Baseline establishment for metals in the western Clarion-Clipperton Zone

Resource exploitation in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) is of major research interest worldwide, but its influence on the environment is poorly understood, especially due to the lack of baseline values for metals in the surrounding sediment. This work aimed to establish the baseline values of 17 metals (Ba, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ag, As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) using normalization, the cumulative frequency curve method considering a total of 172 samples taken from 8 multitube cores and 1 box sediment core collected in the western CCZ during the COMRA-45 cruise campaign from August to September 2017. The baseline values of the evaluated metals were as follows: 1 932 mg/kg for Ba, 29 512 mg/kg for Ca, 18 150 mg/kg for K, 17 120 mg/kg for Mg, 6 747 mg/kg for Mn, 28 546 mg/kg for Na, 0.571 mg/kg for Ag, 5.00 mg/kg for As, 94.4 mg/kg for B, 0.626 mg/kg for Cd, 104 mg/kg for Co, 76.1 mg/kg for Cr, 370 mg/kg for Cu, 0.028 mg/kg for Hg, 190 mg/kg for Ni, 27.5 mg/kg for Pb and 156 mg/kg for Zn. Our findings would fill the baseline value gap in the study area and further improve accuracy of environmental impact assessments on the impact of resource exploitation.     

不同类型DDM相互应用的质量分析

数字水深模型的应用通常可分为航海和非航海两大类型。从航海与非航海DDM的不同应用需求出发,分别构建了航海和非航海DDM,比对分析了不同类型DDM相互应用时的质量情况。实验证明,航海DDM的模型中误差相对较大,模型产生了系统性偏移,应用于非航海时模型质量会相对降低,且这种降低的程度随着比例尺的缩小而增大;非航海DDM未考虑航海安全性需求,会引起模型深度保证率指标明显偏低,且随比例尺不断缩小而偏低更明显,从而不能直接应用于航海。     

熊本牡蛎(Crassostrea sikamea)多嵴和无嵴品系子二代生长性状的选择效应

为了进一步检查熊本牡蛎(Crassostrea sikamea)多嵴品系及无嵴品系的连续选择反应能力,以两个品系子一代上选组为材料,以壳高为指标,按照10%选择强度,开展了两个品系子二代混合上选研究,评估了两个品系子二代选择反应、现实遗传力,计算了两个品系的遗传改进量。结果表明:两个品系仍具有较高的现实遗传力,多嵴品系遗传参数均大于无嵴品系,表现出较好的遗传改良效果。多嵴和无嵴品系幼虫期的选择反应分别为0.47、0.34,稚贝期为0.65、0.40,养成期为0.82、0.56;幼虫期的现实遗传力分别为0.27、0.19,稚贝期为0.37、0.23,养成期为0.47、0.32;幼虫期的遗传改进量分别为4.83%、3.61%,稚贝期为7.55%、5.76%,养成期为9.95%、6.47%。经过一周年的养成,多嵴品系壳高显著大于无嵴品系,两个品系现实遗传力分别为0.50、0.35,遗传改进量分别为10.13%、6.61%。由此可见,多嵴品系具有较快的生长速度,遗传改良潜力较大。本研究为熊本牡蛎遗传改良和新品系培育奠定了坚实的基础。     

The dynamics of wave induced ship motions in shallow water

The analytical method developed by Svendsen (1968) for a forced heave motion is extended to the general problem of wave induced heave, roll and sway motions of a long ship at a depth of water which is only slightly larger than the draught of the ship. This corresponds, for example, to the situation of a fully loaded ship in a harbour area.After linearization of the problem, the water motion is considered for each of the three individual motions and for the wave reflection-transmission problem for a fixed ship. The ensuing results for the forces on the ship are then synthesized to form the equations of motion, which are presented with all coefficients given, including mooring forces.Analytical and numerical results are given for the three components of motion, for the associated resonance frequencies, and for the hydrodynamic masses and moments of inertia. Finally, the assumptions used are analyzed and evaluated by comparison with measurements and with other results for a special case.     

CFD, system-based and EFD study of ship dynamic instability events: Surf-riding, periodic motion, and broaching

CFD and system-based simulation are used to predict broaching, surf-riding, and periodic motion for the ONR Tumblehome model, including captive and free model test validation studies. CFD shows close agreement with EFD for calm water resistance, static heel (except for sway force and yaw moment), and static drift (except for roll moment). CFD predictions of static heel in following waves also compare well with EFD except for surge force, sway force, and pitch angle. Froude-Krylov calculations of wave-induced surge force in following waves provides good agreement for high Froude number, but significantly overestimates for Froude number less than 0.2. On the other hand, CFD successfully reproduces the reduction of the wave-induced surge force near Froude number 0.2, probably because CFD can capture the 3D wave pattern. CFD free model simulations are performed for several speeds and headings and validated for the first time for surf-riding, broaching, and periodic motions. System-based simulations are carried out based on inputs from EFD, CFD, and Froude-Krylov for a dense grid of speeds and headings to predict the instability map, which were found to produce fairly similar results.     

Government response to marine pollution from ships

The Marine Pollution Control Unit (MPCU) is the competent national authority for discharging the Secretary of State for Transport responsibility for pollution from ships under the Prevention of Oil Pollution Act 1971 and subsequent legislation covering other hazardous substances. It is an integral part of The Coastguard Agency, an executive agency of The Department of Transport. MPCU is responsible for maintaining the National Contingency Plan, for monitoring and assessing all pollution incidents within UK waters including dealing with pollution from ships and for advising on/co-ordinating shoreline counter pollution operations, and for fostering and maintaining international relationships for mutual support.     

Estimation of Design Wave Height for the Waters around the Korean Peninsula

Long term wave climate of both extreme wave and operational wave height is essential for planning and designing coastal structures. Since the field wave data for the waters around Korean peninsula is not enough to provide reliable wave statistics, the wave climate information has been generated by means of long-term wave hindcasting using available meteorological data. Basic data base of hindcasted wave parameters such as significant wave height, peak period and direction has been established continuously for the period of 25 years starting from 1979 and for major 106 typhoons for the past 53 years since 1951 for each grid point of the North East Asia Regional Seas with grid size of 18 km. Wind field reanalyzed by European Center for Midrange Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) was used for the simulation of waves for the extratropical storms, while wind field calculated by typhoon wind model with typhoon parameters carefully analyzed using most of the available data was used for the simulation of typhoon waves. Design wave heights for the return period of 10, 20, 30, 50 and 100 years for 16 directions at each grid point have been estimated by means of extreme wave analysis using the wave simulation data. As in conventional methodsi of design criteria estimation, it is assumed that the climate is stationary and the statistics and extreme analysis using the long-term hindcasting data are used in the statistical prediction for the future. The method of extreme statistical analysis in handling the extreme events like typhoon Maemi in 2003 was evaluated for more stable results of design wave height estimation for the return periods of 30–50 years for the cost effective construction of coastal structures.     

九孔鲍褐藻酸酶、琼脂酶及纤维素酶的提取纯化

采用（NH4）2SO4分段盐析和葡聚糖凝胶SephadexG-100柱层析纯化技术，从九孔鲍Haliotis diversicolor supertexta内脏器官中提取纯化褐藻酸酶、琼脂酶及纤维素酶，结果表明，在（NH4）2SO4分段盐析纯化中，褐藻酸酶和纤维素酶的最适分离饱和度为60%，而琼脂酶为70%，分段盐析的提纯倍数为（以粗酶提取液为参照）褐藻酸酶13.3 ,琼脂酶8.7和纤维素酶10.9。葡聚糖凝胶SephadexG-100层析分离过程中，褐藻酸酶，琼脂酶和纤维素酶的比活力高峰分别出现在洗脱液的64，48和80ml处，提纯倍数分别为褐藻酸酶80.9，琼脂酶68.0及纤维素酶15.2，上述提纯方法的研究结果将为这3种酶性质的进一步研究以及作为工具酶制剂产品的开发提供了工艺技术基础。     

Genetic parameters estimation for growth traits in cultured tiger pufferfish (fugu), Takifugu rubripes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic parameters of the growth performance of Takifugu rubripes. Heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated for body weight (BW), body length (BL), total length (TL), chest measurement (CM) and trunk length (TKL) of T. rubripes from measurements of progeny at 6 months and 12 months. The results showed that the heritability was 0.37 for BW6, 0.19 for BL6, 0.35 for TL6, 0.29 for CM6, 0.26 for TKL6, 0.36 for BW12, 0.26 for BL12, 0.25 for TL12, 0.31 for CM12 and 0.15 for TKL12. The range of genetic correlations estimated at 6 months was 0.025–0.725 and ?0.002–0.706 at 12 months. The results indicated that genetic improvement for faster growth rate or increased body weight in cultured T. rubripes was effective. Based on selection theory, the selection strategy for traits with medium heritability is flexible. Considering that these growth traits do not reach the high level of heritability, family selection should be expected. Given positive genetic correlations among BW, BL, TL, CM, and TKL at 6 months, the five traits could be improved simultaneously through selective breeding. As there was high genetic correlation only between BW12, BL12 and TL12, and negative correlations between TKL12 and BL12 as well as between CM12 and TL12, and only BW, BL and TL at 12 months could be improved simultaneously.     

潮流物理模型试验生潮控制时的复合模拟数据对接

根据几种不同情形探讨复合模拟中如何通过数值模拟为潮流物模试验提供开边界控制条件。对单边界物理模型,可由数模的调和常数得到物模边界控制所需的时间序列数据,实现单分潮、多分潮及大、中、小潮的模拟;对于历时较长的试验,可由数模得到长时间序列或周期性序列数据作为生潮的控制信号;对多边界模型,沿边界分为若干控制断面,由数模给出各断面的流量变化,对各断面分别进行流量控制;差时的复合模拟可使物理模型和数值模型互相提供边界条件或模型参数修正。     

南沙群岛海域理化参数垂向分布特征及跃层生态系的提法

自1985～1999年中国科学院南沙综合科学考察队在南沙群岛进行了12个航次的综合科学考察.根据调查的结果,通过分析南沙群岛海域理化参数垂向分布特征,得出次表层海水理化参数具有极值现象、跃变现象和波动现象的特点,讨论了这些独特特征反映的独特生境,提出了南沙群岛海域垂直方向上存在跃层生态系的观点.     

节旋藻(螺旋藻)高分子量DNA的两种制备方法

DNA的简便高效制备方法是研究基因结构、功能及开展其它各项研究的基础。首次报道了针对节旋藻的结构和组成特性而建立的制备节旋藻高分子量DNA的两种方法。其中第一个方法是常规方法，可大量提取纯度较高、分子量达50kb的节旋藻DNA，可用于构建节旋藻质粒库、Southern杂交和PCR操作等；第2种方法是用脉冲电场凝胶电泳分离DNA片段，制备的DNA片段达数百kb，可用于构建节旋藻噬菌体库、粘粒库、BAC库等，从而为构建节旋藻物理图谱，定位克隆基因奠定基础。     

为违法捕捞提供便利行为的法律责任研究

随着近年来我国水产品市场需求的增大，违法捕捞案件逐年增多，且在实践中为违法捕捞提供便利行为也越发猖獗。由于立法的缺失，这种行为尚未受到法律的规制，行为人能够逃避应承担的法律责任，严重影响渔业捕捞秩序和渔业资源的可持续发展。文章阐述为违法捕捞提供便利行为的基本概念，分析在《中华人民共和国渔业法》中增设为违法捕捞提供便利行为法律责任的必要性和可行性，并提出法律责任的构成要素和立法建议。     

受短期停食胁迫下三疣梭子蟹幼体的存活与变态

2005年4月以三疣梭子蟹各期幼体为实验动物,开展了短期停食对三疣梭子蟹幼体存活与变态影响试验.结果表明:完全停食处理条件下三疣梭子蟹各期幼体的平均全致死时间按发育先后次序(Z₁,Z₂,Z₂,Z₄,M)依次为81,120,141,162和200 h,平均半致死时间为39,66,90,64和174h;短期停食后恢复正常给饵条件下三疣梭子蟹各期幼体停食处理后的变态临界点按发育先后次序依次为停食处理后的33,57,69,54和150 h;单次停食时间在变态临界点内,先停食后正常给饵与"给饵+停食"循环两处理模式中各期幼体的存活率和变态率均随着停食时间的延长而下降,幼体变态所需时间和变态后个体死亡率也分别随之延长和增加,其中Z₁停食3 h组与"给饵3 h+停食3 h"循环组、Z₂停食4 h组与"给饵4 h+停食4 h"循环组、Z₃停食4.5 h组与"给饵4.5 h+停食4.5 h"循环组,Z₄停食6 h组与"给饵6 h+停食6 h"循环组、M停食7.5 h组、停食15 h组以及"给饵7.5 h+停食7.5 h"循环组均与对照组无差异.最后,还分别就三疣梭子蟹各期幼体停食处理极限值和限食处理总实验时间的确定、短期停食胁迫对三疣梭子蟹幼体的存活与变态特征以及三疣梭子蟹各期幼体的补偿生长水平及其应用等进行了分析与探讨.     

Preservation of teleost proteins by 2‐phenoxyethanol

2‐phenoxyethanol was tested as a preservative for plankton samples intended for electrophoretic analysis of enzymes. Esterase, α‐glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, glucosephosphate isomerase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, phospho‐glucomutase, and superoxide dismutase were tested in starch gels. Adult skeletal muscle tissues retained enzyme activity for five of the enzymes tested. No activity was detected in eight larval species analysed for the same eight enzymes. 2‐phenoxyethanol is unsuitable as a biochemical preservative for plankton samples but may find an application for adult muscle tissues.     

Flow analysis for determination of inorganic arsenic and antimony in seawater with on-line liquid nitrogen trap and hydride generation

An automatic flow analysis system with on-line liquid nitrogen trap, hydride generation and flame-less atomic absorption spectrophotometry was presented for the determination of inorganic arsenic and antimony in seawater. The experimental conditions such as acidity of reduction reaction, the amount of sodium borohydride , the flow rate of carry gas (high purity of nitrogen) were tested and selected optimally. The limit detection of the method presented was 0. 15 ug/L for arsenic and 0. 24 μ/L for antimony . During the determination of seawater samples with levels microgram arsenic and antimony pa litre th?variation coefficient would be ±4% for arsenic and ±10% for antimony. The volume needed for one measurement was 9 mL for arsenic and 12 mL for antimony. The frequency of sample determination reached 20 times per hour for arsenic and 15 times per hour for antimony.     

海水温度和盐度对泥蚶幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响

1996～1997和1999年在浙江省乐清市东发水产育苗场和福建省宁德市四海水产育苗场分别研究了海水温度和盐度对泥蚶浮游幼虫和稚贝生长及存活的影响,结果表明,泥蚶浮游幼虫的适宜温度为25～33℃,最适生长温度为28～30℃.稚贝的适宜温度为15～35℃,最适生长温度为25～30℃.浮游幼虫的适宜盐度为16.54～30.02,最适生长盐度为1654～23.38;稚贝的适宜盐度为10.01～30.02,最适生长盐度为10.01～23.38.泥蚶幼虫和稚贝对高温和低盐海水有较强的适应能力,这与它们夏季的繁殖期和自然分布于内湾河口区是相适应的.     

去除有机质前后海底沉积物对稀土元素吸附能力的变化研究

为更好地了解有机质对沉积物吸附稀土元素能力的影响,对珠江口和南海沉积物在去除有机质之前和之后进行了稀土元素吸附实验研究。结果表明,同一种沉积物在去除有机质前后对稀土元素的吸附呈现基本相同的规律,只是吸附量有所不同。沉积物在去除有机质之后对稀土离子的吸附能力比去除有机质之前大大降低;沉积物对各种稀土元素吸附量降低的百分比为:珠江口沉积物对Yb的吸附量减少了47.24%,对La的吸附量减少了75.50%,对其它元素的吸附量减少介于47.24%—75.50%之间;南海沉积物对Sm的吸附量减少了35.93%,对Ho的吸附量减少了45.41%,对其它元素的吸附量减少介于35.93%—45.41%之间。     

Evaluation of acetylcholinesterase activity in several zooplanktonic crustaceans

Zooplankton are an essential component of the marine and estuarine food chains. The ecotoxicological risk to zooplanktonic communities, estimated through the use of the biomarkers, can be used as an early warning signal of a potential alteration of the ecosystem health. The aim of this project was to evaluate the potential use of several biomarkers (esterases, mixed function oxidases, porphyrins) in zooplanktonic organisms. The acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) was determined in homogenates of whole organisms of 10 different zooplanktonic crustaceans. Mean activity of AChE was 10.05 micromol/min/g for Acartia margalefi; 3.30 for Acartia latisetosa; 79.70 for Siriella clausi; 49.97 for Diamysis bahirensis; 7.48 for Siriella armata; 14.20 for Mysidopsis gibbosa; 4.49 for Euphausia crystallorophias; 1.66 for Euphausia superba; 2.74 for Streetsia challengeri; 13.26 for Meganycthiphanes norvegica. The species moreover showed a linear increase in enzyme activity in relation to the increase in sample concentration. The key result of this study concerns the different AChE activity basal values of the crustaceans' different species.     

Geotechnical property variability of continental margin sediments: High‐resolution vertical and lateral data from the northern California slope

High‐resolution vertical and lateral gradients and variations in sediment mass physical properties were derived from measurements in box cores, on the scale of millimeters, tens of centimeters, and kilometers from typical, relatively broad areas of the northern California continental slope in the Cape Mendocino area at water depths from 380 to 940 m. Such data are important as a control on comparisons of different sediment suites, as well as providing limits for realistic flux calculations of dissolved inorganic and biochemical species and pollutants. The sediments studied have relatively constant organic carbon contents (OC ? 1.75 wt%) and bulk mineralogy. They range from silty sands (～45% sand, 40% silt) to clayey silts (～63% silt, ～35% clay) and are extensively bioturbated. Physical property variations between subcores (～25 to 35 cm in length), taken from the same box core, increase with increasing clay content. For coarse‐grained sediments, mean down‐core differences in physical property values between related subcores are small, averaging 3.6% for water content, 4% for porosity, 0.026 Mg/m³ for wet bulk density, and 0.1 for void ratio. Subcore variations for fine‐grained sediments are generally significantly larger, averaging 9.8% for water content, 1.52% for porosity, 0.027 Mg/m³ for wet bulk density, and 0.3 for void ratio (box core 125). Millimeter variations of physical properties from horizontal 12‐cm‐long subcores indicate a maximum range of lateral variation of 18.2% for water content, 8% for porosity, 0.14 Mg/m³ for wet bulk density, and ～ 0.6 for void ratio.