华北石炭纪艾雨头大型喀斯特铝土矿成因机制研究

喀斯特型铝土矿中硬水铝石的成因机制对准确认识该矿床的成因至关重要,也是业界长期争论的焦点。早期普遍认为风化作用阶段形成的三水铝石经历后期压实变质作用脱水形成硬水铝石,然而近期大量研究显示自然界铝土矿中硬水铝石多为地表喀斯特型环境下结晶形成。华北晚石炭世发育大规模硬水铝石型喀斯特铝土矿,本文选取华北北部艾雨头大型铝土矿床为研究对象,在翔实的矿床地质研究基础上,借助X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)及激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)技术,探索硬水铝石的地表结晶条件和铝土矿的形成过程。艾雨头铝土矿含矿岩系剖面自下而上依次包括铁质粘土岩、铝土矿和粘土岩,其中:铁质粘土岩矿物组成主要为伊利石、高岭石、针铁矿、赤铁矿、硬水铝石和锐钛矿;铝土矿主要为硬水铝石、高岭石、赤铁矿、针铁矿和锐钛矿;粘土岩为高岭石、针铁矿、赤铁矿和锐钛矿。艾雨头喀斯特铝土矿顶底板岩石未发生变质作用,而且原位分析显示硬水铝石中含有较高含量的Si、Fe、Ti、Cr、V、Pb等元素,指示硬水铝石为表生沉淀成因。矿石中发现硬水铝石与赤铁矿和针铁矿密切共生,表明硬水铝石可在氧化条件下形成(...     

晋中南地区铝土矿矿物特征及其成因

铝土矿是生产金属铝的主要来源,用途广泛。利用偏光显微镜、扫描电镜–能谱、X射线衍射、红外及差热分析等手段,研究晋中南石炭系铝土矿矿物特征,分析主要矿物成因。结果表明,铝土矿中所含矿物主要是硬水铝石和高岭石,少量伊利石、绿泥石、赤铁矿、菱铁矿、针铁矿、锐钛矿、金红石、石英、钾长石及方解石等。硬水铝石分隐晶–微晶碎屑、它形粒状晶体、短柱–鳞片状晶体3种类型,差热曲线吸热峰温度偏低,晶胞参数均值a为0.441 546 nm,b为0.945 445 nm,c为0.285 250 nm。硬水铝石主要由高岭石脱硅转变而成,少量为结晶成因。高岭石形成于温暖潮湿气候的风化过程中,部分为复硅化产物。锐钛矿形成于低温低压、TiO₂供应充足的环境中。赤铁矿由含水氧化铁矿物风化脱水形成,少部分为成矿早期沼泽相或海相沉积。石英、钾长石及一些重矿物为陆源碎屑来源。      

河南三门峡贯沟铝土矿矿物组成及其特征

[摘 要] 河南三门峡市贯沟铝土矿属喀斯特型铝土矿。研究区内地层发育相对完全,除上奥陶统、 志留系、泥盆系和下石炭统地层缺失外,从太古界到新生界均有出露。铝土矿层主要产出于中石炭系本 溪组下段。矿石以鲕粒和隐晶质结构为主,少量碎屑结构。矿物学分析显示,铝土矿矿石的主要组成矿 物有硬水铝石、锐钛矿、伊利石,另外,还包括少部分高岭石、锆石等。硬水铝石呈隐晶质结构组成矿石 的基质,少部分呈现细小的板状、长柱状形态。锐钛矿存在两种形态:第一种是锐钛矿与硬水铝石二者 同期形成;第二种锐钛矿以脉状穿插在硬水铝石组成的基质中,形成稍晚于硬水铝石。伊利石主要呈鳞 片状集合体形态组成矿石的基质。锆石主要分散在硬水铝石组成的基质中。进一步研究发现:硬水铝 石电子探针分析显示晶体中存在Fe、Si 和Ti 等其它元素,其主体呈隐晶质与锐钛矿密切共生,指示硬水 铝石主要为简单的成岩结晶成因。矿石中的锐钛矿和硬水铝石共生,互相包含和穿插,反映大量的锐钛 矿是成矿期或成岩期结晶形成。对风化作用中形成的伊利石主要由云母转化而形成,该过程中矿物结 构并未发生明显改变。     

华北克拉通南缘嵩箕地区喀斯特铝(粘)土矿成矿作用及其后生改造研究

华北克拉通铝(粘)土矿是我国喀斯特型铝(粘)土矿的典型代表,前人针对其物质组成、物质来源、成因机制开展了大量研究,但对其成矿后生改造尚未开展系统研究。本文对嵩箕地区铝(粘)土矿进行了研究,野外剖面显示,含矿岩系由底到顶包括风化壳层、铁质粘土岩、粘土质铝土矿、粘土岩、块状铝土矿层。通过矿物空间穿插关系、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、电子探针分析显示,铝(粘)土矿成矿期主要形成矿物包括硬水铝石、锐钛矿、伊利石、绿泥石等矿物。黄钾铁矾、赤铁矿、针铁矿、高岭石代表了后期改造矿物。矿物垂相分布指示赤铁矿和针铁矿随着深度变浅逐渐减少,硬水铝石在粘土质铝土矿层显著富集,黄钾铁矾广泛分布于铁质粘土岩层和风化壳顶部,穿插于粘土矿物或围绕在硬水铝石周围,以脉状、颗粒状分布,且与伊利石含量呈消长关系。同时,元素地球化学垂相分带显著,大离子亲石元素(Rb、Cs、Ba、Sr)与K₂O以及高场强元素(Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、U、Th)与TiO₂显示正相关。铝土矿层中Al₂O₃明显富集,而SiO₂则明显亏损。底板灰...     

华北克拉通南缘石炭系本溪组铁-铝黏土矿物质来源: 以河南三门峡大安铝黏土矿床为例*

华北克拉通在中奥陶世至晚石炭世期间一直出露地表,经历了长期的风化作用,形成大规模的铁-铝黏土矿,其成矿物源一直是研究的热点,尤其是本溪组底部铁矿和铁质黏土矿与上部铝黏土矿是否为同一来源尚未查清。本研究选取克拉通南缘大安铝黏土矿床作为研究对象,展开微区矿物及元素地球化学组成分析,进一步探讨铁-铝黏土矿物质来源。大安矿床内含矿岩系自下而上包括铁质黏土岩、铝土矿、铝质黏土矿;局部喀斯特高地缺失铝土矿,铝质黏土矿直接覆盖于铁质黏土岩之上。铁质黏土岩在洼地以菱铁矿、黄铁矿和伊利石为主,在隆起区以赤铁矿、伊利石和高岭石为主。铝土矿以硬水铝石、伊利石和锐钛矿为主;铝质黏土矿主要矿物为伊利石。矿物微区分析在黏土矿底部发现大量的碳化硅和少量自然硅、硅铁矿、铬铁矿;区域对比揭示北秦岭造山带内商丹缝合带和二郎坪群中的蛇绿岩为铝黏土矿形成提供了成矿物质。本溪组底部铁质黏土与上部铝黏土矿稳定元素比率(例如Zr/TiO₂、Hf/TiO₂、Nb/TiO₂、Ta/TiO₂)存在明显差异,揭示二者为不同来源: 底部铁质黏土岩和铁矿层为底板碳酸盐岩原地风化的产物;而上部铝黏土矿是异地搬运物,北秦岭造山带在晚石炭世的整体抬升为华北铝黏土矿形成提供了重要的成矿物质。     

广西靖西县新圩铝土矿Ⅶ号矿体矿石热分析

广西靖西新圩堆积型铝土矿为我国典型的一水铝型铝土矿。以新圩堆积型铝土矿的典型样品为研究对象,通过X衍射分析确定其矿物组成,进一步借助差热(DTA)与热重(TG/DTG)分析,探索铝土矿石加热过程。X衍射分析显示5个铝土矿样品矿物组成主要为硬水铝石、赤铁矿、绿泥石、三水铝石、锐钛矿、金红石、针铁矿以及少量的高岭石。差热(DTA)分析显示铝土矿样品有2个明显的吸热峰,分别为三水铝石和硬水铝石吸热峰;热重(TG/DTG)曲线显示样品分解分为4个阶段,分别为吸附水失去阶段和三水铝石、针铁矿、硬水铝石脱羟基作用阶段。利用热重(TG/DTG)数据分别计算了硬水铝石、三水铝石、针铁矿矿物相对百分含量,与国内外同类型铝土矿矿石热分析特征对比显示具有大体一致的热分析特征。     

华北南缘石炭纪仁村大型喀斯特型铝土矿物质来源与成矿过程研究

华北克拉通在中奥陶世至晚石炭世经历了强烈的风化和喀斯特化作用,并在晚石炭世形成大规模喀斯特型铝土矿,但是其物质来源及成矿过程目前仍存争议。本文选取华北南缘仁村大型喀斯特型铝土矿床,在矿床地质剖析基础上,对两个钻孔岩心进行矿物学、地球化学、碳-氧同位素分析,剖析了成矿物质来源和成矿环境条件,总结了铝土矿形成过程。仁村铝土矿含矿岩系赋存于奥陶系灰岩风化面之上的石炭系本溪组中,含矿岩系自下而上包括铁质粘土岩、铝土矿和粘土岩。X衍射和扫描电镜-能谱分析显示铁质粘土岩主要矿物为菱铁矿和伊利石,铝土矿主要矿物为硬水铝石、黄铁矿、菱铁矿、锐钛矿、伊利石和高岭石,而粘土岩主要矿物为高岭石和勃姆石。铁质粘土岩元素组成以SiO₂、FeO、Al₂O₃为主,铝土矿以Al₂O₃、SiO₂、FeO、TiO₂为主,而粘土岩主要为SiO₂。微量元素Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Th和U等在含矿岩系呈现整体富集,稀土元素主要在铝土矿层底部富集。硬水铝石...     

桂西平果教美矿区堆积型铝土矿形成过程中矿物转化与元素迁移

桂西地区铝土矿为典型喀斯特型,包括二叠系沉积型和第四系堆积型两亚类。堆积型铝土矿是沉积型铝土矿经抬升、破碎、风化,最后堆积于喀斯特洼地中形成。以平果教美铝土矿为研究对象,探索堆积型铝土矿形成过程中矿物的变化与元素迁移。沉积型矿石的矿物组成包括硬水铝石、鲕绿泥石、锐钛矿及少量针铁矿、金红石和高岭石;堆积型矿石的矿物组成主要为硬水铝石、锐钛矿、高岭石及少量三水铝石和鲕绿泥石。转化过程中堆积型矿石中的硬水铝石含量明显增加,鲕绿泥石含量明显减少。沉积型铝土矿的主要化学组成为Al₂O₃、SiO₂、FeO和TiO₂;堆积型为Al₂O₃、SiO₂、TiO₂和Fe₂O₃。两类矿石中元素Zr 、Ba、Nb、V含量均较高,稀土总量变化大,富集轻稀土。质量平衡计算表明堆积型铝土矿形成过程中Al、Ba、Sr、Y等元素增加,而Si、Fe、Ti、Nb、V、Ce等元素减少,其余元素变化不明显。     

山西交口县庞家庄铝土矿矿物学与地球化学研究

山西交口县庞家庄铝土矿属于典型的喀斯特型铝土矿,矿体赋存于上石炭统本溪组,其下部为中奥陶统灰岩。矿石以隐晶质结构为主,含少量碎屑结构与鲕粒结构;矿石的结构特征显示一些风化物质经过了一段距离的搬运,并且矿体在晚期遭受了构造变形作用。x射线衍射分析显示铝土矿石中的主要组成矿物为硬水铝石、高岭石、赤铁矿、针铁矿、方解石与少量...     

叙永式埃洛石矿中矿物演化的研究

川、黔、滇交界处的埃洛石矿俗称“叙永石”,产于上二叠乐平统龙潭页岩和下二叠阳新统茅口灰岩的卡斯特侵蚀面间。成矿母岩为上二叠乐平统含黄铁矿的高岭石粘土岩。母岩在风化淋滤期间经历以下变化:(1)黄铁矿氧化成针铁矿;(2)高岭石从有序向无序转化,最终转变成埃洛石;(3)锐钛矿作为稳定相残留富集于剖面上部。形成的矿物组合以10埃洛石为主,包括伊利石、伊利石/蒙脱石混层矿物、三水铝石、三羟铝石、石膏、水铝英石和石英。     

Mineralogical and geochemical investigations of the Dajia Salento-type bauxite deposits,western Guangxi,China

The Dajia Salento-type bauxite deposit in western Guangxi is hosted within the Quaternary ferrallitic soil profile, and it formed via breaking up, weathering and oxidizing of Permian bauxite orebodies occurring as a semi-continuous layer in the upper Permian. Mineralogical analyses reveal that diaspore, hematite and kaolinite are the major minerals in bauxite ores with small amounts of anatase, chamosite, gibbsite, goethite, illite, zircon, quartz and pyrite. The ore texture and mineral assemblage reveal that the depositional/diagenetic environment of the Dajia bauxite was much close to phreatic environment. Both the ore texture and the morphology of zircon grains also indicate that most of the bauxitic soils were transported a short distance. Diaspore is suggested to be non-metamorphic in origin and mainly formed in a reducing condition of diagenetic environment, while kaolinite is the product of the in situ epigenetic replacement of alumina in diaspore by dissolved silica. Geochemical analyses indicate that Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, SiO₂ and TiO₂ are the main components of the bauxite ores and trace elements such as Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Th and U were enriched during the bauxitization process. Simultaneously, Zr vs. Hf and Nb vs. Ta show a high correlation. Geochemical indices such as Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta and Eu/Eu* (among others) denote that the magmatic rocks related to the Emeishan plume in western Guangxi and the carbonates in the underlying Maokou Formation provided the main sources of material for the bauxite ores.     

河南省新安县郁山隐伏铝土矿成因分析

[摘 要]通过对河南省新安县郁山铝土矿床成矿时代、成矿物源、成矿环境、控矿因素等分析,认为郁山铝土矿床成矿时代为早二叠世,成矿物源主要为古陆铝硅酸岩风化物,少量为豫西中奥陶统马家沟组碳酸盐岩风化产物,成矿环境为渑池泻湖东北边缘的潮坪-沼泽环境,由长期的沉积间断、特定的岩相古地理特征、构造变形和表生风化作用共同控制矿床的形成。认为郁山铝土矿床的形成经历了“三期五阶段冶:“三期冶包括铝土矿体就位、埋藏、改造保存三个成矿时期;具体可划分为“五阶段冶,包括物源准备和搬运、同生、成岩、后生、风化和表生五个成矿阶段。提出了郁山铝土矿矿床为“古陆风化+碎屑和化学沉积冶的成矿模式。其主要成矿机制为机械和化学分异。     

河南省铝土矿床成因探讨

从成矿物质来源入手探讨河南省铝土矿成因，认为河南省铝土矿是在碳酸盐岩遭受长期强烈化学风化剥蚀而形成大量富铝、铁物质古风化壳的基础上，由于海侵作用，并接受陆源物质的汇入，而在海湖盆地中逐渐沉积形成的。     

澳大利亚西部哈默斯利铁成矿省BIF富铁矿的成矿特征与控矿因素

澳大利亚西部哈默斯利铁成矿省含有世界级高品位的赤铁矿体。主要铁矿床包括芒特维尔贝克、汤姆普莱斯山、帕拉伯杜等,它们均产于元古宙早期布罗克曼BIF型含铁建造中。高品住铁矿体的空间分布明显受到元古宙区域隆起和拉张环境下形成的古老正断层系统的控制。该成矿省高品位铁矿层的形成可分为3个阶段：第1阶段为深层阶段,该阶段硅从含铁建造中淋滤出来,留下薄层状富含铁氧化物、碳酸盐岩、硅酸镁和磷灰石的残余物;第2阶段为深部大气水氧化阶段,该阶段含铁建造的磁铁矿-菱镁矿组合被氧化为赤铁矿-铁白云石,并以发育假象赤铁矿为特征;第3阶段为浅层风化作用。通过对成矿特征和成矿模式的总结,认为成矿时代、断层、褶皱等构造特征及流体和表生风化作用是富铁矿床形成的主要控矿因素。     

沉积矿床成因亚类的划分及沉积菱铁矿的成因

沉积矿床的形成过程,可明确地划分为同生作用、成岩作用与后生作用等三个矿化阶段。现在所见到的沉积矿床,主要是最后矿化阶段改造的结果。根据沉积矿床所经历矿化阶段的不同和表现强度的不同,作者将沉积矿床划分为四种成因亚类:(1)沉积同生矿床;(2)沉积成岩矿床;(3)沉积成岩-后生矿床;(4)沉积后生矿床。产于沉积岩和沉积矿床中的青灰色微细均粒菱铁矿系成岩作用形成,米黄色或淡黄色的粗至巨粒的成分较纯的菱铁矿系后生作用形成。它们都不是同生作用形成的。     

桂西二叠纪喀斯特型铝土矿地质成矿过程

桂西二叠纪喀斯特型铝土矿是第四纪萨伦托型铝土矿的矿源层,但是其具体成矿地质过程并不清楚.在矿带东部平果矿田1∶5万区域地质调查基础上,针对性地对二叠纪铝土矿床进行了合山组含铝岩系基本层序、铝土矿成矿物质来源、古喀斯特地貌对铝土矿的控制作用及含铝矿物生成顺序的研究,并阐述了该类型铝土矿从源岩风化到搬运沉积的具体成矿过程.综合前人研究成果,提出桂西二叠纪喀斯特型铝土矿的四阶段成矿模式,分别为孤立台地隆升接受火山喷发沉积物阶段、原地深度风化阶段、积水潜育化阶段和埋藏成矿阶段.      

Characterization of bauxite deposits from Kachchh Area,Gujarat

The bauxites deposits of Kachchh area in Gujarat are investigated to characterize them based on mineralogical and petrographic studies. The major bauxitic mineral in these occurrences is gibbsite, with minor concentration of boehmite and diaspore. Apart from the bauxitic minerals, the other associate minerals are kaolin, calcite, alunite and the iron ore minerals such as hematite and goethite and titanium rich anatase. The iron ore minerals (hematite and goethite) are 10-50microns in size and are disseminated throughout the oolitic and pisolitic bauxitic minerals. At places the goethite exhibits colloform texture. The preservation of basaltic texture in some of the samples indicate that the insitu nature of these bauxites, which are formed by the alteration of calcic plagioclase from the parent basalt. Although, the basalt occurs as the main parent rock for these bauxites, the presence of calcite in some of the samples represent the possibility of having a limestone parent rock at least in some of the bauxite occurrences.     

Genesis of REE minerals in the karstic bauxite in western Guangxi,China, and its constraints on the deposit formation conditions

Karstic bauxites in western Guangxi, China, comprise two subtypes: Permian bauxite and Quaternary bauxite. The Quaternary bauxite originated from the breaking up, rolling, and accumulating of Permian bauxite in karstic depressions in Quaternary. Various types of rare earth element (REE) minerals were discovered during the formation of the Permian and Quaternary bauxites from the Xinxu, Longhe, and Tianyang bauxite deposits in this study. Five types of REE minerals, including bastnäsite, parisite, cerianite, rhabdophane, and churchite, were identified. Bastnäsite and parisite are the most abundant, and they are widely developed in the Permian ore and also present in the Quaternary ore. Obvious variations in bastnäsite and parisite REE compositions were observed, which is ascribed to distinctions in the source materials in the primary weathering profile from different areas. The mode of occurrence of bastnäsite and parisite suggests they were mainly precipitated under alkaline and reducing conditions during the Permian bauxite-forming stage and underwent intensive corrosion in the Quaternary. Churchite was formed during the Permian weathering stage under acidic condition. Both cerianite and rhabdophane occur in fractures within the Permian bauxite ore, indicating that both formed during the Quaternary weathering stage. It is considered that the rhabdophane enriched in Ce have formed locally, in the process of that the Ce^3 +, released from bastnäsite rapidly, entered the rhabdophane lattice before being oxidized to Ce^4 +. Cerianite was mainly found in association with Mn–Al hydroxides, suggesting that the released Ce^3 + was oxidized into Ce^4 + and precipitated cerianite in fractures within the Permian bauxite ore. Mass balance equations reveal a depletion in nearly all REEs during the transformation from the Permian to the Quaternary bauxite ore, mainly caused by the dissolution of bastnäsite and parisite. The genesis of the REE minerals, together with the occurrence of other minerals, indicates that intensively acidic and oxidizing conditions developed before the formation of the Permian bauxite ore. Towards the end of the Permian, the conditions became reducing and alkaline, favorable for the large-scale bauxitization. The Quaternary bauxite-forming stage was characterized by variable pH and Eh conditions, with acidic (pH = 4–6) and oxidizing (Eh > 2) conditions at the surface of the exposed Permian bauxite ore.