关于南四湖区引种芦竹之商榷

为净化南四湖上游区的污水,有关部门在主要入湖河道口,从南方引种大量芦竹。芦竹具有极强的繁殖能力,而且具有一定净化污水、改善水质的作用。通过近4年的引种观察,芦竹的生长对本土植物已造成侵害、阻塞河道、易引起野外火灾等,危及南四湖区的生态安全,建议慎重引进芦竹,加强对现有芦竹栽植与生长的管理。同时要切实做好对本土植物的保护,应充分利用本土植物净化水质。     

Chemical composition of waters and the phytoplankton of the lakes within the delta of the Selenga river

Field observations showed that the characteristics of chemical composition of waters and the development of plankton algae in the lakes within the delta of the Selenga river are determined by their flowage. The most open Lake Nekipelovskoe communicates with the Selenga outlets throughout a year, and Lake Zavernyaikha only at the period of an open channel. Lake Semenovskoe and Lake Khlystov Zaton are located in the islands and are isolated from the outlets. According to composition of main ions, the lakes under investigation refer to the hydrocarbonate class, the calcium group. The sum of ions in the water of Lake Nekipelovskoe approaches the one in the Selenga (86?221 mg/dm³), and the highest sums of ions were recorded in the wintertime in the lakes isolated from the outlets (446?743 mg/dm³). The lakes of the delta are characterized by a high trophicity. The maximum concentrations of total phosphorus in Lake Nekipelovskoe and Lake Zavernyaikha were 68 and 122 μg mg/dm³, and in Lake Semenovskoe and Lake Khlystov Zaton ?0.8 and ?0.63 μg mg/dm³, respectively. The most intense development of algae is observed in Lake Zavernyaikha, which is due to the high population of Baikal endemics. Lake Zavernyaikha showed a close negative correlation between the concentration of NO ₃ ^? , mineral phosphorus and phytoplankton biomass; the correlation coefficient was ?0.8 and ?0.63, respectively. The lakes exhibited increased contents readily hydrolysable organic matter, and a decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration in winter; hydrogen sulfide was repeatedly recorded in Lake Khlystov Zaton. The water quality in the lakes during the springtime varies from “quite clean” to “weakly polluted”; at low-water periods, especially in winters, it can drop to the category of “exceedingly dirty”. The water quality of the Selenga can be influenced by the lakes during spring floods when material accumulated during the wintertime is transported to the river outlets and further to Lake Baikal.     

区域水资源压力指数与水资源安全评价指标体系

本文讨论和分析水资源安全的含义、水资源压力指数和水资源安全评价指标,建立水资源安全评价指标体系。水资源安全指"以可承受的价格获取足够安全的水"。国际上常用人均水资源量和水资源开发利用程度两个指标反映人类对水及水相关生态的压力。但由于水资源安全是很综合的概念,包含很丰富的内涵,单用一两个水资源压力指标难以反映其内容,因此有必要建立水资源安全评价指标体系。     

滇池不同流域类型降雨径流对河流氮磷入湖总量的影响

通过对滇池三种不同流域类型的雨季初始期三场降雨径流的汇水河道的入湖口水质和流量监测 ,重点分析了典型城市纳污河流、城乡结合型河道和农业重污染区河道的营养盐携带状况与特征。研究结果表明 :不同流域类型河流的氮磷营养盐入湖总量受降雨过程及特征、流域类型特征、降雨径流流量、径流水营养盐浓度综合控制。城乡结合型河道 (大清河 )有最高的TP、KN (凯氏N)、NH3 N、NO3 N和NO2 N入湖总量 ,三场降雨累积量分别为11374 3、 12 7971 7、 85 36 5 4、 92 3 4和 84 1 2kg ;城市纳污河流 (乌龙河 )有最高的单位面积入湖总量负荷 ,TP、KN、NH3 N和NO2 N分别为 5 35 7、 5 86 0 5、 382 1 9和 2 4 6kg/km2 。     

抚仙湖-星云湖出流改道工程环境影响分析

抚仙湖、星云湖综合治理出流改道工程旨在“保护抚仙湖、改善星云湖、不影响东风水库水质”，不仅涉及到玉溪市饮用水源的保护和城市水源的长远发展规划，还涉及到东风水库、曲江和海口河至南盘江及其沿岸城市引水工程的防洪度汛，及两湖一库（抚仙湖、星云湖、东风水库）流域的生物多样性保护和自然生态环境保护。因此，工程实施前对工程的主要生态环境影响进行全面的分析非常必要。对工程所涉及到的抚仙湖、星云湖和东风水库的水质、生态效应、生物交流以及流域内的相关用水工程的影响作较为全面的分析，旨在为工程的进一步实施提供决策参考。     

流域非点源污染模拟研究--以滇池流域为例

流域的水质管理是一个多步骤的过程,数学模型以其定量计算和动态操作在流域管理中起着重要作用。本文利用美国EPA开发的HSPF(HydrologicalSimulationProgramFortran)模型,选取云南滇池流域作为案例,给出非点源污染模型流域水文水质的模拟过程。首先在子流域划分的基础上,完成数据库的建立。参数估值主要依据流域性质、先前经验值、其他模拟研究和文献中的取值。参数优化、模型校正和模拟验证是采用流域河流出口流量和污染物浓度值完成。最后用校正后的模型计算了滇池流域河流入湖流量及各子流域污染总负荷量与非点源污染负荷量。     

基于地统计学和GIS技术的呼伦湖溶解氧的空间变异特征分析

呼伦湖是内蒙古第一大湖,在草原生态环境保护中举足轻重。在气候变化和人类活动的影响下,呼伦湖的水环境状况不容乐观。为了掌握呼伦湖水体的水质状况,在实地采样的基础上,基于地统计学半方差函数理论和GIS克立格空间插值方法,定量分析了呼伦湖水体溶解氧含量的空间变异特征及分布格局。结果表明：溶解氧的半方差拟合最优模型为球面模型,该水质参数具有强烈的空间自相关性;空间分布上,结合地表水环境质量标准,呼伦湖大部分水域的水质为IV类;考虑到鱼类等水生生物的生存需要,呼伦湖整体的溶解氧状况基本适合鱼类的生长,其中比较适合的区域分布在湖中部。     

Statistical Multivariate Analysis in the Assessment of River Water Quality in the Vicinity of KRS Dam, Karnataka, India

Surface water quality assessment is a basic and critical tool for informing sustainable management of water resources. The aim of this study is to evaluate the reservoir and river water quality of the Cauvery River in the vicinity of the Krishna Raja Sagar Dam, Karnataka, India. The results will assist water management in the study area for varied future demands including, irrigation, industries, and river conservation. Ecologically important parameters such as dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, and physico-chemical parameters were analyzed. The results were compared with standard permissible limits. The differences in various parameters were statistically significant (P < 0.01) when comparing the upstream and downstream stretches of the river, particularly in summer. To identify a good technique for water quality assessment, all of the water quality parameters have been calculated by correlating various parameters and comparing them over two critical dry seasons. The dendrogram of the water-quality parameters clearly indicate that river water is safe for drinking, fishing, irrigation, and industrial purposes.     

元江-红河跨境水质环境问题和保护研究

在红河干流不同污染流域,设立5个环境监测断面,同时选定人烟稀少、无工业、自然条件良好的李仙江加禾断面为对照。利用1999～2002年对水质影响大的DO、COD、BOD5、NH 3-N、NO3-N、NO 2-N、Cu、Pb、Cd、T-P、石油类及SS 12项污染物,均在枯、丰、平3个不同水期采样监测,将监测结果做数理统计分析,研究污染物的迁移、转化规律,并得出:出境断面NH 3-N平均含量高达0.18～0.86m gL/,T-P高达0.045～0.315m g/L,SS高达69～3412m gL/,从而提出小流域治理、退耕还林、城市水网改造及控制含磷洗涤剂使用的建议。     

昆明翠湖水质变化特征及影响因素研究

翠湖是昆明非常重要的景观水体。通过对翠湖有代表性位点水样及相应底泥样品的采集,翠湖水样及底泥的主要指标进行监测、分析和评价。结果表明：目前翠湖水体（总磷含量0．38mg／L,总氮5．06mg／L,氨氮2．37mg／L）已属富营养化水体;翠湖水体总磷、总氮和氨氮含量随季节呈现明显动态变化,高锰酸盐指数和pH值等含量随季节变化不明显;底泥总磷含量3．02g／kg,速效磷163．29mg／kg,碱解氮493．41mg／kg,水体营养盐和底泥营养盐含量有明显相关性,底泥中营养盐总磷、速效磷和碱解氮含量对水体富营养程度有很大影响。     

菲尔德斯半岛南部邻近海域石油污染的初步研究

本文首次报道了菲尔德斯半岛南部邻近海域的水样和生物样石油污染状况。表层水样的测定结果表明 ,调查海域已受到明显的石油污染。在所调查的各站位 ,中国长城站前海湾受油污最轻 ,水样油的浓度略高于中国《海水水质标准》规定的第三类水质最高容许浓度 ,为 5 1 2 .2 5 μg/L;智利站前和海豹湾受油污最重 ,分别达 41 49.2 3 μg/L和 41 6 9.72 μg/L,约比长城站前海水含量高 8倍。几种海洋生物受污染程度不一 ,潮间带生物受油污明显高于鱼类。鉴于调查海域已受到明显的油污染 ,且进入南极水域后消除不易 ,为保护南极生态环境 ,很有必要开展油的净化规律 ,以及石油污染对生态系统影响等的研究。     

The status of the aquatic ecosystem of the Selenga river delta under long-duration low-water conditions

We examine the ecological aspects concerning the status of the surface waters in the delta of the Selenga river for the low-water conditions which have been observed since 1996. The ongoing changes in the most important indicators of the status of the waters in the river delta are assessed on the basis of results of hydrological, hydrochemical and hydrobiological investigations made by these authors in 2013–2015 and with consideration for earlier research efforts. It is established that the low-water conditions resulted in a decrease of the role of the main delta branches, Kharauz and Levoberezhnaya, in streamflow. An increase in the contribution of groundwater in the alimentation of the river led to an increase in concentrations of main ions: for the current low-water period their total content has varied from 119 to 780 mg/L, with a maximum in small delta branches in the wintertime. Changes in concentrations of biogenic elements were recorded: total phosphorus from 10 to 190 μg P/L, mineral phosphorus from 0 to 35 μg P/L, and nitrate nitrogen from 0.01 to 0.81 μg N/L. A minimum of mineral phosphorus compounds and nitrogen was observed at the time of mass development of algae. It is established that the dynamics of organic matter content is determined by changes in hydraulicity, and by the intensity of phytoplankton development. Within the long-term context, a deterioration of water regime and vegetation infill and swamping of shallow delta branches were recorded. The development level of the phytoplankton and changes in its structure point to a progressive eutrophication of the Selenga waters. According to the value of the saprobic index, the quality of the Selenga waters corresponds largely to the category of “moderately polluted” waters (class II and III), and it decreases at low-water periods, especially in shallow delta branches with a high population of cryptophytic algae, to the category of “polluted” waters.     

达里诺尔湿地水环境和鱼类多样性调查Ⅲ.达里湖水体中的氮和磷含量及分布

达里湖是达里诺尔湿地的重要组成部分。2019年,对达里湖开展了野外调查并采集了水样,测定了水样的氮、磷含量和非离子氨含量与水体pH的关系,并将研究结果与以往的达里湖相对应的调查资料进行比较,探讨了达里湖水体中氮、磷含量特征的形成及其对达里湖鱼类物种多样性的影响。研究结果表明,2019年7月,达里湖水体中的COD_Cr和COD_Mn质量浓度分别为125.10 mg/L和19.18 mg/L,1975~2019年明水期COD_Mn含量平均每年增加0.67%;水体中的总氮和总磷质量浓度分别为1.964 mg/L和1.870 mg/L,1994~2019年明水期其平均每年分别减少4.51%和增加1.90%;水体中的氨氮和总有效氮质量浓度分别为0.168 mg/L和0.490 mg/L,1975~2019年明水期其平均每年分别增加2.25%和4.59%;水体中的硝酸盐氮质量浓度为0.166 mg/L,2004~2019年明水期其平均每年增加24.78%;水体中的活性磷酸盐质量浓度和总有效氮含量与活性磷酸盐含量的比值分别为5.729 mg/L和0.086,1975~2019年明水期其平均每年分别增加1.23%和减少0.82%;水体中的非离子氨含量占总氨含量的比例为19.23%;水体中的非离子氨质量浓度为0.031 mg/L,1975~2019年明水期其平均每年减少0.28%。1975年以来,达里湖水体中的活性磷酸盐含量持续高于总有效氮含量,水体中的氮、磷组成极不平衡;水体中的化学需氧量、总磷、总氮和非离子氨含量持续超标,达里湖水体处于中度或重度富营养化状态,其对湖中原有鱼类的多样性尚无负面影响,但是对未来鱼类多样性健康发展构成了潜在威胁。     

滇池外海水体叶绿素a与水质因子关系研究

使用近5年滇池外海的水体理化指标监测数据,分析了滇池外海水体叶绿素a的时空分布特征,并使用多元逐步回归分析叶绿素a与水质因子的关系。研究结果表明,滇池外海水体叶绿素a浓度为0．003～0．475mg／L,长年平均浓度为0．063mg／L,每年2月最低,8月最高,夏季最高,冬季最低。近5年各测点年平均值2004年平均浓度最高,2005年最低。滇池外海叶绿素a的空间分布呈现出北高南低,中部呈现西高东低的态势。各水质因子在不同的位置对叶绿素a浓度的影响显著程度不一样,但叶绿素a浓度总体与透明度呈现负相关,与pH值呈显著的正相关,与水温呈现正相关。通过多元逐步回归分析,滇池外海水体叶绿素浓度回归方程在不同位置有1～4个因子入选,外海叶绿素a平均浓度的回归方程为：Chla=-0．336＋0．002·WT＋0．028·TN＋0．034·pH。     

Spatial correlations between urbanization and river water pollution in the heavily polluted area of Taihu Lake Basin, China

Water pollution in the Taihu Lake Basin has been the focus of attention in China and abroad for a long time, due to its position in the forefront of urban development in China. Based on data gathering and processing from 84 monitoring sections in this heavily polluted area, this study first analyzes spatial patterns of urbanization and the distribution of river water pollution, and then uses the GeoDa bivariate spatial autocorrelation model to investigate the spatial correlation between urbanization and river water pollution at the scale of township units. The results show that urbanization has adverse impacts on water pollution, and the influence varies in different levels of development areas. The urban township units have the highest level of urbanization and highest pollution, but the best water quality; the suburban units have lower level of urbanization, but higher pollution and worse water quality; however the rural units have the lowest level of urbanization and lowest pollution, mainly affected by upstream pollution, but worst water quality. Lastly, urban and rural planning committees, while actively promoting the process of development in the region, should gradually resolve the issue of pollution control lagging behind urban life and urban develop- ment, giving priority to construction of centralized sewage treatment facilities and associated pipeline network coverage in the rural areas and suburban areas.     

新疆水磨河流域污染源排放口的优化处理

根据污染河流的排放口最优规划的原理，对新疆乌鲁木齐东郊的水磨河的污染物排放的控制进行了实际研究并提出相应的治理措施。     

青海可可西里东北部多秀湖和盐湖水化学特征研究

2016年3月系统采集了青海可可西里东北部多秀湖和盐湖的湖水及其入湖冰川融水。研究发现,两个湖泊湖水中离子含量均较高,主要阳离子含量顺序均为Na~+Mg~(2+)K~+Ca~(2+),主要阴离子含量顺序均为Cl~-SO_4~(2-)HCO_3~-CO_3~(2-);而入湖冰川融水的离子含量非常低。根据库尔纳可夫—瓦良什科水化学分类标准,多秀湖湖水属于硫酸盐型—硫酸镁亚型,盐湖湖水属于硫酸盐型—硫酸钠亚型。多秀湖和盐湖湖水Li—Mg—B的相关性均为正相关,说明两个湖泊中这3种元素的物质来源、搬运条件及富集环境具有很强的相似性。由于气候变暖导致大量矿化度低的冰川融水注入盐湖,矿化度较低的卓乃湖和库赛湖决堤湖水泄入盐湖,使得盐湖的面积较1997年扩大了5倍,湖水的矿化度降低了约10倍,而多秀湖近些年湖水矿化度变化较小。多秀湖湖水矿化度以及Li~+、Mg~(2+)和B_2O_3含量均较高,具有较好的资源潜在利用价值。     

博斯腾湖水质矿化度与水资源利用

本文在回顾博斯腾湖环境基本情况及水质评价结果的基础上，提出水资源利用的设想与措施。     

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS OF SHALLOW LAKE IN THE ZHALONG WETLAND

1 INTRODUCTIONNitrogen and phosphorus in the water are the nu-trients limited in natural wetlands,which seriously in-fluence on the ecosystem production and the biodiver-sity(Mitsch,Grosselin,2000).Nitrogen and phos-phorus recycles have been interrupted b…     

博斯腾湖的水环境保护与可持续利用对策

本文通过实地调查和对1999～2001年的监测资料的分析,从水环境污染物特性、水环境质量变化、排污源分布及排污量计算等方面探讨了博斯腾湖水环境问题及其成因。提出建立博斯腾湖保护区,加大管理检查和执法力度,加强对农田排污水的控制,强化重点排污口和重点城镇生活污水的排污管理,并通过湖滨湿地生态恢复工程、增源节水工程、加速湖水循环工程等措施,保护和改善博斯腾湖水环境