多年冻土地区防治路基融化了沉及提高其稳定性的措施

根据国内多年冻土地区的青藏公路、东北铁路的运营调查以及国外资料介绍,对多年冻土地区修筑的路基来说,最多而且最危险的是路基在夏季不断地发生融化下沉和边坡滑塌等现象,影响地基的稳定。为此,必须将路基基底与边坡上的人为上限控制在指定的深度范围内。例如,对路堑可回填一定厚度的土石,对路堤可由填筑一定的高度来保证。为了寻求路堑换填深度和路堤最小高度,国内外广大冻土工作者进行了大量的     

青藏铁路冻土与融区过渡段路基变形特性试验研究

冻胀和融沉是影响寒区路基稳定性的两大问题.对于多年冻土到融区过渡段路基,除考虑冻胀和融沉外,还应考虑多年冻土区和融区路基沉降变形差和冻胀变形差问题.根据青藏铁路沱沱河试验段路基在竣工后3a内的现场试验数据,分析了有代表性路基的地温变化、路基基底变形以及整个试验段的冻胀、沉降变形差问题,计算出了多年冻土与融区过渡段路基的合理长度.结果表明:多年冻土与融区过渡地带沉降总变形量相差较大,但从年沉降速率来看,路基不会产生突降,且随着沉降速率逐渐减小,路基趋于稳定;试验段内冻胀量差异不大,不会影响线路平顺度.对于本试验段此类工程地质条件,可以采用允许多年冻土融化原则的工程措施.     

青藏铁路高原多年冻土区片石通风路基

抛填片(块)石通风路堤具有保护多年冻土的作用, 根据高原多年冻土区路基常见病害及青藏铁路试验路基设计原则, 初步探讨并预测该路基结构的适应性, 并在清水河试验路基段进行了实践应用, 给出了保护效果的定量描述.     

多年冻土区路桥过渡段一种新结构的试验观测与分析

基于保护多年冻土的原则,通过对一般地区过渡段设置方法的改进,得到了一种用于青藏铁路清水河地区的新型式路桥过渡段的设置方法.通过对过渡段的沉降和热状况的现场监测,分析了过渡段沉降变形和热状况的变化规律,并对采用的设置方法所产生的实际效果进行了评价.     

通风管、抛碎石和保温材料保护冻土路堤的工程效果分析

根据青藏铁路北麓河试验段2年以来的气温降温期的现场监测资料,对多年冻土区保护冻土路堤的3种典型结构型式的试验段（通风管路堤、抛碎石护坡路堤和保温材料路堤）各断面的地温规律进行了分析和积温计算。试验段初步计算结果表明,3种路基结构型式对于保护多年冻土区路堤均能起到一定的作用,为青藏铁路在多年冻土区保护冻土路堤的设计和施工提供了一定的理论依据。     

土工格栅在青藏铁路多年冻土区路基工程中的应用

以青藏铁路多年冻土区清水河冻土加筋路堤试验段为例,对土工格栅在铁路路基工程中的应用原理及设计思路进行了叙述.通过对路基裂缝进行调查、分析和比较,土工格栅对加强路基整体稳的作用是肯定的.在多年冻土区路堤中,使用土工格栅加筋层对防止路堤纵向裂缝的产生、抑制横向寒冻裂缝具有明显的作用.     

青藏铁路片石气冷路基工程试验研究

为确定青藏高原多年冻土区片石气冷路基修筑后温度场的变化过程,在青藏铁路清水河高温冻土细粒土段设计并开展了片石气冷路堤和普通路堤实体工程对比试验.基于两个测试断面的两个冻融循环的地温和变形监测资料,对比分析了片石气冷路堤与普通路堤的天然地面孔、左、右路肩孔的地温变化情况、温度场中最大融化深度的变化及路基的沉降变形情况.结果表明:片石气冷路堤体内地温寒季明显低于普通路堤段,利于积存冷量,其最大融化深度抬升幅度较大,该路基的沉降变形小于对比段.片石气冷路堤能够有效发挥降低地温、保护多年冻土的作用,是一种主动保护多年冻土的措施.     

对多年冻土地基处理措施的认识

为指导青藏铁路多年冻土区路基工程的设计、施工, 在清水河试验段布置了倾填片石路基、热棒路基、通风管路基、加筋路堤试验工程.多年冻土区路堤的融沉、纵向裂缝关系到铁路的安全运营, 设计、科研单位对此进行了大量的观测及调查工作.介绍了上述各试验工程及对比段路基的设计, 竣工一年后各试验工程的最大冻融交接面、融沉、纵向裂缝情况, 并从冻融交接面的形态方面分析了各试验工程在9～10月所产生的纵向裂缝.     

青藏铁路高原多年冻土区片石通风路基

抛填片(块)石通风路堤具有保护多年冻土的作用，根据高原多年冻土区路基常见病害及青藏铁路试验路基设计原则，初步探讨并预测该路基结构的适应性，并在清水河试验路基段进行了实践应用，给出了保护效果的定量描述。     

青藏公路多年冻土段路基病害分布规律

多年冻土道路多出现路基沉陷变形和路基路面开裂破坏这两类病害.根据青藏公路大量调查资料,对路基病害与多年冻土类型及其稳定程度、工程历史、路基高度、路基边坡坡向的关系进行了分析.结果表明,多年冻土稳定性差、工程完工时间长、位于路基阳坡面的沉陷和纵裂均较严重,而低路堤沉陷与高路堤纵裂均较严重.     

Physical properties of a horizon of a white hole and a Kruskal wormhole

The possible application of a Rindler type reference frame for studies of physical processes near the horizons of black and white holes is considered. New similar reference frames inside black and white holes in the region T of a Kruskal wormhole are introduced.     

Gamma-ray bursts as a result of the interaction of a shock from a supernova and a neutron-star companion

A supernova explosion in a close binary system in which one of the components is a compact magnetized object (neutron star or white dwarf) can form a narrow “tail” with length l _t ～10⁹ cm, width h _t ～10⁸ cm, and magnetic field B _t ～10⁶, due to the resulting shock wave flowing around the magnetosphere of the compact object. The energy released by the reconnection of magnetic field lines in this tail can accelerate electrons to relativistic speeds (γ≈10⁴), creating the conditions required for powerful synchrotron radiation at energies from hundreds of keV to several MeV, i.e., for a gamma-ray burst (GRB). The duration of this radiation will depend on the power of the shock that forms during the supernova. If the shock is not sufficiently powerful to tear off the magnetosphere tail from the compact object, the duration of the GRB will not exceed l _t /V _A ≤1 s, and the conditions necessary for an “afterglow” at softer energies will not arise. If the shock is more powerful, the tail can be torn from the magnetosphere, forming a narrow ejection, which is perceived in its relativistic motion toward the observer(Γ～10⁴) as an afterglow whose duration grows from tens of seconds at gamma-ray energies to tens of days in the optical. This may explain why afterglows are observed only in association with long GRBs (T ₉₀>10 s). Very short GRBs (T ₉₀<0.1 s) may be local, i.e., low-power, phenomena occurring in close pairs containing compact, magnetized objects, in which there is again an interaction between the magnetosphere of the compact object and a shock wave, but the shock is initiated by a flare on the companion, which is a red-dwarf cataclysmic variable, rather than by a supernova.     

Coupled consolidation of a porous medium with a cylindrical or a spherical cavity

This paper presents a theoretical approach to analyse coupled, linear thermoporoelastic fields in a saturated porous medium under radial and spherical symmetry. The governing equations account for compressibility and thermal expansion of constituents, heat sink due to thermal dilatation of water and thermal expansion of the medium, and thermodynamically coupled heat–water flow. It has been reported in the literature that thermodynamically coupled heat–water flows known as thermo-osmosis and thermal filtration have the potential to significantly alter the flow fields in clay-rich barriers in the near field of a underground waste containment scheme. This study presents a mathematical model and examines the effects of thermo-osmosis and thermal-filtration on coupled consolidation fields in a porous medium with a cavity. Analytical solutions of the governing equations are presented in the Laplace transform space. A numerical inversion scheme is used to obtain the time-domain solutions for a cylindrical cavity in a homogeneous or a non-homogeneous medium. A closed form time-domain solution is presented for a spherical cavity in a homogeneous medium. Selected numerical solutions for homogeneous and non-homogeneous media show a significant increase in pore pressure and displacements due to the presence of thermodynamically coupled flows and a negligible influence on temperature. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Propagation of a shear crack in a compressed plane with a circular hole

The problem of the equilibrium of a plane with a circular hole and a shear crack is considered to model failure of an excavation (borehole or circular opening) in rocks weakened by discontinuities (planes of weakness). It is assumed that sliding occurs in a part of the plane of weakness when the Mohr–Coulomb friction criterion is satisfied due to the stress redistribution caused by the excavation. The method of singular integral equations is employed to solve the boundary value problem. Geomechanical problems concerning borehole breakout and rockburst caused by fault-opening interaction are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spreading of a NAPL lens in a double-porosity medium

Spreading of a non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) denser than water (DNAPL) lens (mound) in the unsaturated zone of double-porosity aquifer above an impervious plane boundary is investigated. The double-porosity aquifer is conceptualized as a fracture network surrounding pervious blocks. Vertical gravity equilibrium is assumed to prevail in each one of the two media, fractures and blocks. Through vertical integration, two coupled partial differential equations for the DNAPL content in each medium are obtained. The mass exchange rate between high- and low-permeability media is considered as a function of NAPL content. The dominant effect is gravity, whereas capillary forces are negligible. Analytical solutions for one-dimensional and axisymmetric problems of mound spreading are obtained.     

Phase space of a two-dimensional model of a Parker dynamo

The dependences of the magnetic-field strength, variations of the magnetic field, and the multipole level on the amplitudes of the α and ω effects are considered using a two-dimensional model for a Parker dynamo in a spherical layer. Calculations have been carried out for both traditional spatial distributions of α and ω and geostrophic regimes obtained from three-dimensional modeling of thermal convection. Two-dimensional distributions of the dynamo-wave velocities in the zone where magnetic field is generated are presented. Comparisons with the solar and planetary dynamos are considered.     

Locating a point on a spherical surface relative to a spherical polygon of arbitrary shape

An algorithm for determining if any given point,P, on the surface of a sphere is located inside, outside, or along the border of an arbitrary spherical polygon,S, is described. The polygon is described by specifying coordinates of its vertices, and coordinates of some pointX which is known to lie withinS. The algorithm is based on the principle that an arc joiningX andP will cross the border ofS an odd number of times ifP lies outsideS, and an even number of times ifP lies withinS. The algorithm has been implemented as a set of FORTRAN subroutines, and a listing is provided. The algorithm and subroutine package can be used with spherical polygons containing holes, or with composited spherical polygons.     

Toward a definition of a mineral sample in geology

Summary Any rock may be regarded as an aggregate of mineral species frequency distributions, thus opening up a new method of analyzing the problems of the nature of these discrete distributions.Based on theorems in mathematical probability, a subrock sample is defined as a probability sample under the conditions that every mineral species' distribution function in this subrock converges probabilistically to one and the same distributions the nature of which is immaterial at this point.For obvious reasons, the situation is excluded if the sample size approaches infinity, i.e., Chebyshev's theorem (Chebyshev, 1867).     

Scattering of a plane wave by a lined cylindrical cavity in a poroelastic half-plane

The focus of this contribution is to develop a complex variable function method to solve the two-dimensional scattering of plane waves by a lined cylindrical cavity in the poroelastic half-plane. The poroelastic half-plane is based on Biot’s dynamic theory, and the governing equations are solved by reduction to three Helmholtz equations. The lining structure can be treated as an elastic material and decoupled into two Helmholtz equations. Here, the large circle assumption is applied to simulate the half-plane boundary. By using appropriate boundary conditions and continuity conditions, the unknown coefficients in the potentials can be determined. Selected numerical results are presented in this paper.     

Bearing capacity of a strip foundation on a sand layer overlying a smooth rigid stratum

The effect of a smooth rigid stratum, located beneath a dense sand layer, on the bearing capacity and settlement of surface and shallow strip footings is investigated using an advanced experimental model. A theoretical analysis is presented for the bearing capacity of surface footings. The results indicate that the bearing capacity reaches a minimum value at a specific sand-layer thickness. Any increase in the layer thickness above this value causes an increase in the bearing capacity up to that corresponding to a continuous media.Notation H= thickness of the sand layer - B= foundation width - N _q and N = bearing capacity factors for a semi-infinite layer - N _qs and N _s= bearing capacity factors for a finite layer - H _o /B= limiting depth - D _r= relative density - = angle of soil internal friction - M= model width - D= depth of surcharge - q= bearing stress, pressure applied on the footing - q _u= bearing capacity - = unit weight of sand