129Xeq+激发Mo表面产生的X射线谱

研究了高电荷态离子¹²⁹Xe^q+(q=25,26,27)入射金属Mo表面产生的特征X射线谱.实验结果表明,在束流强度小于120 nA条件下, 高电荷态离子¹²⁹Xe^q+可以激发Mo的L壳层特征X射线谱.单离子X射线相对产额可达10^-8量级,特征X射线的相对产额随入射离子的动能和电荷态(势能)的增加而增加.通过Mo原子的Lα相似文献   

强场和弱场侧超声分子束注入对加料的影响

报道了HL-2A装置最新的实验结果,讨论并研究了超声分子束的注入位置对分子束在等离子体中的消融和穿透的影响,其中包括电离后的分子束粒子在磁场梯度作用和 E × B 漂移下的加速或减速及由此形成的冷通道效应.研究结果表明,磁场梯度和 E × B 漂移对于超声分子束的加料效果、消融和穿透有着重要的作用.强场侧注入可使电离后的电子和离子更深地进入等离子体芯部.这些研究对于更好地理解超声分子束与等离子体的相互作用和优化设计加料系统有一定作用.     

海水中微量元素的活性炭吸附预浓集和中子活化分析

应用高分辨率的Ge(Li)γ谱仪,可以对天然水中的多种微量元素进行不破坏样品的中子活化分析,但要得到高的灵敏度,必须在活化前将水中待测元素预先浓集。冷冻干燥预浓集方法成功地用于各种天然淡水,而海水在冷冻干燥后会得到大量的混合盐(主要是NaCl),经过中子活化将产生很强的~(24)Na放射性,干扰其它元素的测定。因此,对于海水多数采用离子交換树脂吸附,溶剂萃取和活性炭吸附等预浓集方法。活性炭的优点是,对水中多种微量元素吸附能力很强,对Na,Cl和     

盐场海芽孢杆菌与大洋铁锰结核相互作用

本文研究了盐场海芽孢杆菌(Marinibacilluscampisalis)与大洋铁锰结核的相互作用过程,以及海洋微生物在铁锰结核形成中的作用。实验选取从深海沉积物中分离培养的盐场海芽孢杆菌(Marinibacillus campisalis)和大洋铁锰结核样品进行相互作用实验,设置有菌组和无菌组,培养过程中间隔取样分析。运用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)分析测定大洋铁锰结核元素组成,通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定反应过程中Fe、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu等离子浓度的变化,通过透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)观察并分析微生物表面情况,利用X射线衍射(XRD)分析手段测定铁锰结核矿物组成的变化。实验进行1天内细菌处于对数生长期,有菌组的Fe、Mn等离子浓度增加; 2—7天内细菌处于稳定期, Fe、Mn等离子浓度有一定程度降低,但总体浓度均大于无菌组的离子浓度,金属离子被吸附在菌体表面,新形成了简单的含Fe化合物和矿物;实验结束后,XRD分析结果显示样品的矿物含量,如菱铁矿、赤铁矿和针铁矿等有轻微程度的增加。研究表明盐场海芽孢杆菌(Marinibacilluscampisalis)能够促进释放铁锰结核中的Fe、Mn等元素,同时对释放出的金属离子又有富集作用,并能够诱导新矿物的形成。本研究为深入了解铁锰结核的生物成因提供了新的依据。     

磁场梯度对Hall推力器放电特性影响的实验研究

为进一步探索Hall推力器通道内磁场优化设计理论,通过实验分析了强场区磁场梯度对推进剂的电离与加速等放电过程的影响. 研究发现,在本实验设计的磁场梯度范围内,磁场梯度大小对推进剂的电离过程影响较小,但是对离子流的加速特性会产生较为明显的影响.随着磁场梯度的增加,离子束的能量分布会趋于集中,推力器效率提高. 最后,对磁场轴向梯度进一步变大可能会引起的一系列物理问题如有限Larmor半径效应、电子传导机理转变规律和梯度漂移效应等进行了分析和思考.     

不同气氛下多孔硅中电子偶素湮没行为研究

使用正电子湮没谱学方法,在不同气氛下对电化学腐蚀法制备的多孔硅中电子偶素的湮没行为进行了系统的研究.正电子湮没寿命谱测试结果表明,样品中存在长达40 ns的电子偶素湮没成分,并且进入多孔硅膜层的正电子约有80%形成电子偶素,具有非常高的电子偶素产额;在氧气气氛下,由于气体导致o-Ps发生自旋转化猝灭是使多孔硅样品中电子偶素寿命缩短的主要原因.结合正电子寿命-动量关联谱测量结果,分析了不同气氛下多孔硅样品中电子偶素湮没寿命及动量变化关系,讨论了多孔硅中电子偶素的湮没机理以及气氛对孔径计算理论模型的影响.     

重金属锌对海洋微藻藻源氨基酸产出的影响

锌是海洋微藻生长必需的金属元素,低浓度时可促进微藻的生长,而在高浓度时则表现为抑制其生长。受人类活动的影响,海洋中锌有富集增加的趋势,从而会对海洋微藻的生长产生影响。本论文探究了锌离子以及纳米氧化锌对硅藻中肋骨条藻(Skeletonemacostatum)和新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium)生长的影响,特别是对藻源氨基酸产生的影响,结果发现:纳米金属颗粒会通过释放离子的形式抑制海洋浮游植物的生长,中肋骨条藻比新月菱形藻对锌的响应更敏感。锌离子和纳米氧化锌可通过抑制浮游植物的生长来减少氨基酸的释放量和改变藻源氨基酸的种类,从而可能会对海洋氮循环过程产生影响。     

中子嬗变掺杂前后Ge纳米晶的结构和性质

采用第一性原理计算模拟Ge纳米晶在中子嬗变掺杂(NTD)后受空位、O和As杂质的影响.结果表明,退火方法引入的O并不能消除纳米晶中的辐照致空位缺陷的影响,而NTD 产生的As掺杂能补偿这些空位缺陷并消除禁带中产生的杂质能级,从而改善半导体掺杂性能.计算还发现,由于较高的电负性,纳米晶中O对Ge原子较强的吸附作用阻止了空位的形成,导致与缺陷相关的非辐射发光中心的浓度减小,发光效率提高,因此中子辐照掺杂前的高温退火处理是非常有必要的.计算较好地解释了已报道的实验结果.     

渤海中~(60)Co的测定

海水中~(60)Co,是由于核爆炸或反应堆运转时,中子与外界环境和装置的元素相互作用所产生的。在海洋生物及底质中,钴的量值通常比在海水中高几个数量级。钴离子在低级生物的生命活动过程中,是一种很活泼的生原要素。它能有效地被浮游细菌吸收而合成维生素,而且一旦被吸收,就难以从生物圈中完全解吸出来。它长期存在于有光合作用的表层中,反复被引入生物链,经海产品摄取后,往往进入食物链成为公害。所以,在海洋环境中,对~(60)Co的监测就引起了人们的重视。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法及在海水分析中的应用

近十年来,我国科技工作者对电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)进行了研究及应用。辽宁铁岭电子设备厂等单位也研制了GP_6-DL_2型(≈27MHz,6KW)自激式高频发生器,并进行了商品化生产。除ICP外用作AES激发光源的等离子炬尚有直流等离子体喷焰(DCP),微波等离子炬(MWP,     

Oceanic vertical mixing of the lower halocline water in the Chukchi Borderland and Mendeleyev Ridge

Oceanic vertical mixing of the lower halocline water (LHW) in the Chukchi Borderland and Mendeleyev Ridge was studied based on in situ hydrographic and turbulent observations. The depth-averaged turbulent dissipation rate of LHW demonstrates a clear topographic dependence, with a mean value of 1.2×10–9 W/kg in the southwest of Canada Basin, 1.5×10–9 W/kg in the Mendeleyev Abyssal Plain, 2.4×10–9 W/kg on the Mendeleyev Ridge, and 2.7×10–9 W/kg on the Chukchi Cap. Correspondingly, the mean depth-averaged vertical heat flux of the LHW is 0.21 W/m2 in the southwest Canada Basin, 0.30 W/m2 in the Mendeleyev Abyssal Plain, 0.39 W/m2 on the Mendeleyev Ridge, and 0.46 W/m2 on the Chukchi Cap. However, in the presence of Pacific Winter Water, the upward heat released from Atlantic Water through the lower halocline can hardly contribute to the surface ocean. Further, the underlying mechanisms of diapycnal mixing in LHW—double diffusion and shear instability—was investigated. The mixing in LHW where double diffusion were observed is always relatively weaker, with corresponding dissipation rate ranging from 1.01×10–9 W/kg to 1.57×10–9 W/kg. The results also show a strong correlation between the depth-average dissipation rate and strain variance in the LHW, which indicates a close physical linkage between the turbulent mixing and internal wave activities. In addition, both surface wind forcing and semidiurnal tides significantly contribute to the turbulent mixing in the LHW.     

Validation of a new generation system for bottom boundary layer beneath solitary wave

Understanding of sea bottom boundary layer characteristics, especially bottom shear stress acting on the sea bed, is an important step needed in sediment transport modeling for practical application purposes. In the present study, a new generation system for bottom boundary layer under solitary wave is proposed. Applicability of this system is examined by comparing measured and numerical solution velocities. Moreover, transitional behavior from laminar to turbulence was investigated. It is concluded that the critical Reynolds number in the experiments shows good agreement with DNS result of Vittori and Blondeaux (2008) and laboratory data of Sumer et al. (2010), indicating validity of the generation system. Since the present generation system enables continuous measurement to obtain ensemble averaged quantities, it can be effectively utilized for future experimental studies on solitary wave boundary layers, including sediment transport experiments with movable bed.     

Contourites within a deep-water sequence stratigraphic framework

Sequence stratigraphy has proven to be an extremely useful predictive tool in the search for hydrocarbons along the continental margins. However, of the several models in use, none includes the effects of alongslope processes in deep-water. This paper, therefore, is a first attempt to place contourite depositional systems (CDSs) firmly within a sequence stratigraphic framework, based on detailed examination of over 20 CDSs worldwide. It also presents a new view of how sea level variation influences bottom current generation and intensity. Two key controls on contourite drift formation are identified: sediment influx and bottom current velocity. Sea level directly influences the sediment influx to a basin and, therefore, the contourite response fits nicely into the downslope sequence stratigraphy model. Bottom current velocity variations in response to sea level are more complex, and two key controls are identified: (1) oceanic gateways can effectively constrict and accelerate water masses and are therefore closely associated with CDS evolution; fluctuating sea level will affect the water exchange through a gateway; (2) changing rates of bottom-water generation: some water masses appear more vigorous during periods of lowstand, whereas others appear more sluggish. In order to accommodate this variation, two new sequence stratigraphy models are herein presented, comprising both downslope and alongslope processes. The first model reveals a CDS where bottom current activity is markedly more vigorous during times of sea level highstand, whereas the second model indicates margin evolution where bottom-water currents are most vigorous during times of sea level lowstand. It is recognised that there are additional controlling factors linked to sea level variation which can significantly modify the distribution and development of contourite elements.     

加拿大海盆东南部锚定观测双扩散阶梯的时间演化研究

加拿大海盆上层,分布着高温高盐的大西洋水和相对低温低盐的盐跃层下部水,两水团之间形成一系列的双扩散阶梯。通过分析2005年8月-2011年8月期间的锚定潜标数据,对双扩散阶梯和这两种水团之间的相互作用进行研究。基于固定盐度范围的方法,在盐度廓线中识别阶梯结构,在盐度34.45~34.83范围内,获取18个阶梯结构,并研究阶梯的参数。发现双扩散阶梯的位温主要受与其接近的水团的影响,同时也受其相邻的阶梯生成或消亡的影响,大西洋水对其上方的双扩散阶梯和盐跃层下部水起到加热作用;而盐跃层下部水的深度变化主导着大西洋水和双扩散阶梯的深度变化。两个相邻的阶梯具有一致的位温和深度变化趋势。通过经验公式,估计大西洋水通过双扩散阶梯向上传输的热通量为0.05~0.6 W/m2,且由下至上呈现逐渐增大的趋势。最后,估算由双扩散造成的垂向涡扩散系数为3×10-6~3.3×10-5 m2/s,且由下至上呈现逐渐减小的趋势。     

Discussion on the critical wind speed for wind-wave generation on the basis of shear-flow instability theory

Observed critical wind speeds for the generation of wind waves are compared with those derived from a shear-flow instability theory. The theory predicts that the critical wind speed depends on the fetch and, for the case of infinite fetch, it is 93 cm s^–1 at 30 cm above the mean water surface, which agrees well with observations at sufficiently large fetch. For water containing soap, the much larger critical wind speeds which are observed cannot be explained by the reduction of surface tension alone. A qualitative discussion suggests that the elasticity of surface films of soap can effectively increase the critical wind speed.     

混合模块大型浮式结构系统耦合动力响应分析

针对具有天然岛礁庇护或人工庇护的温和海洋环境,提出了一种混合模块大型浮式结构系统,即水动力性能更优的半潜式模块作为内侧主模块,消波效果更优的箱式模块作为外侧浮式防波模块和波浪能发电模块.波浪能装置利用外侧箱式模块与内侧半潜式模块的相对纵摇运动进行发电.考虑模块间多体水动力耦合效应和连接器机械耦合效应,基于ANSYS-AQWA程序重点研究了典型海况下混合5模块串联浮式结构系统的动力响应特征.结果表明,外侧箱式模块和波浪能发电装置能有效减弱内侧半潜式主模块运动响应、连接器动力响应和系泊缆绳张力,并且提供一定的能源供给.所得研究成果可为模块化超大型浮式结构系统的防波—发电集成系统设计提供参考.     

影响磁性pn结自旋极化输运特性的因素

利用漂移扩散理论研究了磁性pn结中自旋的输运特性.探讨了外加电压、平衡自旋极化率、外加自旋注入和自旋寿命对磁性pn结电流密度和电阻的影响,讨论了磁性pn结自旋伏特效应与pn结宽度的关系.发现平衡自旋极化率使得不同自旋方向电子具有不同的势垒高度从而能有效调制电流;而外加自旋注入则为磁性pn结提供了非平衡自旋极化电子从而达到对电流的调制作用,同时发现自旋伏特电流随准中性p区宽度减小而增大.     

长江河口空间元数据研究

信息共享能够有力推动长江河口的管理和研究,空间元数据是实现有效信息共享的支撑技术,目前长江河口研究的一个重要的瓶颈问题是数据格式不统一、无法实现共享,因此研究长江河口空间元数据尤为必要。本文从实现长江河口信息有效共享的角度,提出了长江河口空间元数据的概念,归纳了空间元数据的内容体系,并进一步研究了长江河口空间元数据获取的步骤和方法,利用XML文档技术实现其管理和应用。     

台风风暴潮异模式集合数值预报技术研究及应用

台风风暴潮数值预报的准确性在很大程度上取决于台风路径预报和强度预报的精度以及风暴潮预报模型的计算精度。目前,国际上24/48 h台风路径预报平均误差分别约为120/210 km左右[1],对于走向异常的台风误差更大;更有,根据单一的台风路径和单族的风暴潮数值预报模式并不能保证获得可靠的风暴潮预报结果。考虑多重网格法原理具有在疏密不同的网格层上进行迭代以达到平滑不同频率的误差分量,使得计算快速收敛,精度提高的特性。在前期研究基础上基于业务化高分辨率(结构网格/有限差分算法)和精细化(非结构网格/有限元算法)台风风暴潮集合数值预报模型构建多模型台风风暴潮集合数值预报系统。采用"非同族"模型进行集合预报很大程度上降低了误差相似遗传的可能性。应用该方法对典型台风风暴潮过程进行了试应用,试报结果表明:该方法对风暴潮增、减水预报效果高于单一集合预报,具有一定的应用前景。     

Managing tsunamis through early warning systems: A multidisciplinary approach

This study attempts to identify the key factors that will make a tsunami warning system most effective, to develop a framework in which results of natural science and engineering research can be effectively integrated into coastal natural hazard planning, and to develop a numerical example that illustrates how benefit-cost analysis may be used to assess early warning systems. Results of the study suggest that while the science of tsunami wave propagation and inundation is relatively advanced, our knowledge on the relationships between tsunami generation and undersea earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides remains poor, resulting in significant uncertainties in tsunami forecasting. Probabilities of damaging tsunamis for many coastal regions are still unknown, making tsunami risk assessment and management difficult. Thus it is essential to develop new techniques to identify paleo-tsunami events and to compile and develop size and frequency information on historical tsunamis for different locations. An effective tsunami early warning system must include not only the ocean technologies for accurately detecting an emerging tsunami, but also a civil communication system through which the population can be timely warned by the local government and other sources. Since minimizing the evacuation time is a key factor to make a warning system effective, adequate pre-event education and preparation of the population must be a critical component of the system. Results of a numerical example of the South Pacific region suggest that investments in a tsunami warning system in the region may lead to significant economic benefits.