Field spectroscopy and radiative transfer modelling to assess impacts of petroleum pollution on biophysical and biochemical parameters of the Amazon rainforest

Biophysical and biochemical plant foliage parameters play a key role in assessing vegetation health. Those plant parameters determine the spectral reflectance and transmittance properties of vegetation; therefore, hyperspectral remote sensing, particularly imaging spectroscopy, can provide estimates of leaf and canopy chemical properties. Based on the relationship between spectral response and biochemical/biophysical properties of the leaves and canopies, the PROSPECT radiative transfer model simulates the interaction of light with leaves. In this study, more than 1100 leaf samples from the Amazon forest of Ecuador were collected at several study sites, some of which are affected by petroleum pollution, and across the vertical profile of the forest. For every sample, field spectroscopy at leaf level was conducted with a spectroradiometer. The goal of this study was to assess leaf optical properties of polluted and unpolluted rainforest canopies across the vertical profile and identify vegetation stress expressed in changes of biophysical and biochemical properties of vegetation. An ANOVA followed by Holme’s multiple comparisons of means and a principal component analysis showed that photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll and carotenoids have significantly lower levels across the vertical profile of the forest, particularly in sites affected by petroleum pollution. On the other hand, foliar water content showed significantly higher levels in the polluted site. Those findings are symptoms of vegetation stress caused by reduced photosynthetic activity and consequently decreased transpiration and water-use efficiency of the plants. Cross-comparison between SPAD-502 chlorophyll content meter index and chlorophyll content showed strong positive correlation coefficients (r = 0.71 and r ² = 0.51) which suggests that using the SPAD-502 chlorophyll index itself is sensitive enough to detect vegetation stress in a multispecies tropical forest. Therefore, the SPAD-502 can be used to assess chlorophyll content of vegetation across polluted and non-polluted sites at different canopy layers. The results presented in this paper contribute to the very limited literature on field spectroscopy and radiative transfer models applied to the vertical profile of the Amazon forest.     

两种用于作物冠层叶绿素含量提取的改进光谱指数

在深入探讨目前广泛使用的提取叶绿素含量的植被指数的光谱响应机制基础上,利用PROSPECT+SAIL模型模拟的作物冠层反射率样本数据对比分析了这些植被指数对叶绿素含量变化的敏感性差异,包括PSSRa、PSSRb、PSNDa、PSNDb、NPCI、PRI、MCARI和TVI等.结果表明,上述植被指数或对土壤背景变化敏感,或受高值LAI影响趋于饱和,对作物叶绿素含量反演效果均不理想.提出了4种基于TVI和MCARI的改进植被指数MTVI1、MTVI2、MCARI1和MCARI2,揭示了它们对土壤背景和LAI不敏感,对叶绿素含量变化更为敏感的光谱机制,并根据实验数据对其进行验证.实验表明,改进的植被指数MTVI2和MCARI2是作物冠层叶绿素含量较好的预测器,可据此建立作物冠层叶绿素含量反演模型.     

Remote Sensing Study of Gold Biogeochemical Effects in the Western Guangdong-Hainan Region——A Case Study of the Hetai Gold Deposit

The vegetation has been poisoned by gold in the western Guangdong-Hainan region. The gold content ofthe leaves there is as high as 10-1961 times the abundance, the chlorophyll content is 10%-30% lower thanthat of the vegetation in metamorphic terrains and 10%-20% higher than that in granite terrains, and thecarotenoid content is 10%-44% lower than the background value. The water content of leaves is 10% to 20%lower than the background value. The cells of leaves are deformed and broken. The leaf surface shows colourspots and becomes yellow or dark green. The spectral reflectance of the leaf surface is 5%-30% higher than thebackground value: the spectral shape has shifted 5-15 nm to the short wavelength. The gray scales of eanopyon images of Landsat TM and airborne imaging scanner (AIS) are 10%-100% higher than the backgroundvalues. On Landsat TM and AIS false colour images, plants poisoned by gold display a yellow color, whichdisinguishes them from background plants. According to the spectral and image features of goldbiogeochemical effects, the author has constructed a gold information system and expert prediction system,and thus two gold target areas and two gold prospect areas have been identified rapidly, economically andaccurately in the western Guangdong-Hainan region which is extensively covered by vegetation.     

干旱和复水对喀斯特石生穗枝赤齿藓水分及光合生理的影响

研究了石生穗枝赤齿藓对喀斯特环境变迁的水分及光合生理适应,为喀斯特石漠化生态环境的恢复与治理提供依据。选择贵州普定石漠化区域交织型石生穗枝赤齿藓（Erythrodontium julaceum (Schwaegr.) Par.）为材料,测定水分和光合生理等指标。结果表明:干旱胁迫下石生穗枝赤齿藓水势（Ψs）、自由水含量（Va）、组织总含水量和相对含水量（RWC）降低,束缚水（Vs）、水分饱和亏（WSD）和Vs/Va比值增大,复水后各水分生理指标均有不同程度的恢复。RWC与qN负相关,与Fv/Fm、Yield、ETR、qP、Pn呈正相关关系;叶绿素含量总体呈出先升后降再升高的趋势。轻度干旱胁迫Pn逐渐下降,重度急剧下降,光合作用受到了严重的影响;随干旱胁迫进程蒸腾速率（Tr）的变化未见显著差异。复水后各荧光参数在轻中度胁迫下能恢复到正常水平,而重度胁迫较难恢复到对照水平。喀斯特石生穗枝赤齿藓具有适应岩溶干湿交替的水分代谢和光合生理机制,是石漠化地区植被恢复与重建过程中的先锋物种。      

Spectral data source effect on crop state estimation by vegetation indices

Spectral vegetation indices (VIs) are a well-known and widely used method for crop state estimation. The ability to monitor crop state by such indices is an important tool for agricultural management. Even though differences in imagery and point-based spectroscopy are obvious, their impact on crop state estimation by VIs is not well-studied. The aim of this study was to assess the performance level of the selected VIs calculated from spaceborne multispectral imagery and point-based field spectroscopy in application to crop state estimation. For this purpose, irrigated chickpea field was monitored by RapidEye satellite mission and additional measurements by field spectrometer were obtained. Estimated VIs average and coefficient of variation from each observation were compared with physical crop measurements: leaf water content, LAI and chlorophyll level. The results indicate that indices calculated from spaceborne spectral images regardless of the claimed response commonly react on phenology of the irrigated chickpea. This feature makes spaceborne spectral imagery an appropriate data source for monitoring crop development, crop water needs and yield prediction. VIs calculated from field spectrometer were sensitive for estimating pigment concentration and photosynthesis rate. Yet, a hypersensitivity of field spectral measures might lead to a very high variability (up to 69%) of the calculated values. Consequently, the high spatial variability of field spectral measurements depreciates the estimation agricultural field state by average mean only. Nevertheless, the spatial variability might have certain behavior trend, e.g., a significant increase in the active growth or stress and can be an independent feature for field state assessment.     

快速失水下5种喀斯特植物离体叶片叶绿素荧光的响应

文章设置饱水及随后失水处理自然生长的5种喀斯特植物叶片,测定其叶绿素荧光参数,分析各植物光合过程的响应特征。结果显示:盐肤木（Rhus chinensis）PSII反应中心活性及电子传递受严重失水影响,而其稳定的光能转化及光化学效率得益于叶绿素浓度的不断增加;构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）和金银花（Lonicera japonica）的叶绿素浓度逐渐升高随后趋于稳定,构树PSII反应中心对失水敏感,其活性及光能转化对随后持续失水逐渐适应。金银花光合结构及PSII反应中心表现稳定;火棘（Pyracantha fortuneana）叶绿素浓度从第4小时开始增加,光合结构趋于稳定,电子传递速率及光能转化逐渐增加;杨梅（Myrica rubra）电子传递速率及光化学效率均较低。      

黄土高原西部地区现代植被及其表土正构烷烃分布模式研究

由于现代木本、草本植物正构烷烃主峰分布的研究结果存在一定的差异,从而导致黄土沉积中利用正构烷烃主峰分布进行古植被恢复时存在较大争议,尤其是松科植物主峰分布的不同。因此,采集黄土高原西部地区常见木本和草本植物及其表土,包括研究区常见松科植物,利用GC分析,开展现代植物及其表土正构烷烃主峰分布的研究。结果发现,黄土高原西部地区常见10种木本植物正构烷烃的主峰分布均以C27或C29为主峰,3种草本植物以C31为主峰,与分子有机地球化学研究结果一致,研究区3种常见松科植物均以C29为主峰,并无C31为主峰的分布; 研究区现代表土正构烷烃的结果显示,表土正构烷烃主峰分布与上覆植被输入量有直接关系,对于不同景观的采样点,由于其木本、草本植物输入量的差异而导致正构烷烃分布存在差异,对于有机质来源较为多元化的地区,分析要十分慎重。同一种植物腐叶与新鲜叶片正构烷烃主峰分布是一致的,说明植物叶片的腐烂过程对其正构烷烃主峰分布没有产生影响。对同一种植物不同地区的对比分析发现,木本植物正构烷烃主峰分布特征受生长环境影响较小,主峰分布不变,但是对于草本植物受生长环境影响较大,主峰分布会产生变化。因此,对于黄土沉积中利用正构烷烃主峰分布特征进行的古植被恢复在开展现代过程研究的基础上是较为可靠准确的。     

Spectrometric analyses in comparison to the physiological condition of heavy metal stressed floodplain vegetation in a standardised experiment

Floodplain ecosystems are affected by flood dynamics, nutrient supply as well as anthropogenic activities. Heavy metal pollution poses a serious environmental challenge. Pollution transfer from the soil to vegetation is still present at the central location of Elbe River, Germany. The goal of this study was to assess and separate the current heavy metal contamination of the floodplain ecosystem, using spectrometric field and laboratory measurements. A standardized pot experiment with floodplain vegetation in differently contaminated soils provided the basis for the measurements. The dominant plant types of the floodplains are: Urtica dioica, Phalaris arundinacea and Alopecurus pratensis, these were also chemically analysed. Various vegetation indices and methods were used to estimate the red edge position, to normalise the spectral curve of the vegetation and to investigate the potential of different methods for separating plant stress in floodplain vegetation. The main task was to compare spectral bands during phenological phases to find a method to detect heavy metal stress in plants. A multi-level algorithm for the curve parameterisation was developed. Chemo-analytical and ecophysiological parameters of plants were considered in the results and correlated with spectral data. The results of this study show the influence of heavy metals on the spectral characteristics of the focal plants. The developed method (depth CR1730) showed significant relationship between the plants and the contamination.     

石漠化区植被恢复过程凋落叶分解特征及其对土壤有机碳/氮的影响——以重庆中梁山为例

运用凋落物分解袋及样品室内分析的方法,研究了石漠化脆弱生态区植被恢复不同阶段主要建群种凋落叶分解及有机碳、氮释放动态及其与土壤团聚体有机碳、氮之间的关系。结果表明:(1)各植被恢复阶段凋落叶分解系数介于0.73～1.33之间,不同阶段之间表现为,草地<灌丛<乔木林<灌乔林,人工樟树林介于乔木林与灌乔林之间。(2)各植被恢复阶段凋落叶有机碳、氮净释放率介于58.5%～72.9%与21.2%～63.9%之间,有机碳在分解期间表现为净释放,有机碳、氮释放率随植被恢复年限的延长呈增加的趋势。(3)凋落叶分解与养分释放对土壤有机碳、氮含量的提高有促进作用。其中,凋落叶分解系数与0.25～1 mm、<0.25 mm粒径团聚体轻组有机碳、氮之间关系密切。在植被恢复过程中,凋落叶分解速率及有机碳、氮释放率随恢复年限延长而呈增加趋势,凋落叶分解对土壤有机碳、氮有重要影响,轻组有机碳、氮优先向小粒径团聚体输入,小粒径团聚体在土壤有机碳、氮积累中有重要作用。凋落叶分解一方面能为植物生长提供养分,同时也促进土壤有机质的形成与积累,植被恢复过程中应加强水土保持、提高土壤层的养分保蓄与抗水土流失能力。      

草地植被盖度的多尺度遥感与实地测量方法综述

植被盖度作为一个重要的生态学参数被用在许多气候模型和生态模型中。地表实测和遥感测量是获取植被盖度的两种基本途径。以草地植被盖度的测量为研究对象,综合讨论了目前地表实测和遥感测量常用的方法,分析了它们的优缺点,并对如何提高草地植被盖度的测量精度做出展望。数码相机、高光谱遥感以及多尺度遥感数据的综合使用可能是未来草地植被盖度测量发展的趋势。     

植被指数研究进展

在遥感应用领域,植被指数已广泛用来定性和定量评价植被覆盖及其生长活力。由于植被光谱表现为植被、土壤亮度、环境影响、阴影、土壤颜色和湿度复杂混合反应,而且受大气空间—时相变化的影响,因此植被指数没有一个普遍的值,其研究经常表明不同的结果。20多年来,已研究发展了40多个植被指数。该文对已有的大部分植被指数进行了归纳分类,评价其各自优势和局限性,并探讨了未来研究的方向,这将有助于遥感在农业、植被和生态环境监测方面进行有效地开发与应用。     

土壤呼吸主要影响因素的研究进展

影响土壤呼吸的因子有很多，在不同时间空间的不同生态系统其影响因子各不相同。综述了土壤呼吸主要影响因子的研究进展，主要从土壤温度、土壤湿度、降水、土壤C/N等非生物因子，植被类型、生物量、叶面积指数、植被凋落物等生物因子以及人类活动等方面阐述对土壤呼吸产生的影响。在此基础上对土壤呼吸的Q10值、关键影响因子及各种生态环境因子的综合影响进行了讨论。从众多研究中发现土壤温度、湿度是影响土壤呼吸的主要因子，建立土壤温度及湿度影响下的土壤呼吸模型更有助于对土壤呼吸进行定量的描述。但是在土壤温度及湿度过高或过低的情况下会出现较大的误差，为了尽量减少土壤呼吸的误差，给出了如下建议：①加强土壤呼吸和生态系统自动碳通量的结合研究；②加强对不同生物和非生物生态环境因子的同步测定，特别重视生物因子对非生物因子的调节和影响；③加强典型物候期和不同季节典型天气土壤呼吸的测定；④加强模拟试验研究和模式研究。总之，土壤呼吸是一个比较复杂的过程，虽然有规律可循，但是，很多时候由于因子间交互作用而表现偏离，对其准确估算需要找出关键因子，并综合分析其它因子的影响。     

A comparison of forest fire indices for predicting fire risk in contrasting climates in China

The relationships between fire danger indices and fire risk have been extensively studied in many regions of the world. This work uses partial effect analysis in semiparametric logistic regression models to assess the nonlinear relationships among location, day, altitude, fire danger indices, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and fire ignition from 1996 to 2008 in four different climatic regions in China. The four regions are North China (NR), Northeast China (NE), Southeast China (SE), and Southwest China (SW). The three main results are as follows: First, different fire danger indices are selected as significant variables dependent on the region. The inter-regional difference could be partially explained by difference in local weather and vegetation conditions. Second, spatial location exerts highly significant effects in all four regions. NDVI values are selected as explained variable for NR, NE, and SE on fire ignitions. On a daily scale, altitude influences fire ignition for NR, SE, and SW. Third, the robustness of the probability models used in NE, SE, and SW is better than that in NR on a daily scale. The semiparametric logistic regression model used in this study is useful for assessing the ability of fire danger indices to estimate probabilities of fire ignition on a daily scale. This study encourages further research on assessing the predictive ability of fire danger indices developed at other temporal and spatial scales in China.     

遥感生物地球化学找金矿方法研究进展

总结了金矿的生物地球化学性质、植物的生物地球化学效应特征以及其波谱和遥感影像特征，以及利用遥感图像处理提取生物地球化学效应引起的植被光谱异常信息的专题信息提取方法。研究表明，在金矿区上生长的植物对金及伴生元素有较强的吸收和聚积作用，植物明显受到生物地球化学效应的毒化作用；金及伴生元素的过量吸收，使植物叶片中的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量、水含量和叶面温度相应降低；植物叶片细胞结构发生变异，叶冠波谱反射率和波形等光谱特征明显变化；在遥感图像上，金矿区的植被表现出异常特征信息。这些信息可以作为在植被区寻找隐伏矿床的遥感生物地球化学找矿的标志。利用遥感生物地球化学的理论和技术方法，从遥感数据中分析金矿的植被图像特征，提取与金矿化有关的植被异常特征信息，可以优先出金矿化遥感异常区，并列举了几个应用实例。同时，指出了需加强该领域的理论和应用研究，为广大植被覆盖地区寻求一种快速有效的探矿方法。     

高山冰缘植物游离氨基酸的含量分析

以乌鲁木齐河源区22种主要高山冰缘植物花期叶片为实验材料,分析了游离氨基酸含量.结果表明:多数高山冰缘植物积累大量游离中性氨基酸,总游离氨基酸以脯氨酸(Pro)、苏氨酸(Thr)、天门冬氨酸(Asp)、丙氨酸(Ala)和谷氨酸(Glu)为主要成分.同一植被带不同植物积累游离氨基酸的种类和水平不同,如高山离子芥(Chorispora bungeana)的游离Pro含量占其总游离氨基酸含量的百分比均高出雪莲、黄花夏至草和黄头小甘菊13倍多,含量差异明显.3个植被带植物总游离氨基酸、Pro和中性氨基酸的平均含量,高山流石堆植被高于高山垫状植被和高山草甸植被,高山垫状植被总游离氨基酸和中性氨基酸含量高于高山草甸植被.高山冰缘植物积累不同种类和不同含量水平的游离氨基酸是对严酷环境的一种适应.     

Spatial distribution of surface soil water content under different vegetation types in northwest Guangxi, China

Geostatistical and statistical analyses were combined to examine the spatial distribution of soil water content under four vegetation types during the dry season, in the peak-cluster depression in the karst region in northwest Guangxi, southwest China. The soil water content significantly increased from farmland to plantation, secondary forest, and primary forest; whereas the variation coefficients, the sill (C ₀+C), and total spatial variance increased, although the range decreased. The spatial distribution of soil water content in the different vegetation types had a high spatial autocorrelation. Different models produced a best fit for the semivariograms of the four vegetation types. Elevation and slope position were the primary factors influencing the spatial distribution of soil water content, with other key factors differing between the four vegetation types. Moreover, even though different specific factors influenced soil water content in the four vegetation types, the correlations and degrees of associations between the soil water content and these various factors differed. Therefore, the corresponding strategies for rational usage and management of water resources should be different for the four vegetation types in this region.     

青藏高原坡面冻土土壤水分空间变异特性

为深入揭示坡面冻土水分运移规律及其主要影响因子,以青藏高原巴颜喀拉山北坡为例,结合冻融变化过程,研究不同地形条件冻土土壤水分空间变异特征,利用分类回归树模型（CART）和典范对应分析（CCA）识别影响坡面冻土土壤水分空间异质性的主控因子及其相互作用关系。研究结果表明:①受坡面地形与冻融过程影响,冻结期坡面冻土土壤水分侧向流动减弱,以垂直迁移为主,上坡位含量高于下坡位,反之,融化期上坡位含量则低于下坡位。②影响坡面冻土土壤水分的主要环境因子为高程、土壤质地、土壤温度和植被覆盖度,但在不同冻融阶段下其影响因子存在差异,在冻结状态下主要因子为高程、土壤质地和土壤温度,其相对贡献率分别达到19.97%、19.45%和9.56%;在融化阶段下主要因子为高程、植被覆盖度和土壤质地,其相对贡献率分别为37.4%、14.9%和10.7%。③ 0~20 cm浅层深度上影响坡面冻土土壤水分的主要因素为坡度、高程和植被覆盖度,其相关系数分别高达0.941 2、0.903 9和0.563 1;中下层深度上其主要影响因素较为复杂。     

Remote Sensing Study of Gold Biogeochemical Effects in the Western Guangdong-Hainan Region1—A Case Study of the Hetai Gold Deposit

Abstract The vegetation has been poisoned by gold in the western Guangdong-Hainan region. The gold content of the leaves there is as high as 10-1961 times the abundance, the chlorophyll content is 10%-30% lower than that of the vegetation in metamorphic terrains and 10%-20% higher than that in granite terrains, and the carotenoid content is 10%-44% lower than the background value. The water content of leaves is 10% to 20% lower than the background value. The cells of leaves are deformed and broken. The leaf surface shows colour spots and becomes yellow or dark green. The spectral reflectance of the leaf surface is 5%-30% higher than the background value; the spectral shape has shifted 5-15 nm to the short wavelength. The gray scales of eanopy on images of Landsat TM and airborne imaging scanner (AIS) are 10%-100% higher than the background values. On Landsat TM and AIS false colour images, plants poisoned by gold display a yellow color, which disinguishes them from background plants. According to the spectral and image features of gold biogeochemical effects, the author has constructed a gold information system and expert prediction system, and thus two gold target areas and two gold prospect areas have been identified rapidly, economically and accurately in the western Guangdong-Hainan region which is extensively covered by vegetation.     

Abundance and distribution of leaf wax n-alkanes in leaves of Acacia and Eucalyptus trees along a strong humidity gradient in northern Australia

Environmental parameters such as rainfall, temperature and relative humidity can affect the composition of higher plant leaf wax. The abundance and distribution of leaf wax biomarkers, such as long chain n-alkanes, in sedimentary archives have therefore been proposed as proxies reflecting climate change. However, a robust palaeoclimatic interpretation requires a thorough understanding of how environmental changes affect leaf wax n-alkane distributions in living plants. We have analysed the concentration and chain length distribution of leaf wax n-alkanes in Acacia and Eucalyptus species along a 1500 km climatic gradient in northern Australia that ranges from subtropical to arid. We show that aridity affected the concentration and distribution of n-alkanes for plants in both genera. For both Acacia and Eucalyptus n-alkane concentration increased by a factor of ten to the dry centre of Australia, reflecting the purpose of the wax in preventing water loss from the leaf. Furthermore, Acacian-alkanes decreased in average chain length (ACL) towards the arid centre of Australia, whereas Eucalyptus ACL increased under arid conditions. Our observations demonstrate that n-alkane concentration and distribution in leaf wax are sensitive to hydroclimatic conditions. These parameters could therefore potentially be employed in palaeorecords to estimate past environmental change. However, our finding of a distinct response of n-alkane ACL values to hydrological changes in different taxa also implies that the often assumed increase in ACL under drier conditions is not a robust feature for all plant species and genera and as such additional information about the prevalent vegetation are required when ACL values are used as a palaeoclimate proxy.     

西南岩溶地区植被喀斯特效应

西南岩溶地区是我国主要岩溶带之一，也是世界岩溶研究重点地区，区内因人口众多，植被破坏严重，部分地区因人为作用已经产生一系列的环境问题，本文从岩溶地区植被演替规律出发，针对不同植被生态条件，通过对比不同表层岩溶泉的水化学特征和表层土壤空气CO2（g)（表示呀以气相形式存在）的含量，分析了植被在岩溶区，特别在表层岩溶带的喀斯特效应，由此，一方面可以推动岩溶研究的进一步发展；另一方面可以提高人们的岩溶环境保护意识，从而为西南地区生态恢复提供基础资料。