南海铁锰结核(壳)的元素地球化学研究

本文利用南海11个铁锰结核(壳)样品的化学分析资料,研究了铁锰结核(壳)中Fe,Mn,Cu,Co,Ni,Pb,Zn,Cr,K,Na,Ca,Mg,Si,P,Al,Ti,Sr,Ba及∑REE的元素地球化学特征。结果表明:(1)铁锰结核(壳)以高Fe,∑REE,低Mn,Cu,Co,Ni等元素为主要特征;(2)铁锰结核(壳)中Fe,Mn间无明显相关,而Fe与∑REE,∑Ce,∑Y呈弱的正相关,Mn与∑REE,∑Ce,∑Y呈明显的正相关,结壳中Fe,Mn与Si,Al,Cu Co Ni呈负相关;(3)结核(壳)中Mn/Fe与Cu/Ni,Ce/La呈负相关,Mn/Fe主要受Mn控制;(4)结核(壳)中Fe,∑REE等元素主要来自南海陆源中酸性岩类的风化、淋滤和沉积。     

生态海堤的发展历程与展望

海堤在防范海洋灾害,保障生命财产安全的同时,也造成了滨海湿地丧失或破碎化,生物多样性降低,消纳潮功能减弱,水质净化能力减弱等问题。生态海堤是满足海洋灾害防护要求、模拟滨海生态系统结构和生态过程,具有生态功能和美学价值的复合生态系统,具备抵御风暴潮涨水、抵御海浪侵蚀、防止水土流失、维护生物多样性和改善水质等功能,主要包括离岸防护、海向浅滩、海堤堤身三个系统。演替理论、边缘效应理论、中度干扰假说、生态位理论等生态学基础理论为生态海堤建设提供了理论依据。生态海堤建设应遵循防护优先、注重生态、因地制宜、自我维持的原则,通过减缓坡度、恢复植被或生境、增加微生境和提高表面粗糙程度等手段实现。生态海堤的关键技术主要包括设计技术、材料技术、系统集成技术和全过程管理技术。针对生态海堤建设存在的问题,下一步应加强基础研究和关键技术研发,开展生态海堤建设区划,建立标准体系,构建修复物种种质资源库,创新产业化发展模式。     

长江与黄河沉积物元素组成及地质背景

长江与黄河表层沉积物常量及微量元素组成特征明显不同。长江相对富Ｋ、Ｆｅ、Ａｌ等常量元素及绝大多数微量元素,且元素含量变化大;而黄河相对富Ｃａ、Ｎａ、Ｓｒ、Ｂａ、Ｔｈ、Ｚｒ、Ｈｆ等少数元素,元素含量变化较小;长江流域广泛分布的中酸性岩浆岩及复杂的源岩与强烈的化学风化作用决定了长江沉积物的特征元素组成及元素含量变化大的特点;而黄土高原的黄土化学成分与强烈的物理风化作用决定了黄河沉积物的特征元素组成。Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｓｃ、Ｔｉ、Ｆｅ、Ｖ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｏ、Ｂｅ、Ｌｉ等元素可较好地用来区分长江与黄河沉积物,以探索长江与黄河的入海物质在海域中的混合及扩散问题     

Human empowerment: Opportunities from ocean governance

Stimulus to reach the millennium goals of poverty abatement and empowerment, including education and employment, for the large part of the population in the coastal zone can be found in the resources and services of oceans and coasts; the required financial means, given political will and right priorities, can be provided through implementation of the related international conventions, in particular UNCLOS with the EEZ, the Common Heritage of Mankind and other provisions, Agenda 21 [1] of UNCED and the WSSD 2002 Ocean Targets; the motivation is the necessity to address over-exploitation, depletion and destruction of resources, habitats and coastal ecosystem services, global changes, as well as economic transformations and social conditions of poverty, employment and unequity. Achieving adequate management and protection of natural assets as ecosystems and their services, habitats, biodiversity requires that the socio-economic and human security needs of the coastal populations are met. One way to reach the goal is to enable them, representing about 50% of the global population and increasing, to fight poverty and cope with uncertainties and changing conditions of employment, environment and sustainability through proper governance of the coastal and ocean assets. This includes provision of education and knowledge as regards these assets and their proper uses. They include energy, water, food, transportation and trade, communication, coastal developments, tourism, recreation and ecosystem services, as well as the need to properly manage them.The present economic system cannot fully harmonize with the required governance, partly since the ecosystem resources and services are not internalised in the market-oriented system. This calls for a revised education and training system, more comprehensive than the present, taking into account the social, cultural and environmental requirements, and stressing the sustainable development paradigm. In order to achieve ocean governance and comprehensive human security an understanding of the system is needed. This is substantiated through the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development as well as the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.The aim here is to discuss some of the issues in context of implementation of related ocean conventions and commitments, which include achieving ocean governance, and to elucidate opportunities given by oceans and coasts, also in generating employment and providing for basic human needs.     

海水养殖池沉积物中重金属形态和生物酶活性的关系研究

以连云港市对虾养殖池表层沉积物为研究对象,采用Tessier连续萃取法,研究了表层沉积物中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Mn)的赋存形态和酶(脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、转化酶)活性的相关性。结果表明,重金属Cu和Zn以有机-硫化物结合态为主要的赋存形态,Pb以铁锰氧化物态为主要的赋存形态,Cd以可交换态(平均33.47%)和碳酸盐结合态(平均31.16%)为主要存在形态,Cr和As主要以残渣态存在,Mn的铁锰氧化物态比例最高。脲酶的活性范围为0.45—8.96mg/(g·24h),碱性磷酸酶活性范围为2.45—6.69mg/(g·24h),过氧化氢酶活性范围为0.14—2.36m L/(g·min),转化酶活性范围为0.45—10.45mg/(g·24h)。脲酶活性与Cd、As的可交换态、Cd的碳酸盐结合态、Cu、As的铁锰氧化物态、Zn、Pb、Cd、Mn的有机硫化物态之间显著相关;碱性磷酸酶活性与Zn、Cd的铁锰氧化物态显著相关;过氧化氢酶活性与Cd的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态及残渣态、Cu、Cd、As的铁锰氧化物态、Zn、Pb、Cd、Mn的有机硫结合态之间显著相关;转化酶活性与Cu、Cd、As的可交换态、Cd的碳酸盐结合态、Cu、Cd、As的铁锰氧化物态、Zn、Pb、Cd、Mn的有机硫化物态、Cd、As的残渣态之间显著相关。酶活性可以用来指示海水养殖池沉积物中重金属的形态转化过程。     

天津厚蟹对盐度和温度的耐受性

研究了天津厚蟹Helice tientsinensis对盐度和温度的耐受性。天津厚蟹对盐度的耐受能力极强,在温度9~34℃盐度为0的淡水介质中均能存活96h以上;在10℃、20℃及30℃的高渗介质中暴露96h后,天津厚蟹全部存活的盐度分别是65、56和50,全部死亡的盐度分别为83、74和68。天津厚蟹对低温的耐受力较强,在0、30和50盐度水平下,耐受低温的能力差别较大,能耐受96h的最低温度分别是9℃、2℃和6℃。天津厚蟹对高温也有较强的耐受能力,在0、30和50盐度水平下,分别在34℃、36℃和35℃下能耐受96h;盐度50温度38℃时,在开始的24h内无死亡,但48h后死亡率急剧上升,同样规律也出现在30和0溶液中,前者温度是39℃,后者为35℃。研究结果还表明盐度和温度的交互效应显著,二者的交互作用对天津厚蟹的存活亦有显著性影响(P0.05),温度升高(从10℃到20℃再到30℃)致使其耐盐能力显著下降,而盐度的剧烈变化(从30到50或从30到0)也致使其耐温能力显著下降。     

长江口及邻近海域夏季表层沉积物中重金属等的分布、来源与沉积物环境质量

通过现场调查研究报道了长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属、有机碳、石油类、硫化物以及氮磷的分布、来源以及沉积物环境质量.结果显示,长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属、有机碳、石油类、硫化物以及氮磷的分布很不均匀,除硫化物外,重金属、有机碳、石油类以及氮磷基本呈现长江口和杭州湾东北近岸的上海外海出现高值,其他区域浓度较低...     

南海珊瑚礁周围过渡性水域主要鱼类食性与食物的关系

对路氏双髻鲨Sphyrna lewini、侧条真鲨Carcharhinus limbatus、大眼六鳃鲨Hexanchus vituius、灰六鳃鲨Hex-anchus griseus、及达尖犁头Rhynchobatus djiddensis、灰三齿鲨Triaenodon obesus、裸狐鲣Gymnosarda unicolor、扁舵鲣Auxis thazard、黄斑胡椒鲷Plectorhynchus flavomaculatus、密点胡椒鲷Plectorhynchus gaterinus、尖嘴Dasyatis zugei、星点Caranx stellatus、黑Caranx lugubrisr等13种南海主要珊瑚礁周围过渡性水域鱼类进行食性分析,根据其胃含物中饵料生物的重量组成和出现频率,分为4种食性类型。同时还分析了13种鱼的食物关系和营养级,为该海域渔场生态系食物网的研究提供基础资料。     

河口海岸潮滩蟹类生物扰动行为过程研究进展

河口海岸潮滩是具有较高生物生产力和生物多样性的生态系统。蟹类作为一种典型的生态系统工程师,分布广泛、种类繁多,可影响整个潮滩生态系统的物质与能量循环。蟹类的分布与盐度、淹水时长、湿度、温度、底质等非生物因子有关,也与植被、捕食作用、种内种间竞争等生物因子和人类活动有关。蟹类挖掘洞穴,形成了优先排水通道,增加了土壤蒸发速率,改变了孔隙水循环以及土壤的物理化学性质,进而可影响潮滩泥沙稳定性以及微地貌形态,甚至会影响中长期潮滩地貌演变。目前,蟹类对于沉积物稳定性、泥沙输运规律、微地貌演变的影响依然有待深入研究,有必要开展中长期现场观测和试验、多因子驱动下系统演变数值模拟以及综合分析,推动相关研究从定性向定量层面迈进。     

长江口及其临近海域大型底栖动物功能群演替初探

本研究利用2006年、2009年、2011年和2013年所获得的长江口及临近海域大型底栖动物样品进行功能群分类,并与相应环境因子进行相关性分析。历年调查获得大型底栖动物分别为256种、251种、261种和343种,分为五类功能群,包括浮游生物食者(planktophagous group, Pl)、植食者(phytophagous group, Ph)、肉食者(carnivorous group, C)、杂食者(omnivorous group, O)、碎屑食者(detritivorous group, D)。研究发现在调查区域中平均生物量和平均密度均有上升,底栖动物整体趋于小型化,其中肉食者功能群占主导地位,浮游生物食者功能群增长较快,植食者功能群数量较少。环境因子中,溶解氧、硝酸盐、pH和温度对功能群生物密度的影响较大。本研究通过分析功能群演替及其与环境因素的关系为日后大型底栖动物功能群演化的研究提供基础资料,为生态修复提供基本数据支持。     

The Gulf of California: Review of ecosystem status and sustainability challenges

The Gulf of California is unique because of its geographical location and conformation. It hosts diverse ecosystems and important fisheries that support industry and provide livelihood to coastal settlements. It is also the site of interests and problems, and an intense interaction among managers, producers, and conservationists. In this report, we scrutinize the abiotic (hydrography, climate, ocean circulation, and chemistry) and biotic (phyto- and zooplankton, fish, invertebrates, marine mammals, birds, and turtles) components of the marine ecosystem, and some particular aspects of climate variability, endemisms, harmful algal blooms, oxygen minimum layer, and pollution. We also review the current conditions and conflicts around the main fisheries (shrimp, small and large pelagic fishes, squid, artisanal and sportfishing), the most important human activity in the Gulf of California. We cover some aspects of management and conservation of fisheries, especially the claimed overexploitation of fish resources and the ecosystems, and review proposals for creating networks of marine protected areas. We conclude by identifying main needs for information and research, particularly the integration of data bases, the implementation of models and paleoreconstructions, establishment of monitoring programs, and the evaluation of fishing impacts and management actions.     

广东沿海新发现的海草床

通过对广东沿海水域的现场调查, 新发现8个海草床, 主要分布在柘林湾、汕尾白沙湖、惠东考洲洋、大亚湾、珠海唐家湾、上川岛、下川岛和雷州企水湾。海草种类主要包括喜盐草(Halophila ovalis)、贝克喜盐草(Halophila beccarii)和矮大叶藻(Zostera japonica)等3种。海草覆盖率为6.67%—53.33%, 茎枝密度为3 428.57— 10 542.00shoots.m-2, 生物量为12.86—118.24g.m-2。海草床底上生物密度为16.67—734.67ind.m-2, 生物量为15.39—426.88g.m-2, 多样性指数为0.46—1.98, 均匀度指数为0.28—0.89。海草床生境受到的严重威胁主要来自围海养殖(养蚝、养螺)、污水排放、渔民作业方式(电鱼、电虾、扒螺、挖贝类)、自然灾害(台风和洪水)等。     

游艇旅游研究进展及其启示

作为现代海洋旅游的重要组成部分,游艇旅游正随着人们收入水平的不断增长而得到蓬勃发展,引起了旅游管理者和学术界的高度关注。本文通过对国内外游艇旅游文献资料的全面检索和分析,发现国外学者对游艇旅游的研究时间较早,研究内容更加广泛和深入,主要包括游艇旅游基础概念探讨,游艇旅游需求与供给研究,游艇旅游对经济、社会文化和环境影响的研究,以及游艇旅游政府管理和协同治理研究等5个方面。而在研究方法上,国外主要采用多学科研究方法,注重实地调研和数据库的建立,通过模型构建与数理统计支撑定性描述。我国未来应不断拓展研究领域,完善游艇旅游理论和实践治理体系,借鉴国际经验探索游艇旅游本土化发展范式,并加强定量研究方法使用,以期为中国游艇旅游发展实践提供参考。     

海洋功能区划控制体系研究

合理利用海域、改善海洋环境质量和降低海洋开发利用活动负外部性,都需要通过加强海洋开发利用活动的控制来实现,而海洋功能区划是控制和管理开发利用活动的重要手段和工具。从文本控制、图则控制、指标控制、海域使用全过程控制四个方面构建了海洋功能区划控制体系,其中文本控制由目标、原则和文本条款组成;图则控制由图则边界、用海类型和管理要求组成;指标控制由规模控制、结构控制、利用方式控制、海域使用强度和效率控制、环境控制指标构成;海域使用全过程控制由建设期、运行期和结束后构成。通过构建海洋功能区划控制体系,有助于区划目标     

Review of progress with integrated coastal management in South Africa since the advent of democracy

Worldwide, coastal environments are recognised as complex systems of immense biophysical, socioeconomic and cultural value. In South Africa, the promulgation of the Coastal White Paper in 2000, and the Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) Act of 2008, signalled a significant paradigm shift in coastal management and governance. This article reports on progress with ICM in South Africa from 1994 to the present time, and draws on information gathered from a comprehensive review of the published ICM literature, as well as various technical reports, an online survey, and information gleaned from participation in various meetings and workshops. Here, we review the enabling legal and institutional framework for ICM in South Africa, examine the various programmes, plans, strategies and guidelines developed to support implementation of the ICM Act, discuss institutional developments, and reflect on preconditions for effective and sustained ICM implementation. Despite significant progress, key challenges to implementing this progressive ICM agenda include lack of political support, inadequate institutional capacity, lack of human and financial resources, uncertainty regarding ICM functions across different spheres of government, conflicting policy frameworks, lack of clarity regarding the application of ICM provisions on private and communal land, limited civil-society involvement in decision-making, and persistence of state-centric approaches. Issues requiring urgent action are the establishment of a National Coastal Committee with broad representation, revitalisation of public interest in the coast, declaration of coastal public property and coastal access land, improved cooperation across relevant government agencies, allocation of funds for ICM, and greater commitment to a more deliberative and collaborative style of governance.     

山东滨海旅游项目开发的研究

山东半岛拥有长达３１２１ｋｍ漫长的海岸线,海洋旅游资源十分丰富,这里气候冬少严寒,夏无酷暑,海岸风光优美,优质沙滩众多,有闻名遐尔的沿海名山和绮丽海 我国亚热带、温带海岸中,开发利用的前景比较乐观。山东滨海旅游业应以旅游项目的开发来带动发展,在旅游项目开发上,必须避免当前旅游业发展中出现的低水平盲目重复建设和低质 效、粗放式经营的问题,以重点项目带动整体发展,突出海洋优质,大力开发海陆观光、海滨度     

我国沿海地区重特大海洋动力灾害应对策略研究

我国沿海地区是极端天气和气候事件易发频发区,也是重要的人口和经济聚集地。在全球气候变化背景下,风暴潮、海浪、海冰和海啸等海洋动力灾害的形成机理、发生规律、时空特征、损失程度呈现出新的特点,重特大海洋动力灾害对我国沿海地区造成的威胁不容忽视。文章阐述海洋动力灾害时空分布特征,在分析我国沿海地区应对海洋动力灾害现状基础上,提出我国沿海地区应对重特大海洋动力灾害的对策与建议:建议开展重特大海洋动力灾害防御相关立法研究,制订国家层面应对重特大海洋动力灾害专项应急预案,建立健全重特大海洋动力灾害保险风险补偿机制以及提升重特大海洋动力灾害科技支撑能力。     

用地球化学方法勘查中国南海的天然气水合物

天然气水合物是一种未来新型能源,赋存于低温高压环境下的海洋沉积物中,但也可形成于大陆永久冻土带中。天然气水合物资源量巨大,具有经济和环境上的研究意义。近年来,国际上己对天然气水合物的产况、分布和形成机理开展了大量研究,但国内这方面的工作还刚刚开展。对中国南海的调查表明该区存在天然气水合物赋存的有利地质条件、温压条件和富含有机质的沉积条件。在南海的许多海区还发现了指示天然气水合物存在的地震标志(BSR)。介绍了在南海天然气水合物勘查中的地球化学异常标志。这些地球化学异常的产生可能与天然气水合物的形成或分解过程有关。研究内容包括沉积物中气体含量(主要为甲烷和乙烷),甲烷的碳同位素,孔隙水中阴离子(Cl^-、SO4^2-等)、阳离子(Ca^2 、Mg^2 、Ba^2 、Sr^2 ,B^3 和NH4^ 等)浓度和δ^18,δD,δ^11B,及^87Sr／^86Sr等同位素组成,此外还对海底沉积物的热释光特征和紫外、可见、近红外反射光谱特征开展了探索性研究。通过进一步加强理论和实验研究,结合地球物理和地球化学资料,在不远的将来将会在南海发现和圈定天然气水合物矿藏。     

Limits and barriers to adaptation to climate variability and change in Bangladeshi coastal fishing communities

Limits and barriers to adaptation restrict people’s ability to address the negative impacts of climate change or manage risks in a way that maximises their wellbeing. There is a lack of evidence of this on small-scale fishing communities in developing countries. This study identifies and characterises limits and barriers to adaptation of fishing activities to cyclones and examines interactions between them in two fishing communities in Bangladesh, using household questionnaires, oral history interviews, vulnerability matrices and focus group discussions. The limits include physical characteristics of climate and sea like higher frequency and duration of cyclones, and hidden sandbars. Barriers include technologically poor boats, inaccurate weather forecast, poor radio signal, lack of access to credit, low incomes, underestimation of cyclone occurrence, coercion of fishermen by the boat owners and captains, lack of education, skills and livelihood alternatives, unfavourable credit schemes, lack of enforcement of fishing regulations and maritime laws, and lack of access to fish markets. These local and wider scale factors interact in complex ways and constrain completion of fishing trips, coping with cyclones at sea, safe return of boats from sea, timely responses to cyclones and livelihood diversification. The findings indicate a need for further detailed research into the determinants and implications of such limits and barriers, in order to move towards an improved characterisation of adaptation and to identify most suitable means to overcome the limits and barriers.     

1988—2009年中国海波候、风候统计分析

利用高精度、高时空分辨率、长时间序列的CCMP(Cross-Calibrated,Multi-Platform)风场,驱动国际先进的第三代海浪模式WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ(WW3),得到中国海1988年1月～2009年12月的海浪场。对中国海的波候(风候)进行精细化的统计分析,分析了海表风场和浪场的季节特征、极值风速与极值波高、风力等级频率和浪级频率、海表风速和波高的逐年变化趋势,结果显示:(1)中国海的海浪场与海表风场具有较好的一致性,尤其是在DJF(December,January,February)期间;海表风速和波高在MAM(March,April,May)期间为全年最低,在DJF期间达到全年最大;MAM和JJA(June,July,August)期间,中国海大部分海域的波周期在3～5.5s,SON(September,October,November)和DJF期间为4.5～6.5s。(2)中国海极值风速、极值波高的大值区分布于渤海中部海域、琉球群岛附近海域和台湾以东广阔洋面、台湾海峡、东沙群岛附近海域、北部湾海域、中沙群岛南部海域。(3)吕宋海峡在MAM、SON、DJF期间均为6级以上大风和4m以上大浪的相对高频海域,JJA期间,6级以上大风的高频海域位于中国南半岛东南部海域,4m以上大浪主要出现在10°N以北。(4)在近22a期间,中国海大部分海域的海表风速、有效波高呈显著性逐年线性递增趋势,风速递增趋势约0.06～0.15m.s-1.a-1,波高递增趋势约0.005～0.03m.a-1。