金华地区夏秋大气中过氧乙酰硝酸酯的污染特征

过氧乙酰硝酸酯（PAN）是由VOCs和NO_x的光化学反应生成的一种典型二次污染物,比O₃更适合作为光化学污染的指示剂.2019年6—10月对浙江中部盆地金华市大气中PAN进行了在线监测,并对影响其体积分数变化的因素进行了分析,同时还分析了一次典型的光化学污染过程.结果表明,观测期间PAN的平均体积分数为0.656×10^-9,最高体积分数为4.348×10^-9,日均体积分数水平在0.130×10^-9~2.203×10^-9之间.PAN日变化特征显著,9月为明显的双峰变化,其他月份均为单峰.受气象条件的影响,夏季的污染程度显著低于秋季.9月27—30日典型污染时段内,PAN的小时均值是整个观测期均值的2.8倍,污染以本地积累为主.前体物浓度水平差异与去除机制的不同是影响PAN和O₃相关性的重要因素,此外NO/NO₂的比值是影响PAN生成速率的重要因素,PAN的峰值基本出现在NO/NO₂比值较低的时段.在生成PAN的VOCs物种中,丙烷、乙烷和间/对二甲苯所占比例较大.     

临安冬夏季SO2、NO2和O3体积分数特征及与气象条件的关系

对临安大气本底站2003-2004年冬、夏季二氧化氮(NO2)、二氧化硫(SO2)、臭氧(O3)进行了分析.结果表明:冬季NO2和SO2平均体积分数分别为19.48×10-9和35.74 x10-9,而夏季的平均体积分数分别为4.81×10-9和8.12×10-9,冬季高于夏季;O3在夏季的平均体积分数为33.55×10-9,略高于冬季的25.44×10-9;夜间NO2和SO2体积分数比白天高,并且NO2呈明显的单峰单谷型分布,O3也呈单峰型但峰值出现在白天.NO2、SO2体积分数存在着明显的“假日效应”,假日比非假日低,周五高于假日和非假日;但O3体积分数没有明显的假日效应.降水对SO2有明显的清除作用,但对NO2的清除作用不明显.与风向对比发现,夏季高体积分数的NO2、SO2都受到NW、WNW风的影响,冬季则分别受NE和SW、SSW风的影响;而O3受风向的影响较复杂,与局地光化学反应有关.     

全球闪电活动与对流层上部NO及O3的相关性分析

为了解闪电对对流层上部微量气体的贡献,利用全球水资源和气候中心(GHRC)提供的1995年4月—2006年6月的闪电卫星格点资料,以及高层大气研究卫星(UARS)上的卤素掩星试验(HALOE)1991年10月—2005年11月的观测资料,分析了全球闪电与对流层上部NO和O3体积分数的时空分布特征及其相关性。结果表明:全球闪电12、1、2月集中在南半球,6—8月集中在北半球,全球闪电的季节分布与NO、O3类似;NO体积分数在350 h Pa附近达到最大,该高度的南半球NO体积分数变化范围为7×10-12~11×10-12、北半球为3×10-12~17×10-12;450~300 h Pa,北半球夏季O3体积分数呈明显增加趋势,且同一高度上夏季的值比年平均值大25%左右,南半球夏季O3体积分数高于冬季,但差异并不大。结论进一步证明了闪电与对流层上部NO及O3的密切关系,也为研究全球气候变化提供有力证据。     

O3,CO2浓度及太阳光谱变化对作物光合作用影响的数值模拟研究

对光合作用 蒸腾作用 气孔调节进行耦合 ,从生物化学尺度扩展至冠层尺度 ,发展了一个冬小麦冠层光合作用生态动力模式 ,模式考虑了O3,CO2 和光谱变化对作物光合的综合影响。利用美国光合作用实测资料对模式进行验证 ,叶片模式通过了相关显著性检验并具有较高的准确度。数值分析表明 :当O3 浓度由 0× 10 -9V/V上升至2 0 0× 10 -9V/V时 ,冠层光合速率下降 2 9%左右 ;当CO2 浓度由 330× 10 -6V/V上升至 6 6 0× 10 -6V/V时 ,冠层光合速率增加大约 37% ;当光谱比例系数由目前的 0 .5下降至 0 .4时 ,冠层光合速率将下降 2 7%左右。对于污染严重、易发生光化学烟雾的城郊附近 ,在阳光强烈的典型晴天 ,中午O3 浓度达到 2 0 0× 10 -9V/V时 ,即使气候条件不发生改变 ,CO2 浓度对作物光合作用的正效应也不足以弥补O3 浓度升高所造成的负效应 ,冠层光合速率将比目前干洁地区略有下降 ,如果进一步考虑光合作用有效辐射光谱成分下降至 0 .4左右 ,冠层光合作用将比目前的BASE值下降 35 %左右。     

中美大气化学联合考察实验结果的初步分析与比较

根据临安区域本底站观测资料分析结果得出,中国中纬度地区秋、冬季O₃及其前体物NO_x等浓度偏高,可以对农作物和地表生态系统产生影响.观测结果表明:近地层大气O₃浓度主要决定于地面总辐射量控制下的光化学反应过程;O₃的生成受到前体物NO_x的控制,但O₃与NO_x存在着明显的非线性关系.从PEM-WESTA和B的实验及1995年的观测资料表明,O₃的生成效率随着NO_x浓度的增大而减小.尽管O₃的生成速率秋季比冬季的大,但由于秋季较高的NO_x抑制了过氧基的生成,因此冬季O₃的累积量几乎可以和秋季相比拟.在临安观测的NMHC和NO_x的比值比国外同纬度地区测值要大.这说明在临安本底站O₃的光化学生成中,NMHC不是控制物种.从而提示我们,在这些季节临安O₃光化学产物能够被NO_x浓度所控制.中美大气化学联合考察(PEM-WEST-B)实验期间,台湾省的卡盯站SO₂的平均浓度为0.29ppb,O₃的平均浓度为42.2ppb,可以认为此值为低纬度海岛的本底值.1994年PEM-WEST-B实验期间临安站的观测资料和台湾省的卡盯站资料相比,临安站SO₂的浓度约为卡盯站SO₂浓度的50倍左右,从而可以看出人类活动对大气本底的显着影响.     

江苏地区二氧化碳浓度时空分布特征分析

利用瓦里关和上甸子大气本底站观测的月平均CO₂浓度数据对GOSAT卫星反演的CO₂浓度数据进行验证,结果表明GOSAT产品与台站观测数据有较好的一致性.利用2009年6月—2011年5月GOSAT反演的CO₂浓度数据,分析了江苏地区CO₂浓度的时空变化特征,结果表明:1)975 hPa高度层CO₂浓度高于850 hPa高度层,CO₂浓度的水平变化要小于垂直变化;2)在季节变化上,CO₂浓度冬季最高,夏季最低,这可能与植被光合作用的强弱变化有关;比较前后两年的CO₂浓度数据,夏季和秋季的增速较快,冬季和春季的增速较慢;3)在日变化上,发现徐州和南京站02时CO₂浓度最高,14时CO₂浓度最低,这可能也与植被光合作用的强弱有关.     

Analysis of Air Quality in Eastern China and its Interaction with Other Regions of the World

In this study, we used satellite data (GOME and MOPITT) together with a global chemical-transport-model of atmosphere (MOZART-2) to characterize the chemical/aerosol composition over eastern China. We then estimated the effects of local emissions in China on the chemical budgets in other regions of the world. Likewise, we also investigated the effects of air pollution from other regions on the chemical budget over eastern China. The study shows that the column CO and NO _x concentrations are also high in eastern China. The high CO and NO _x concentrations produce modest levels of O₃ concentrations during summer (about 40 to 50 ppbv) and very low O₃ during winter (about 10 to 20 ppbv) in eastern China. The calculated NO₂ column is fairly consistent from the GOME measurement. The calculated CO column is underestimated from the MOPITT measurement. One of the reasons of the underestimation of the predicted CO is due to a fact that the CO emissions were taken without considering the rapid increase of emissions from 1990 to 2000. The calculated surface O₃ is consistent with the measured values, with strong seasonal variations. However, the measurement is very limited, and more measurements in eastern China will be needed. The column NO₂ has a very strong seasonal variation in eastern China, with the highest concentrations during winter and the lowest concentrations during summer. The cause of this seasonal variability is mainly due to the seasonal changes in the chemical loss of NO _x , which is very high in summer and very low during winter. The effects of the local emissions in China and long-range transport from other regions on the chemical distributions in eastern China are studied. The results show that NO _x concentrations in eastern China are mostly caused by the local emissions in China, especially during the winter. The CO concentration over eastern China is from both the local emissions (30% to 40%) and the transport from other regions. Likewise, the CO emissions in China have an important effect on the other regions of the world, but the effect is limited in the northern hemisphere. The local emissions in China also have an important effect on surface O₃ concentrations. During winter, the local emissions reduce the surface O₃ concentrations by 30 to 50%. During summer, the local emissions produce about 50 to 70% of the O₃ concentration in eastern China.     

Impact of Non-Methane Hydrocarbons on Tropospheric Chemistry and the Oxidizing Power of the Global Troposphere: 3-Dimensional Modelling Results

The impact of natural and anthropogenicnon-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) on troposphericchemistry is investigated with the global,three-dimensional chemistry-transport model MOGUNTIA.This meteorologically simplified model allows theinclusion of a rather detailed scheme to describeNMHC oxidation chemistry. Comparing model resultscalculated with and without NMHC oxidation chemistryindicates that NMHC oxidation adds 40–60% to surfacecarbon monoxide (CO) levels over the continents andslightly less over the oceans. Free tropospheric COlevels increase by 30–60%. The overall yield of COfrom the NMHC mixture considered is calculated to beabout 0.4 CO per C atom. Organic nitrate formationduring NMHC oxidation, and their transport anddecomposition affect the global distribution of NO _x and thereby O₃ production. The impact of theshort-lived NMHC extends over the entire tropospheredue to the formation of longer-lived intermediateslike CO, and various carbonyl and carboxyl compounds.NMHC oxidation almost doubles the net photochemicalproduction of O₃ in the troposphere and leads to20–80% higher O₃ concentration inNO _x -rich boundarylayers, with highest increases over and downwind ofthe industrial and biomass burning regions. Anincrease by 20–30% is calculated for the remotemarine atmosphere. At higher altitudes, smaller, butstill significant increases, in O₃ concentrationsbetween 10 and 60% are calculated, maximizing in thetropics. NO from lightning also enhances the netchemical production of O₃ by about 30%, leading to asimilar increase in the global mean OH radicalconcentration. NMHC oxidation decreases the OH radicalconcentrations in the continental boundary layer withlarge NMHC emissions by up to 20–60%. In the marineboundary layer (MBL) OH levels can increase in someregions by 10–20% depending on season and NO _x levels.However, in most of the MBL OH will decrease by10–20% due to the increase in CO levels by NMHCoxidation chemistry. The large decreases especiallyover the continents strongly reduce the markedcontrasts in OHconcentrations between land and oceanwhich are calculated when only the backgroundchemistry is considered. In the middle troposphere, OHconcentrations are reduced by about 15%, although dueto the growth in CO. The overall effect of thesechanges on the tropospheric lifetime of CH₄ is a 15%increase from 6.5 to 7.4 years. Biogenic hydrocarbonsdominate the impact of NMHC on global troposphericchemistry. Convection of hydrocarbon oxidationproducts: hydrogen peroxides and carbonyl compounds,especially acetone, is the main source of HO _x in theupper troposphere. Convective transport and additionof NO from lightning are important for the O₃ budgetin the free troposphere.     

北京城区冬春季过氧化氢浓度变化特征

大气过氧化氢（H₂O₂）是一种重要的光化学产物,也是硫酸盐气溶胶生成及降水酸化过程的关键氧化剂。然而,我国对H₂O₂的观测研究较少,尤其对雾霾期间H₂O₂浓度变化特征认识不足。该文介绍了冬春时段（2016年12月-2017年4月）在北京城区中国气象局的H₂O₂观测结果,并结合同期O₃,PAN,NO_X,PM_2.5等污染物和气象要素观测数据,分析H₂O₂浓度变化特征与影响因素。观测结果表明:观测期间H₂O₂体积混合比（简称为浓度）为（0.65±0.59）×10-9,其中,春季浓度（0.83±0.67）×10-9高于冬季浓度（0.51±0.47）×10-9;H₂O₂平均日变化基本呈现单峰特征,峰值出现在18:00-21:00,比其他地区峰值出现稍晚,并滞后于O₃峰值时间4~7 h;相对湿度对H₂O₂日峰值时间和浓度水平有影响,小于55%时日峰值出现于18:00-24:00,平均峰值浓度1.52×10-9;大于65%时日峰值出现于11:00-16:00,日峰值浓度均小于1×10-9。H₂O₂,O₃和PAN虽然同属光化学产物,但在不同污染状况下浓度水平和变化趋势差异明显;H₂O₂清洁日峰值浓度高于污染日,但11:00-15:00污染日浓度略高于清洁日。     

龙凤山大气近地层O3浓度变化及与其它因素的关系

研究首次在龙凤山区域大气本底站测得的地面Ｏ３浓度及其变化的资料表明,中国东北农村地面大气Ｏ３浓度总体水平不很高,但在少数特殊的天气条件下,时均浓度可超过国家二级标准。Ｏ３浓度存在明显的季节和日变化,其月平均浓度１９９５年１月最低（２７．５ｐｐｂ）,１９９４年１１月最高（４３．２ｐｐｂ）。Ｏ３日变化幅度夏季的晴天最大（２８ｐｐｂ）,冬季的阴天最小（８ｐｐｂ）。气象要素（尤其是风速、气温和相对湿度等）和ＮＯｘ与地面Ｏ３浓度有较密切的关系。用多变量分析法探讨了地面Ｏ３各指标随气象因子和ＮＯｘ共同变化的规律,并拟合了寒冷和温暖期里与地面Ｏ３日最高浓度、日最低浓度及日变化幅度有关的方程。     

武汉市2018年4—9月臭氧及其前体物非线性关系研究

近年来武汉市臭氧污染日益严峻,成为影响空气质量达标的瓶颈,弄清臭氧及其前体物非线性关系是臭氧防控的关键和基础.本研究基于武汉中心城区2018年4—9月臭氧及其前体物在线观测数据,分析出武汉市臭氧浓度受前体物和气象条件等因素的共同影响,呈较为明显的季节变化和日变化特征.观测期间武汉市大气挥发性有机物（VOCs）平均体积分数为32.5×10^-9,烷烃是武汉市VOCs的主要组分,其次是含氧VOCs （OVOCs）和卤代烃.利用基于观测的模型定量分析臭氧与前体物之间的关系,发现削减VOCs会引起臭氧生成潜势的显著下降,而削减氮氧化物则会使臭氧生成潜势升高,说明武汉市臭氧生成处于VOCs控制区.在人为源VOCs中,间/对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的相对增量反应活性（RIR）最高,是影响臭氧生成的关键组分.     

一次寒潮降温过程的等熵位涡和热力学分析

通过等熵位涡和热力学能量方程的各项诊断对2018年1月上旬我国东部一次寒潮天气过程进行分析,重点给出垂直运动在寒潮降温中的作用。结果表明：此次寒潮天气过程主要受蒙古国南部的横槽转竖影响,巴尔喀什湖东部和西伯利亚地区及其北部为引起这次寒潮的主要冷空气源地。欧亚大陆北部和极区对流层高层和平流层低层的高位涡强冷空气沿着等熵面向南向下平流,引导强冷空气侵袭我国东部。等熵位涡大值区的东侧对应上升运动区,有利于降水的产生。寒潮期间风场平流引起的850 hPa强降温区主要位于东南沿海地区,降温幅度最高可达6×10^-4 K·s^-1,而东北地区在整个寒潮期间冷平流强度较弱,最大降温幅度仅约为1×10^-4 K·s^-1。通过计算东南沿海和东北地区区域平均风场平流和垂直运动引起850 hPa温度变化,得出寒潮期间两地的温度总降幅约为1×10^-4 K·s^-1。东南沿海地区的寒潮主要由风场的冷平流引起,而东北地区则是由冷平流和垂直上升运动的共同作用引起。垂直方向上,东北地区冷空气能影响的高度要远高于东南沿海地区。     

Chemical character of precipitation and related particles and trace gases in the North and South of China

Rainwater samples were collected at four sites, including Beijing and Mazhuang Town in the north of China, Shenzhen and Mangdang Mountain in the south of China. Character of atmospheric particles and gases were also measured at Mazhuang Town and Mangdang Mountain. Both of Beijing and Shenzhen are urban sites; Mazhuang Town and Mangdang Mountain are rural and remote sites respectively. The atmospheric pollution at rural plain site in the north of China was more serious than that at remote mountain site in the south of China. At Beijing, Mazhuang Town, Shenzhen and Mangdang Mountain the average pH values in rainwater were 6.02, 5.97, 4.72 and 4.81, respectively and the concentrations of total ions in rainwater were 1454, 1125, 187 and 191 μeq/l, respectively. While the acidity of the rain was higher in the south than that in the north, the rainwater in the north of China was more severely polluted than that in the south. The major acidic ion in the rainwater is SO₄^2-, and NH₄⁺ is the most important neutralizing ion in rainwater at the four sites, followed by Ca²⁺. The amounts of organic acid in precipitation were compared with other sites in the world. The ratios of organic acid to total free acid in rainwater at Mangdang Mountain was 13.8% and the influence of organic acid on acidity of rainwater at mountain site in the south of China is more important. The variation of atmospheric particles, gases and components in rainwater and cloud-fog water during special rain and cloud-fog events was discussed. The importance of washout process varied with atmospheric species. The impacts of rainfall, rain duration time and wind speed on wash-out process were estimated by regression analysis.     

A vertical profile of Ozone concentration in the atmosphericboundary layer over central Taiwan

Summary  In the central region of Taiwan, ozone episodes occur most often during autumn. Two field experiments were conducted during the autumns of 1998 and 1999 to analyze the vertical profile of the boundary layer and determine its effects on ozone concentration over the region. The vertical virtual potential temperature and wind profiles were derived from tethersonde data. The NO_x, NMHC and O₃ concentration vertical profiles were monitored up to a height of 500 meters using black-covered Teflon tedler sampling bags. During the experimental periods, nighttime terrestrial long wave radiation could cause the inversion height to reach 500 meters by the following morning. It was shown that these types of synoptic structures suppress the vertical diffusion of NO_x, NMHC and O₃. During the daytime, measurements indicate that pollutants were well mixed in the upper portion of the mixing layer. At night, the ground level ozone concentration was on the decrease but increased with altitude to a height of 500 m. The NO_x decreased with altitude whereas the NMHC showed no significant variations. Received April 13, 2000 Revised July 24, 2000     

全球变暖情景下中国东部地区不同等级降水变化特征分析

利用日本东京大学气候系统研究中心、 日本环境研究所和日本地球环境研究中心联合研制的全球海气耦合气候模式MIROC_Hires输出的逐日降水资料, 分析了全球变暖背景下中国东部地区不同等级降水的变化特征。为了检验模式模拟未来中国不同地区降水变化趋势的可信程度, 首先评估该模式对1971-2000年夏季降水的模拟能力, 结果表明, 该模式无论从空间分布还是时间变化上均可以较好地模拟中国1971-2000年的降水情况。在此基础上, 将中国东部地区划分为华南、 江淮、 华北、 东北4个区域, 分析在全球变暖情景下未来（2071-2100年)较近期(1971-2000年)各个地区不同等级的降水量和降水频数的变化特征, 发现华南地区无降水和强降水（≥24 mm·d-1）的频数增加幅度均较大, 分别达到13\^8 d·a-1和4.2 d·a-1, 弱降水（1~12 mm·d-1）的频数减少; 江淮地区年降水量增加, 强降水的频数增加了3\^6 d·a-1, 弱降水的频数减少; 华北地区年降水量增加幅度在4个地区中最大, 达到30\^5%, 无降水频数减少, 8 mm·d-1以上的降水频数增加; 东北地区的降水强度和频数均增加。即中国东部地区降水变化趋势呈现华南地区暴雨频数增加, 江淮、 华北和东北地区降水量增多, 降水强度也增加的情形, 因此, 4个地区极端降水事件发生的频数增加。     

我国南北方气温和降水气候态变化特征及其对气候检测结果的影响

利用1961-2012年中国区域1353个站的年平均气温和年降水资料,分析南方和北方4种气候态的变化特征,并探索气候态的改变对南方和北方气候检测的影响。结果表明：气候变暖对气候态的影响较为明显,气候态的改变会使得南北方气候分析结果发生改变。北方近52年来年平均气温的升温趋势较明显,南方升温趋势较弱,南北方在I态、II态和III态下的年平均气温均呈现一致的增加趋势,但北方比南方升温更快。南北方年降水量的历年变化差异较大,北方年降水量呈现弱的“降-升-降-升”变化趋势,南方年降水量的历年变化较大,多项式趋势线呈“2峰3谷”。气候态的改变使得北方和南方的气温和降水等级均向着高等级移动,北方气温等级的变化受气候态的影响比南方更明显。     

Estimation of transboundary transport contribution to the air pollution in the far east region using the chemistry transport model

The CHIMERE mesoscale chemistry transport model is used for the quantitative assessment of the contribution of transboundary transport of anthropogenic admixtures from China to the surface concentrations of major suspended pollutants, aerosol PM₁₀, ozone O₃, and nitrogen oxides NO_x in the Far Eastern region. Analyzed in detail are the time series of concentration of mentioned substances computed with the model taking account and not taking account of anthropogenic emissions in China. It is revealed that the transboundary transport of anthropogenic pollutants can cause the recurring episodes of manyfold increase in the concentration of PM₁₀ in the south of Khabarovsk region, as well as more rare variations of O₃ and NO_x concentration. The trajectory and synoptic analysis demonstrated that the episodes of the increase in the concentration of PM₁₀ and O₃ in the south of the region mainly depend on the carryover of air masses from northeastern China in the front part of continental cyclones.     

MM5 Simulations of the China Regional Climate During the Mid-Holocene

Using a regional climate model MM5 nested with an atmospheric global climate model CCM3, a series of simulations and sensitivity experiments have been performed to investigate responses of the mid-Holocene climate to different factors over China. Model simulations of the mid-Holocene climate change, especially the precipitation change, are in good agreement with the geologic records. Model results show that relative to the present day (PD) climate, the temperature over China increased in the mid-Holocene, and the increase in summer is more than that in winter. The summer monsoon strengthened over the eastern China north of 30°N, and the winter monsoon weakened over the whole eastern China; the precipitation increased over the west part of China, North China, and Northeast China, and decreased over the south part of China.The sensitive experiments indicate that changes in the global climate (large-scale circulation background),vegetation, earth orbital parameter, and CO2 concentration led to the mid-Holocene climate change relative to the PD climate, and changes in precipitation, temperature and wind fields were mainly affected by change of the large-scale circulation background, especially with its effect on precipitation exceeding 50%. Changes in vegetation resulted in increasing of temperature in both winter and summer over China, especially over eastern China; furthermore, its effect on precipitation in North China accounts for 25% of the total change.Change in the orbital parameter produced the larger seasonal variation of solar radiation in the mid-Holocene than the PD, which resulted in declining of temperature in winter and increasing in summer; and also had an important effect on precipitation with an effect equivalent to vegetation in Northeast China and North China. During the mid-Holocene, CO2 content was only 280×10-6, which reduced temperature in a very small magnitude. Therefore, factors affecting the mid-Holocene climate change over China from strong to weak are large-scale circulation pattern, vegetation, earth orbital parameter, and CO2 concentration.     

青藏高原大气甲烷浓度时空分布变化特征

利用瓦里关大气本底站甲烷观测数据对美国Aqua卫星的AIRS观测结果进行对比分析,并分析研究了2003~2012年青藏高原对流层大气甲烷的时空分布特征,结果表明:1)AIRS观测结果与近地面观测资料变化趋势一致,存在显著的正相关关系,突变时间比较一致,可以用于青藏高原区域的甲烷浓度特征分析。2)青藏高原对流层甲烷浓度在空间分布上存在显著的西北—东南走向的低值带及其南北侧存在4个固定的高值中心,分别位于阿里、那曲、山南和玉树。3)青藏高原甲烷浓度呈现显著随高度而降低的趋势,年平均甲烷浓度分别为1.810ppm(1 ppm=10-6)、1.797 ppm和1.781 ppm。在对流层中层和中上层,甲烷浓度基本呈现低值带最低、南北侧均高的山谷型分布特征。在对流层层顶,以低值带为分界线,呈现明显的南高北低特征。4)青藏高原甲烷浓度随时间呈缓慢上升趋势,平均速度为0.0018 ppm/a,夏季上升最快,秋季上升最慢。5)青藏高原甲烷存在明显的单峰型季节变化特征,夏秋季高,冬春季低,与东部地区冬、夏双峰型特征不同,随着高度上升季节变化更为明显。     

孟加拉湾西南季风与南海热带季风季节内振荡特征的比较

采用美国国家环境预报中心的向外长波辐射和风场资料及日本气象厅的降水资料,用30-60d滤波后的夏季风指数在孟加拉湾和南海的区域平均值分别代表孟加拉湾西南季风和南海热带季风季节内振荡,对两支季风的季节内振荡特征进行比较分析,发现孟加拉湾西南季风的季节内振荡和南海热带季风的季节内振荡在夏季风期间(5-10月)都有约3次半的波动.夏季风期间,在阿拉伯海-西太平洋纬带上,夏季风的季节内振荡有4次从阿拉伯海的东传和3次从西太平洋的西传,其中7月后东传可直达西太平洋.孟加拉湾和南海在夏季风期间都有4次季节内振荡的经向传播,但孟加拉湾在约15°N以南为季节内振荡从热带东印度洋的北传,在约15°N以北则为副热带季风季节内振荡的南传;而在南海则是4次季节内振荡从热带的北传.在以孟加拉湾西南季风季节内振荡和南海热带季风季节内振荡分别划分的6个位相中,都存在1-3位相和4-6位相中低频对流、环流形势相反的特征,这是由热带东印度洋季节内振荡的东传和北传所致.热带印度洋季节内振荡沿西南-东北向经过约14d传到孟加拉湾,激发了孟加拉湾西南季风季节内振荡的东传,经过约6d到达南海,激发了南海热带季风季节内振荡的北传,经过约25d到达华南,形成热带印度洋季节内振荡向华南的经纬向接力传播(45d).孟加拉湾西南季风季节内振荡所影响的降水主要是在20°N以南的热带雨带随低频对流的东移而东移;而南海热带季风季节内振荡所影响的降水除了这种热带雨带随低频对流的东移外,还有在20°N以北的东亚副热带地区存在雨带随南海低频对流的北移而北移.