跨断层工程输入地震动模拟及其应用研究进展

跨越活动断层的桥梁和隧道等工程结构面临巨大的地震风险,断层破裂产生的脉冲效应和永久位移是造成跨断层结构破坏的主要原因。研究跨断层工程的地震响应并采取相应的抗震设防措施显得十分重要,而合理的地震动输入是揭示跨断层结构地震破坏机理的基础。但目前缺乏跨越断层两侧的实际地震动记录,各类规范也没有提供合理的面向跨断层工程的输入地震动的模拟方法。为了分析跨断层工程输入地震动的研究现状,文中总结了相关研究提出的断层区域地震动的几种模拟方法,重点对基于脉冲函数和基于断层物理机制的方法进行详细介绍,分析其特点和存在的问题;综述了在上述方法模拟的断层地震动激励下跨断层梁式桥、缆索承重桥梁的地震响应特征。结果表明：断层地震动非常复杂,模拟方法不仅需要考虑脉冲效应、上下盘效应以及永久位移特征,而且应合理地考虑断层两侧地震动的空间相关性和相干性,才能为跨断层工程提供合理的输入地震动。     

2016年10月30日意大利MW6.6地震破裂方向性效应对地震动参数的影响

2016年10月30日意大利中部发生了M_W6.6地震,这是继8月24日M_W6.2地震后的又一次浅源破坏性地震,意大利国家强震台网在此次地震中获得了丰富的强震动三分向加速度记录。本文从工程强震动数据中心下载了三分向加速度记录,经基线校正和滤波等常规数据处理后发现,强震动体现出明显的方向性效应。根据震源机制解将强震动台站分为破裂前方区域的NW组和破裂后方区域的SE组,采用最小二乘法回归了不同分组的地震动峰值加速度、反应谱和持时的衰减规律,得出断层破裂方向性对地震动参数的幅值影响较大,在断层距相同的情况下,破裂前方区域的加速度和加速度反应谱幅值均高于破裂后方区域,而破裂前方区域的地震动持时远小于破裂后方区域,破裂方向性显著。      

汶川地震近场加速度基本参数的方向性特征

以2008年5月12日的Ms8.0级汶川地震强震记录为基础,根据场地条件和断层距,选取198组三分量近场加速度记录,按照台站相对于破裂传播方向的位置将其划分为破裂前方和破裂后方两类场点.为了考虑破裂传播的方向性和地震辐射图对地震动不同分量的影响,将每组地震动的两个正交水平分量旋转成为垂直断层走向和平行断层走向的分量,然...     

地震动衰减模型在玛多Mw7.3级地震影响场快速评估中的应用

2021年5月22日青海省玛多县发生M_w7.3级地震。震后,根据初步估计的断层走向和破裂长度,基于YU15地震动衰减模型和三种NGA-West2（Next Generation Attenuation-West2）地震动衰减模型快速产出地震区震动图及理论烈度图。在获得强震记录和地表破裂长度信息后,对预测结果进行修正。通过比较理论烈度与调查烈度,并结合震动图分布形态以及衰减模型在2016年新疆呼图壁M_w6.0地震中的应用情况对四种地震动衰减模型的适用性进行了分析。结果表明:在台网稀疏地区,基于地震动衰减模型可在震后快速获得地震动分布,并产出具有应用价值的地震影响场;NGA-West2模型在断层破裂较长的大震中表现优于YU15模型,而在中强地震中后者适用性更强;近实时强震动记录可用来检验模型的适用性并对预测结果进行修正;断层破裂尺度、震源机制和破裂过程等信息的准确估计可有效提高地震影响场预测精度。     

SSI效应对大跨高墩桥梁弹塑性地震响应的影响

基于大型有限元分析软件ANSYS,根据大跨高墩桥梁的结构特点,利用水平和转动弹簧单元建立了考虑土结相互作用的大跨高墩桥梁的有限元计算分析模型,并结合现行的《铁路工程抗震规范》,合理地选取强震记录作为地震动输入,进行了大跨高墩桥梁的弹塑性地震响应分析。分析结果表明:较软的土质条件会导致大跨高墩桥梁弹塑性地震响应的增大;地基系数的比例系数则是影响数值计算结果增大的重要因素;土结构相互作用并没有改变地震动峰值加速度PGA对超高桥墩弹塑性地震响应的影响。研究结果可为大跨超高桥墩的抗震设计和验算提供参考。     

高频GNSS实时地震学与地震预警研究现状

为实现从注重灾后救助向注重灾前预防转变,如何提高地震灾害监测预警和风险防范能力成为我们关注的重点.本文给出了国际上GNSS位移记录、强震动加速度记录、测震速度记录在地震预警中的应用现状,并总结了各自的特点,归纳出围绕高频GNSS地震学在震级与破裂过程实时反演中的几个需要进一步研究的关键问题：（1）引入北斗系统,基于高频GNSS（GPS/BDS）双系统的实时位移解算方法来提高实时单站位移解算精度,使实时解算精度达到厘米级;（2）开展强震仪加速度记录基线偏移校正研究,弥补地震近场GNSS站密度不足问题;（3）强震仪加速度记录与GNSS位移记录特点不同,开展强震仪加速度数据与GNSS位移数据实时融合处理研究,快速获得包含丰富地震形变和速率的波形数据;（4）测震学方法可快速估算震级,但是在强震发生时会出现震级饱和现象,造成震级估算偏低.需要开展基于GNSS位移时间序列的多种方法相结合的实时震级估算方法研究,通过与地震学方法比较和结合,来得到精度高、计算快的震级估值算法;（5）基于高频GNSS、断层初始模型快速选取、断层尺度、参数自适应调整是快速判断断层破裂方向的基础,在断层破裂过程自适应准实时反演算法方面需要进一步加强.通过国内外研究现状调研、分析,表明基于高频GNSS地震学的震级快速确定、震源破裂过程准实时反演算法的发展将对我国地震预警系统从"二网融合"到"三网融合"提供坚实的技术支撑.     

地震工程研究及其在地震分析和地震灾害减轻方面的应用(述评)

1.概述(全文及图1,2和3均略)2.地震动的性质、地震危险度和设计用地震荷载的研究地震动性质和地震危险度的研究近年来特别盛行,正在从不同角度阐明地震动在工程方面的意义,但是从抗震设计的实用观点来看,给人的印象是方向稍有分散。地震动和地震危险度研究盛行的背景是:①以加速度强震仪的记录为主地震记录不断积累,使地震动特性的一般研究成为可能;②概率的、统计的观点广泛运用,促进了地震动和地震发生资料的充实;③作为抗震分析对象的构筑物多样化,产生了从更多方面阐明地震动性质的必要性;④断层模型模拟地震发生机制     

汶川地震强震动记录分析及应用

地震工程的研究手段主要包括:震害调查、强震观测、模型试验和数值分析.由于大地震本身较少,同时造成严重震害并且获得强震动记录的大地震就更少,一般的研究就更多地集中在利用模型试验和数值分析方面,而基于震害调查和强震观测的研究较少,在国内这一点更为突出,我国虽然是一个遭受地震灾害非常严重并且对地震进行记录和研究最早的国家,但是,在汶川地震之前近断层强震动记录一直非常匮乏.     

由近断层强震记录得到的断层位错过程对管道的影响分析

在近些年的几次大地震中,例如,汶川地震和集集地震等,获得了不少近断层乃至断层上的加速度强震记录.这些近断层加速度强震记录对研究近断层的地震动特征(如速度脉冲、方向性效应)、震源机制等具有重要的意义.通过对断层附近的加速度记录进行2次积分,并经过适当基线校正后得到断层位错时程,发现其位移峰值往往大于断层的永久位移量.而目前埋地管道在断层位错下的反应分析方法一般直接输入的是断层的永久位移量.     

汶川地震近断层地震动的速度脉冲特性

选取断层距小于200 km的64组强震记录数据,基于小波方法分析汶川地震近断层速度脉冲的地震动特性,同时将汶川地震的速度脉冲与集集地震和Northridge地震进行对比,利用NGA数据库24次地震事件中的3 615条记录,选取出典型的脉冲型记录作为统计分析的基础数据,研究地震震级、距离对速度脉冲的周期和幅值参数的影响.     

马衔山北缘断裂西段6.5级地震对兰州市及周边地区的影响

位于兰州市南侧NW走向的马衔山北缘断裂是发生强烈地震最危险的地段.本文采用混合震源模型和随机合成高频地震动方法,研究了该断裂西段发生6.5级地震可能引起的兰州市及周边地区的地震动分布,给出了PGA分布图.     

2013年四川芦山MS7.0地震近断层强地面运动模拟及烈度分布估计

2013年4月20日在我国四川省发生了芦山M_S7.0地震,地震给当地群众的生命财产安全带来了巨大的损失,其中最严重的破坏发生在震中附近的芦山、宝兴等地区.根据地震发生的快速反演结果,及发震断层面上滑动位移的分布情况,构建有限断层模型,对近断层区域的强地面运动进行初步计算,并基于强地面运动的模拟结果给出震区烈度分布的初步估计.模拟结果显示：模拟烈度图显示极震区的烈度在IX级左右,VI级烈度影响范围大致为16000 km²,该结果与中国地震局于4月27日给出的震区实测烈度图一致程度较高.强烈地震发生后,基于近断层强地面运动模拟计算的结果,可以给出相对合理的地震烈度分布情况估计,对震区震情判定及救灾工作具备较高的现实意义.     

Behavior of a seismically isolated bridge crossing a fault rupture zone

The effect of the fault rupture zone traversing a seismically isolated bridge is investigated utilizing a finite element model of a section of the Bolu Viaduct and a set of synthetic broadband strong ground motions simulated for the Bolu Viaduct site due to the 1999 Duzce earthquake. Both the original and a potential retrofit seismic isolation system designs are considered in the analyses. The results show double isolation system demands when fault crossing is considered, as compared to the case where fault crossing is ignored. The pier drift demands, however, remain comparable in both cases. Furthermore, the location of fault crossing along the bridge length, as well as the fault orientation with respect to the bridge longitudinal direction are shown to influence substantially the response of the seismically isolated bridge. Isolation system permanent displacements are greatly influenced by the restoring force capability of the isolation system when fault crossing effects in the excitations are ignored. In the case of fault crossing, the permanent displacements of the isolation system are dominated by the substantial permanent tectonic displacement along the fault trace which is imposed upon the structure. The results of this study contribute to developing a better understanding of how seismically isolated bridges respond when traversed by fault rupture zones. The lack of analyses and design guidelines for bridges crossing faults in international standards renders this study a useful reference for the profession.     

芦山地震地震动上下盘效应研究

2013年4月20日的芦山7.0级地震是继2008年5月12日汶川8.0级特大地震之后,发生在龙门山断裂带上的又一次大震级逆冲型地震.与汶川地震相比,芦山地震的发震断层没有地表出露,断层的滑动角更大,其逆冲性质更强烈.本文挑选了芦山地震中断层距小于200km的45条强震动记录,基于地震动衰减关系进行统计分析,对比了上盘和下盘台站地震动参数相对于衰减关系的对数残差.结果表明：芦山地震的上下盘效应明显,近断层上盘地震动的高频成分要高于同断层距的下盘;上盘地震动衰减要明显快于下盘.地震动衰减关系用简单的一个距离参数很难描述近场断层尺寸效应的影响,也很难模拟地震动上下盘效应.因此,在近场强地面运动模拟中,应多考虑有限断层模型,以模拟断层的尺寸效应.     

2013年芦山MS7.0地震震源参数特征 及近断层强地面运动初步估计

2013年4月20日在我国四川省雅安市芦山县发生了M_S7.0地震, 破坏最严重的宝兴、 芦山等极震区烈度达到Ⅷ—Ⅸ度. 该文针对芦山M_S7.0地震震源参数的特征, 结合相关经验关系, 对本次地震的震源特征进行了初步分析. 结果表明, 芦山M_S7.0地震为断层动态摩擦过程中的应力下调模式. 进一步应用Brune圆盘模型对芦山M_S7.0地震近场强地面运动的理论值进行估算, 并基于加速度和速度的估算结果计算极震区的最大烈度, 约为Ⅷ—X度, 与实测的极震区最大烈度Ⅸ度较为接近. 选取宝兴和芦山为特征计算点, 构建动态复合震源模型, 对近断层区域内宝兴和芦山两个特征点进行了模拟计算. 模拟结果显示, 近断层区域强地面运动呈现持续时间短、 高频成分多等特征.      

the faulting characteristics of 2008 wenchuan ms8.0 earthquake and its relation with strong ground motion

The 2008 M_S8 Wenchuan earthquake occurs on a high angle listric thrust fault. It is the first time that the near and far field strong ground motion was observed for such special type thrust earthquake. This paper jointly interprets the distribution of peak acceleration of ground motion data with seismogenic structure and slip propagating process to investigate how high angle listric thrust fault controls the pattern of strong ground motion. We found that the distribution of peak acceleration of strong ground motion during the Wenchuan earthquake has four distinctive features: 1)The peak acceleration of ground motion inside the Longmenshan fault zone is large, that is, nearly twice as strong as that outside the fault zone; 2)This earthquake produces significant vertical ground motion, prevailing against horizontal components in the near field; 3)The far field records show that the peak acceleration is generally higher and attenuates slower versus station-fault distance in the hanging wall. It is doubtful that the attenuation of horizontal components also has the hanging wall effect since no evidence yet proving that the unexpected high value at long distance need be omitted; 4)As to the attenuation in directions parallel to the source fault(Yingxiu-Beichuan Fault), the far field records also exhibit azimuthal heterogeneity that the peak acceleration of horizontal components decreases slower in the north-northeastern direction in which the co-seismic slip propagates than that in the backward way. However, the attenuation of vertical component displays very weak heterogeneity of this kind. Synthetically considered with shallow dislocation, high dip angle, and prevailing vertical deformation during co-seismic process of the Wenchuan earthquake, our near and far field ground motion records reflect the truth that the magnitude of ground motion is principally determined by slip type of earthquake and actual distance between the slipping source patches and stations. As a further interpretation, the uniqueness of high angle listric thrust results in that the ground motion effects of the Wenchuan earthquake are similar to that due to a common thrust earthquake in some components while differ in the others.     

2022年日本福岛7.4级地震震害分析与对比

2022年3月16日在日本福岛县东部海域发生7.4级地震,本文基于近实时震害评估系统RED-ACT对此次地震进行了快速评估,包括强震动记录分析、区域地震破坏力震害评估结果和典型桥梁破坏,并结合实际震害对比了该系统评估结果以及其他主要震害快速评估系统的分析结果,结果表明：(1)此次地震造成的地面运动强度较大,多数台站记录PGA较2021年福岛7.3级地震更强,反应谱在0.5～1.3s区间呈现远高于2021年福岛地震的趋势。(2)RED-ACT的震害评估结果相较于日本NIED-CRS系统和美国USGS-PAGER系统与实际震害更为接近,在强震动记录较为密集的地区,开展基于强震动时程和建筑非线性分析的震害评估能够得到更为准确的震害评估结果。(3)此次地震对白石市附近桥梁造成了一定的破坏,桥梁破坏附近处的强震动会对典型桥梁结构造成一定程度的破坏。     

Ground motion characteristics of the Chi‐Chi earthquake of 21 September 1999

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ground motion characteristics of the Chi‐Chi earthquake (21 September 1999) as well as the interpretation of structural damage due to this earthquake. Over 300 strong motion records were collected from the strong motion network of Taiwan for this earthquake. A lot of near‐field ground motion data were collected. They provide valuable information on the study of ground motion characteristics of pulse‐like near‐field ground motions as well as fault displacement. This study includes: attenuation of ground motion both in PGA and spectral amplitude, principal direction, elastic and inelastic response analysis of a SDOF system subjected to near‐field ground motion collected from this event. The distribution of spectral acceleration and spectral velocity along the Chelungpu fault is discussed. Based on the mode decomposition method the intrinsic mode function of ground acceleration of this earthquake is examined. A long‐period wave with large amplitude was observed in most of the near‐source ground acceleration. The seismic demand from the recorded near‐field ground motion is also investigated with an evaluation of seismic design criteria of Taiwan Building Code. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

断层破裂面倾角变化对断陷盆地强地面运动的影响

地震事件中,断层破裂面的倾角大小直接影响到地表强地震动的分布状态,尤其在断陷盆地中,强地面运动特征还可能受到盆地结构及盆地内多条围限断层的影响.本文模拟了银川断陷盆地内的活动断层--银川隐伏断层南段发生M_w6.5特征地震时,断层破裂面倾角在30°~85°范围内变化时引起的强地面运动,探讨了断层破裂面倾角变化对盆地内强地面运动分布特征和强度的影响.结果表明:破裂面倾角较缓时,银川盆地内的强地面运动分布区域不仅仅决定于发震断层的产状,同时还受到断层上盘距离最近的芦花台断层的影响,致使强地面运动集中于两条断层所围限的区域;随着发震断层破裂面的倾角逐渐增大,强地面运动以发震断层产状的影响为主,强震集中区向发震断层靠近并分布于发震断层上盘,且沿断层走向方向出现了强度不同的地震动反射区;尤其是发震断层破裂面倾角接近垂直时,受银川盆地"西陡东缓"结构和盆地西边界贺兰山东麓断裂反射作用的影响,竖向地震动反射区强度在远离发震断层的西北方向明显增大,致使芦花台断层附近区域与银川断层南段上盘区域成为地震发生时可能遭受震害最严重的地区.本文探讨结果提醒我们在类似区域的活动断层附近进行建(构)筑规划和地震工程设计时,有必要考虑发震断层破裂面倾角大小和盆地内其它断层构造的共同影响,综合评价潜在地震对盆地内近断层地表及各类建(构)筑物的危害性.     

Characteristics of amplitude and duration for near fault strong ground motion from the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan Earthquake

A great number of free-field ground motion records are obtained during the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake. Records from 130 near fault free-field stations within 55 km to the causative fault surface are used as database, and characteristics of earthquake peak ground acceleration, velocity, displacement and duration are analyzed. According to this study, near fault ground motions are strongly affected by distance to fault, fault rupture directivity, site condition, as well as thrust of hanging wall. Compared with empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations used in China, US and Japan, the PGAs and PGVs recorded in this earthquake are not as large as what we have expected for a large earthquake as magnitude 7.6. However, the largest PGV and PGD worldwide were recorded in this event, which are 292 cm/s and 867 cm, respectively. Caused by nonlinear site effects of soil, peaks and corresponding ratios on E-class site were markedly different from those on other sites. Just as observed in historic earthquakes, fault rupture directivity effects caused significant differences between peaks of ground motion of two horizontal components, but took very slight effects on the duration of ground motion. The significant velocity pulses associated with large PGVs and PGDs, as well as large permanent displacements, which may result from the large thrust of the hanging wall, became the outstanding character of this event. Based on this study, we point out that 3D waveform modeling is needed to understand and predict near fault ground motion of large earthquakes.