measurements. ClONO₂ is only measured in the thermal infrared, while HCl has a measurable signal in the microwave, far infrared and mid-infrared regions. The mid-infrared HCl lines, however, are situated at wavelengths where blackbody emission at terrestrial temperatures is so low that infrared measurements of HCl are possible only in solar absorption geometry, but not in thermal emission. Chlorine source gases are most accurately measured by air sampling techniques, while global coverage can only be achieved by satellite-borne thermal infrared measurements. In epistemological terms, research on stratospheric chemistry and particularly the role of chlorine compounds used various scientific concepts from deductive reasoning, falsificationism, abductive reasoning and so-called “puzzle-solving within normal science”. The structuralist theory of science with the concept of non-statement view of theories, however, seems to be best applicable to stratospheric chlorine research of the recent decades.