桂西地区沉积型铝土矿床控矿规律及找矿预测

桂西沉积型铝土矿床属古陆喀斯特型铝土矿床,为晚二叠世吴家坪期火山尘覆盖层陆地风化成因,其成矿模式:地壳隆升→火山尘沉积风化淋滤形成红土型铝土矿→海侵保存→成岩变质作用形成沉积型铝土矿。矿床受层位、构造和古地理环境三个因素同时控制。采用地层、构造和古地理环境三位一体的找矿预测方法,能较准确地圈定找矿靶区,可根据成矿古地理环境位置对各成矿部位进行找矿潜力预测和评价。     

几内亚共和国红土型铝土矿床成矿探讨

在全球广泛分布着中生代(Mz)基性岩浆岩,但由此形成的风化残积红土型铝土矿床主要集中在低纬度带。也就是说,除成矿母岩外,低纬度带的自然气候环境是红土型铝土矿成矿的另一决定性因素。但在低纬度带的成矿母岩分布区域内,是否成矿或矿体的优劣,取决于矿源层的厚薄、地形地貌特征以及水文地质条件等。铝土矿的形成过程,是自成矿母岩风化初始阶段至红土形成阶段,铝铁物质逐渐富集的过程。     

河南铝土矿矿物成因及其演化序列

[摘 要]豫西铝土矿是我国喀斯特型铝土矿的典型代表。本文选取豫西典型的喀斯特型铝土矿为研究对象,通过XRD 分析、扫描电镜-能谱分析、电子探针分析和差热分析多种手段,探测铝土矿的物质组成及其赋存状态,并且分析其矿物成因,总结矿物演化序列。研究显示,豫西铝土矿的主要矿物成分包括硬水铝石、伊利石、锐钛矿、高岭石、针铁矿、赤铁矿、金红石等。硬水铝石主体为简单结晶成因。伊利石主体为风化过程中产物,部分为后期硬水铝石硅质交代的结果。锐钛矿和硬水铝石同期结晶形成于还原环境下。大部分高岭石形成于陆源期风化阶段,少部分为后期硬水铝石硅化转变形成。针铁矿和赤铁矿形成于两个阶段,第一阶段为成矿前风化作用形成的铁质风化壳;第二阶段为铝土矿成岩晚期出现了一期铁质流体活动形成了大量的赤铁矿和针铁矿。重砂矿物金红石和锆石等主要是母岩风化作用的残留物。豫西铝土矿中矿物形成演化可归纳为如下五个阶段:陆源期、同生期、成矿期、成矿后期和表生期。     

华北南缘石炭纪仁村大型喀斯特型铝土矿物质来源与成矿过程研究

华北克拉通在中奥陶世至晚石炭世经历了强烈的风化和喀斯特化作用,并在晚石炭世形成大规模喀斯特型铝土矿,但是其物质来源及成矿过程目前仍存争议。本文选取华北南缘仁村大型喀斯特型铝土矿床,在矿床地质剖析基础上,对两个钻孔岩心进行矿物学、地球化学、碳-氧同位素分析,剖析了成矿物质来源和成矿环境条件,总结了铝土矿形成过程。仁村铝土矿含矿岩系赋存于奥陶系灰岩风化面之上的石炭系本溪组中,含矿岩系自下而上包括铁质粘土岩、铝土矿和粘土岩。X衍射和扫描电镜-能谱分析显示铁质粘土岩主要矿物为菱铁矿和伊利石,铝土矿主要矿物为硬水铝石、黄铁矿、菱铁矿、锐钛矿、伊利石和高岭石,而粘土岩主要矿物为高岭石和勃姆石。铁质粘土岩元素组成以SiO₂、FeO、Al₂O₃为主,铝土矿以Al₂O₃、SiO₂、FeO、TiO₂为主,而粘土岩主要为SiO₂。微量元素Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Th和U等在含矿岩系呈现整体富集,稀土元素主要在铝土矿层底部富集。硬水铝石...     

云南省砚山县红舍克铝土矿床地质特征、找矿标志及资源潜力分析

通过对云南省砚山县红舍克铝土矿成矿地质特征研究,认为该区沉积型铝土矿主要经历了以下三个阶段：（1）基岩升隆、剥蚀,含铝矿物风化堆积;（2）切割、夷平和喀斯特化,含铝矿物迁移、脱硅,形成红土化堆积;（3）沉积、海解、去硅、铝土富集.而堆积型铝土矿床主要为沉积型铝土矿经近代岩溶化阶段所形成的次生淋滤矿床.地层层位、古侵蚀面、褶皱构造及地形地貌是该区寻找铝土矿的重要标志.该区铝土矿资源前景乐观.     

河南省荥巩煤田大峪沟矿段深部铝土矿床地质特征及找矿方向

荥巩煤田大峪沟矿段深部铝土矿床是最近找矿突破发现的一个大型铝土矿床。该铝土矿床成矿时代为早二叠世,成矿物源主要为古陆铝硅酸岩风化物,少量为中奥陶统马家沟组碳酸盐岩风化产物,成矿环境为潮坪-沼泽环境,由长期的沉积间断、特定的岩相古地理环境、构造变形和表生风化作用共同控制着矿床的形成;上石炭统本溪组是铝土矿形成的含矿岩系;海湾泻湖相沉积环境是铝土矿床形成的有利条件;下古生界奥陶系、寒武系古岩溶侵蚀面是铝土矿形成的有利场所,古岩溶侵蚀面洼地及漏斗是铝土矿的定位空间。大峪沟矿段铝土矿床成因模式属于"古陆风化+碎屑和化学沉积";成矿机制为机械和化学分异。含矿岩系底部铁质风化壳/铁质黏土岩为碳酸盐岩风化形成,铝(黏)土矿来源于铝硅酸盐岩。大峪沟深部铝土矿床的发现为河南省寻找深部铝土矿床指明了方向。     

桂西二叠系喀斯特型铝土矿成矿物质来源的新认识:来自合山组碎屑岩地球化学证据

作为世界铝土矿的第二大矿床类型的喀斯特型铝土矿,由于成矿过程的复杂性,其成矿物质来源研究一直是国际学术界的难题。我国桂西喀斯特型铝土矿成矿母岩的来源,虽然经过了几十年的研究,但也一直未得到合理解释。本文对桂西那豆矿区合山组3个铝土矿和4个碎屑岩样品进行了系统的矿物学、主微量、碎屑锆石U-Pb定年及其微区原位Hf同位素分析,结果表明铝土矿和合山组碎屑岩可能来自同一个源区。碎屑岩和铝土矿中锆石U-Pb年龄谱均出现单一的高峰,峰值分别为253 Ma(71%)和262 Ma(78%),该年龄与合山组和茅口组之间的界限年龄(260.4±0.4 Ma)很相近,暗示合山组铝土矿和碎屑岩的物源可能为二叠纪火山岩。矿物学和主微量元素特征显示源区岩石表现出酸性岩浆岩的特征,铝土矿锆石对应εHf(t)为-0.7~-26.7,排除了来自峨眉山大火成岩省的可能性。结合该区岩相古地理特征、Hf同位素特征和碎屑锆石的Th/Nb-Hf/Th和Th/U-Nb/Hf构造判别图解,推测桂西铝土矿的物源可能主要来自古特提斯二叠纪岩浆弧。这一研究不仅为该区争论不休的铝土矿物源问题提供了新证据,而且为研究世界上其他地区喀斯特型铝土矿提供了新的研究思路。     

黔北务-正-道地区铝土矿地质概要

务-正-道地区铝土矿分属于黔中-渝南石炭纪铝土矿成矿带北部的正安、道真两个铝土矿带,铝土矿产于下志留统韩家店群泥、页岩和(或)上石炭统黄龙组石灰岩侵蚀面上,属沉积型硬水铝石铝土矿床,成矿时代为晚石炭世马平期,铝土矿含矿岩系的岩石地层名为大竹园组(C2d).区域成矿地质背景研究表明,该区铝土矿是在广西运动古侵蚀面上,风化残积物演化形成的成矿母质(类似红土型铝土矿)经地表径流搬运、沉积而成的.     

河南省新安县郁山隐伏铝土矿成因分析

[摘 要]通过对河南省新安县郁山铝土矿床成矿时代、成矿物源、成矿环境、控矿因素等分析,认为郁山铝土矿床成矿时代为早二叠世,成矿物源主要为古陆铝硅酸岩风化物,少量为豫西中奥陶统马家沟组碳酸盐岩风化产物,成矿环境为渑池泻湖东北边缘的潮坪-沼泽环境,由长期的沉积间断、特定的岩相古地理特征、构造变形和表生风化作用共同控制矿床的形成。认为郁山铝土矿床的形成经历了“三期五阶段冶:“三期冶包括铝土矿体就位、埋藏、改造保存三个成矿时期;具体可划分为“五阶段冶,包括物源准备和搬运、同生、成岩、后生、风化和表生五个成矿阶段。提出了郁山铝土矿矿床为“古陆风化+碎屑和化学沉积冶的成矿模式。其主要成矿机制为机械和化学分异。     

黔北务正道铝土矿的成矿作用及成矿模式

从母岩特征、研究区风化作用特点等方面对黔北务正道铝土矿的成矿作用和成矿过程进行了初步研究,认为务正道铝土矿的成矿母岩—下志留统韩家店群的海相页（泥）岩富含水云母是风化成矿的物质条件;矿源区母岩风化形成的富铝碎屑经剥蚀、冲刷、搬运再沉积过程对铝土矿的形成、富集和进一步纯化起着重要作用;进而建立了务正道铝土矿的成矿模式系列图。     

论铝土矿床成因及矿床类型

铝土矿全部是风化作用形成的，无一例外。地球上含铝（含少量铝质也可以）岩石在适宜的气候和地形条件下，风化成红土矿物，包括铝土矿物及少量粘土矿物、含铁矿物及少量含钛矿物等风化壳铝土物质（红土铝土物质）。第四纪以前的古风化作用形成的是古风化壳铝土物质（古红土铝土物质），迁移就位以后便形成风化壳铝土矿床（红土铝土矿床）。深埋地下经过成岩变化，再随地壳抬升进入地壳浅部，或地表的叫古风化壳铝土矿床。我国９８％是古风化壳铝土矿床，即国外所称的喀斯特铝土矿床。由于其迁移就位方式不同，便形成了不同的风化壳和古风化壳（亚型）矿床     

铝土矿地质与成因研究进展

[摘 要]我国铝土矿矿产时空分布广,类型多样,铝土矿地质与成因研究对促进铝土矿地质学发展有重要意义。本文从铝土矿矿床分类、铝土矿的矿体形态与内部结构、矿体层序、物质组成、物质来源、成矿环境和成因机制等方面,综述了国内外铝土矿地质学的研究进展,阐释了我国铝土矿的部分特征,提出了近年我国铝土矿研究的部分新方法与观点;应用铝土矿中碎屑锆石U-Pb 和Lu-Hf 同位素特征, 判识了多个喀斯特型铝土矿集中区的物质来源,提出多数喀斯特型铝土矿多具有异源特征,与区域重大地质事件具有成因联系,是洋陆俯冲、大陆漂移以及集中风化等多因耦合的结果。提出了我国喀斯特型铝土矿迁移机制,认为华北板内铝土矿(山西、河南) 成因机制主体为“离子结晶与碎屑沉积冶综合成因;而华南铝土矿(贵州、广西)成因机制主体为“离子结晶冶成因。     

沉积型铝土矿的陆表淋滤成矿作用: 兼论铝土矿床的成因分类*

铝土矿是化学风化作用的细粒终极产物,与强烈的化学风化作用密切相关。根据母岩的类别及作用过程,风化作用进一步分为铝硅酸盐岩强化学风化形成的红土化作用和碳酸盐岩强化学风化形成的钙红土化作用。在强烈的化学风化过程中,地表的原始沉积物(母岩)的原生矿物发生溶蚀、水解、水化、碳酸化、氧化,破坏原始的矿物结构,形成新的细粒矿物(主要是黏土质矿物)。在适合的地质条件下,持续的强烈化学风化作用会造成大部分活动的元素(如K、Na、Ca、Mg、Si)的流失与Al的残留富集从而形成铝土矿。现在观察到的沉积型铝土矿,虽然与古风化壳具有密切联系,但沉积型铝土矿多数是由沉积过程搬运到沉积盆地中所形成的强化学风化产物的沉积层,与古风化壳的残坡积层具有显著差别,只有少数工业价值不大(品位低、品质差)的残坡积相铝土矿。铝土矿含矿岩系的沉积环境与铝土矿(尤其是高品位、高品质的铝土矿)的成矿环境不尽相同。铝土矿主要形成于暴露于大气中的陆表环境(而非水下环境),由地下水淋滤作用形成(在渗流带由活动元素流失、Al等稳定元素残留富集而成)。本研究在铝土矿成矿作用分析等基础上,提出了以铝土矿沉积物等物源和沉积、成矿作用为依据的中国铝土矿床分类方案,包括原地或准原地残坡积物成因的红土型和喀斯特型,和异地物源沉积成因的沉积型。     

Subaerial leaching process of sedimentary bauxite and the discussion on classifications of bauxite deposits

Bauxite is the ultimate fine-grained products of chemical weathering,and thus it is closely linked with the intense chemical weathering. Based on variations of parent rock and weathering processes,the weathering products can be subdivided into laterite and terra rossa,of which the former is formed by weathering of aluminosilicates and the latter is produced by the weathering of carbonates. During the intense chemical weathering,minerals in original subaerial sediments(parent rocks)would suffer a series of processes(dissolution,hydrolyzation,hydration,carbonation,and oxidation)and be destroyed or transformed,leading to formation of new minerals. In the favorable environment,continuously intense chemical weathering would cause the loss of most mobile elements(e.g., K,Na,Ca,Mg,Si)and the enrichment of Al,resulting in the formation of bauxite. Although sedimentary bauxites are closely linked with the weathering curst,they show obvious differences in formation processes. Sedimentary bauxites are composed of intense chemical weathering products that are transported from outside of the basin and re-deposited in the basin,while most weathering crusts are transformed from saprolite and/or deluvium in-situ,and they can only form low-grade bauxites. Sedimentary environments also differ in bauxite ore layers and bauxitic claystone layers. Bauxite ore layers are formed in the subaerial environment and controlled by the leaching process of groundwater in the vadose zone. Based on the analysis of bauxitization,this study proposes to use multiple parameters,such as provenance,sedimentation and mineralization,to build the new classification of Chinese bauxite deposits. In this classification,lateritic and karstic types of bauxite deposits are autochthonous or parautochthonous saprolite and/or deluvium,while sedimentary type is dominated by heterochthonous provenance.     

Genesis of REE minerals in the karstic bauxite in western Guangxi,China, and its constraints on the deposit formation conditions

Karstic bauxites in western Guangxi, China, comprise two subtypes: Permian bauxite and Quaternary bauxite. The Quaternary bauxite originated from the breaking up, rolling, and accumulating of Permian bauxite in karstic depressions in Quaternary. Various types of rare earth element (REE) minerals were discovered during the formation of the Permian and Quaternary bauxites from the Xinxu, Longhe, and Tianyang bauxite deposits in this study. Five types of REE minerals, including bastnäsite, parisite, cerianite, rhabdophane, and churchite, were identified. Bastnäsite and parisite are the most abundant, and they are widely developed in the Permian ore and also present in the Quaternary ore. Obvious variations in bastnäsite and parisite REE compositions were observed, which is ascribed to distinctions in the source materials in the primary weathering profile from different areas. The mode of occurrence of bastnäsite and parisite suggests they were mainly precipitated under alkaline and reducing conditions during the Permian bauxite-forming stage and underwent intensive corrosion in the Quaternary. Churchite was formed during the Permian weathering stage under acidic condition. Both cerianite and rhabdophane occur in fractures within the Permian bauxite ore, indicating that both formed during the Quaternary weathering stage. It is considered that the rhabdophane enriched in Ce have formed locally, in the process of that the Ce^3 +, released from bastnäsite rapidly, entered the rhabdophane lattice before being oxidized to Ce^4 +. Cerianite was mainly found in association with Mn–Al hydroxides, suggesting that the released Ce^3 + was oxidized into Ce^4 + and precipitated cerianite in fractures within the Permian bauxite ore. Mass balance equations reveal a depletion in nearly all REEs during the transformation from the Permian to the Quaternary bauxite ore, mainly caused by the dissolution of bastnäsite and parisite. The genesis of the REE minerals, together with the occurrence of other minerals, indicates that intensively acidic and oxidizing conditions developed before the formation of the Permian bauxite ore. Towards the end of the Permian, the conditions became reducing and alkaline, favorable for the large-scale bauxitization. The Quaternary bauxite-forming stage was characterized by variable pH and Eh conditions, with acidic (pH = 4–6) and oxidizing (Eh > 2) conditions at the surface of the exposed Permian bauxite ore.     

A Sedimentological Study of Carboniferous Bauxitic Formations in North China

The authors have found in their studies many new genetic types of microtextures of bauxite. A sedimentological genetic classification of bauxites based on these features and a division of the microfacies types of bauxites formed in major microenvironments are proposed. Four kinds of sedimentary sequence of bauxitic sediments have also been recognized. On these bases, a generalized sedimentary model of Carboniferous bauxites in North China is presented, in which storm-turbidite currents play an important role in the formation and enrichment of bauxite deposits.     

广西来宾市北敢堆积型铝土矿地质特征及找矿标志

在分析研究区域成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征的基础上,对矿床成因进行了初步探讨,总结了找矿标志。认为矿源层来自上二叠统合山组底部与中二叠统茅口组顶部的古侵蚀间断面上的原生铁铝岩(铝土矿);成矿过程经历了原生铁铝岩的形成、初始堆积铝土矿的形成和改造富集成矿三个阶段后再次遭受风化、剥蚀、搬运和堆积,最终堆积型铝土矿在岩溶坡地和丘陵等高地上分布较多,而在低洼处分布较少甚至未见出露。对矿区外围寻找新的堆积型铝土矿资源具有一定的指导意义。     

广西扶绥—崇左地区铝土矿矿产远景调查主要进展及成果

在龙州地区首次发现早石炭世的堆积型铝土矿矿源层,提出广西堆积型铝土矿至少存在早石炭世和晚二叠世两个时代的矿源层。探索运用高密度电阻率法寻找古风化壳沉积型铝土矿的有效性试验工作。提交新发现矿产地4处,探获新增铝土矿(334₁)资源量5 289.15万吨。重新厘定区域地层岩性及岩相特征,系统总结区内铝土矿矿床(点)的时空分布特征、控矿地质条件、成矿规律及找矿标志,建立了区域成矿模式和预测找矿模型,圈定成矿远景区5处,找矿靶区6处,开展区域矿产预测,初步评价了本区铝土矿资源潜力。为该地区下一步地质调查、矿产勘查规划和开发提供了丰硕的基础资料和有益参考。     

广西平果堆积型铝土矿成矿封闭环境研究

通过堆积矿矿-土组合特征的研究,揭示了平果矿区在强烈剥蚀环境中堆积矿保存的地质条件,将矿层结构类型划分为斜坡型、洼地型和塌陷型,明确了它们与矿区岩溶地貌分带对应、继承演化的关系.通过矿层地球化学分析,在矿土物源关系、风化程度、成矿相关性等方面揭示了堆积矿在演化过程中风化强、剥蚀弱的特点,这种特点有利于铝土矿的成矿.矿层...     

Mineralogical and geochemical investigations of the Dajia Salento-type bauxite deposits,western Guangxi,China

The Dajia Salento-type bauxite deposit in western Guangxi is hosted within the Quaternary ferrallitic soil profile, and it formed via breaking up, weathering and oxidizing of Permian bauxite orebodies occurring as a semi-continuous layer in the upper Permian. Mineralogical analyses reveal that diaspore, hematite and kaolinite are the major minerals in bauxite ores with small amounts of anatase, chamosite, gibbsite, goethite, illite, zircon, quartz and pyrite. The ore texture and mineral assemblage reveal that the depositional/diagenetic environment of the Dajia bauxite was much close to phreatic environment. Both the ore texture and the morphology of zircon grains also indicate that most of the bauxitic soils were transported a short distance. Diaspore is suggested to be non-metamorphic in origin and mainly formed in a reducing condition of diagenetic environment, while kaolinite is the product of the in situ epigenetic replacement of alumina in diaspore by dissolved silica. Geochemical analyses indicate that Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, SiO₂ and TiO₂ are the main components of the bauxite ores and trace elements such as Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Th and U were enriched during the bauxitization process. Simultaneously, Zr vs. Hf and Nb vs. Ta show a high correlation. Geochemical indices such as Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta and Eu/Eu* (among others) denote that the magmatic rocks related to the Emeishan plume in western Guangxi and the carbonates in the underlying Maokou Formation provided the main sources of material for the bauxite ores.