Research Methods of Water Resources Carrying Capacity: Progress and Prospects

The study of water resources carrying capacity (WRCC), a major component of resources and environment carrying capacity (RECC), began relatively recently. However, WRCC has witnessed a rapid development in terms of concept, calculation methods, and empirical research in recent years. WRCC has become an important criterion for rational development and utilization of regional water resources. This paper first briefly reviews the development process of WRCC. It then evaluates and contrasts the representative research methods of conventional trend (CT), system dynamics (SD), multi-objective model analysis (MOMA), comprehensive evaluation (CE), and dynamic simulation recursive (DSR). The results show that although there are various methods of WRCC, the major methods used have become out-of-date and stagnant, and new more sophisticated methods and technologies are lacking. Specifically, our analysis found that the index system, scientific robustness and comprehensiveness of evaluation criteria of current research methods are insufficient and need to be improved. In addition, the dynamic research of WRCC should receive more attention, and it requires further study to make it more applicable to real-world uses. Finally, a set of monitoring and early warning systems should be established and applied in demonstration areas to meet the urgent needs of water resource management in the new era.     

Research on Land Resource Carrying Capacity: Progress and Prospects

As an important part of resource and environment carrying capacity (RECC), land resource carrying capacity (LRCC) has focused on the limiting factors on regional development from the scale of land resources for more than two hundred years. After a brief review of the origin and early development of LRCC, the progress of LRCC is summarized as a progression from land resource population carrying capacity (LPCC) to land resource comprehensive carrying capacity (LCCC), and the hot issues of LRCC have changed from the simple human-grain relationship to more complex social and economic activities-land resources relationships. The corresponding research methods also evolved, from static research to dynamic research, and the assessment factor have evolved from a single factor to a comprehensive index system. Agro-ecological zoning (AEZ), system dynamics (SD), ecological footprint (EF), and comprehensive evaluation methods have come to be viewed as the most representative methods of LRCC in recent years. As a focus of conventional LRCC research, the human-grain relationship still plays a significant role in LRCC evaluation because grain remains the top limiting factor of land resources and is the most significant criterion in the balance between regional population and land resources, especially for very populous countries. More attention should be paid to the accurate calculation of arable land and average food consumption levels to improve the scientific basis of LRCC evaluation. The development of science and technology and the variation of lifestyle are also important factors that influence regional LRCC. As a new topic of LRCC, LCCC has expanded the research field of LRCC in an attempt to reveal the limiting effects of land resource under open systems, but some issues such as carrying mechanism research and the combination of theoretical and applied research are needed in future studies to promote the further development of LCCC.     

海域承载力的理论与评价方法

承载力研究是解决人口、资源、环境协调发展问题的重要内容之一,目前,关于承载力的研究主要集中在水资源、土地资源、森林资源等对人口和经济的承载量方面。文章借鉴这些学科的有关理论与方法,从理论上创造性地提出海域承载力的定义、评价指标体系、评价方法与研究趋势;指出海域承载力是指一定时期内,以海洋资源的可持续利用、海洋生态环境的不被破坏为原则,在符合现阶段社会文化准则的物质生活水平下,海洋能够支持人口、环境和经济协调发展的能力或限度。     

南方山地丘陵区资源环境承载能力监测预警技术方法探讨 ——以福建省为例

以福建省为例,综合运用文献研究法、地理比较法、GIS空间分析和数理模型等研究方法,按照评价技术与区域特色相匹配、开发阈值与主体功能相协调、划分结果与自然分异相统一的设计思路,构建适宜山地丘陵区的资源环境承载能力监测预警改进方案。提出：① 评价模型中引入山地丘陵区的特征要素,着重探讨土地资源评价中坡度、生态保护红线、行洪通道等影响因子分值的调整,水资源评价方法的替换,重点生态功能区集成方法的调整等。② 在地形复杂多变、区域差异显著的情况下,宜尽可能采用具有全域覆盖特征的数据替代孤立点位数据。集中体现在农产品主产区采用的耕地质量等别评定数据,生态评价采用的以地灾点为中心的地质灾害综合影响指数中。     

Study of the Population Carrying Capacity of Water and Land in Hainan Province

In recent years, the rapid growth of population in Haikou and Sanya has caused extensive concern about the carrying capacity of Hainan Province. To formulate scientific population and environmental policies, it is necessary to research the relationship between population, carrying capacity and economic growth. In this paper, three indicators, grain production, nutrient composition of agricultural products and water resources, are used to measure carrying capacity quantitatively; the employment elasticity coefficient method is used to set the employment elasticity coefficient and the growth rate of regional GDP to estimate the total population needed to support economic growth; PADIS-INT population forecasting software that has parameters to track total fertility rate and net migration rate is used to predict demographic changes. The results show that, as of 2050, the total population of Hainan Province will not have exceeded the upper limit of the carrying capacity of land and water resources. In general, there is no overpopulation problem in the province, but there may be structural problems related to population, such as a large proportion of elderly people, labor shortages, and a high social dependency ratio. It is suggested that the local government should adopt positive population policies, improve the management of natural resources and the environment, and guide the balanced development of population in the province.     

Evaluation Methods and Research Trends for Ecological Carrying Capacity

With the intensive research into global coupling relationships, ecological carrying capacity (ECC), seen as the crucial link between natural ecosystems and human systems, has gradually become an important tool for interdisciplinary research in ecology, resources science and environmental science, as well as for research on regional sustainable development. However, ECC research remains immature and lacks a complete theoretical system, as a result of many limiting factors and different space-time conditions. At present, Chinese and foreign studies focus on methods to evaluate ECC while neglecting to identify the internal driving mechanisms of ECC. In this article, based on the development and conceptualization of ECC, we introduce three evaluation methods for ECC: ecological footprint (EF), human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) and ecosystem services consumption (ESC). Furthermore, we illuminate research focuses and developmental directions for ECC with respect to driving mechanisms, threshold, comprehensive evaluation systems and coupling dynamic model of multi ecological factors, in order to provide a reference for future ECC research.     

旅游环境容量研究进展

二战后,随着世界大众化旅游的逐步普及,现代旅游业得到了迅猛发展。与此同时,越来越多的旅游地在旅游高峰期变得拥挤起来,景区超载、旅游污染等现象日益加剧。因此,旅游环境容量研究也受到了学术界的关注和重视。文章对国内外旅游环境容量研究进展进行了综述和分析,并指出国内旅游环境容量研究要比国外起步迟,但由于我国旅游发展道路和西方发达国家不同,旅游环境容量问题更加突出,因此,加强我国旅游环境容量研究显得格外紧迫和必要。     

无居民海岛资源环境承载力动态评估——以福建平潭大屿岛为例

通过对无居民海岛自然资源与生态环境等综合评价,分析无居民海岛的资源禀赋、环境本底和生态条件,构建资源环境承载力的评估方法,评估无居民海岛——平潭大屿岛开发前(2014)和开发后(2019)的资源环境承载力的动态变化。研究结果表明,2014年大屿岛整体的资源承载力分布面积最广的是“较高承载力”,2019年大屿岛整体的资源承载力分布面积最广的是“较低承载力”。变化最大的是“较高承载力”,它在2014年所占比例为43.29%,到2019年减少为12.23%。大屿岛开发前后整体资源环境承载力持续递减。研究结果对无居民海岛保护及保障设施建设规模与总体布局有参考价值。     

山东半岛城市群旅游环境承载力综合评价研究

城市群发展已经成为城市竞争向区域协作战略转型的着力点, 但是国内以城市群为载体的旅游业发展与 旅游环境承载能力的相互关系研究相对不足。通过建立旅游环境承载力评价体系, 构造旅游环境可持续承载力测 度模型, 以定量描述区域旅游环境系统的承载潜力及旅游环境可持续承载状况, 提出了旅游环境承载力的量化测 度思路, 同时以山东半岛城市群为研究对象, 对其2000- 2005 年旅游环境承载力及承载状况进行评价和分析, 并采 用灰色预测法对区域旅游环境承载状况进行动态模拟预测, 进而提出改善山东半岛城市群旅游承载状况的区域优 化与调控对策。     

城市土地承载力研究进展

开展城市土地承载力研究既是对土地承载力研究体系的深化,也是对城市持续发展的有益探索。总结城市土地承载力研究的起源、发展、内容、方法以及在相关领域的应用,发现其多出自于城市规划、土地利用、资源环境、生态系统等领域的延伸,或为某一领域的一部分,而其自身的研究体系尚未形成。已有研究主要从承载主体、承载对象和影响因素3个视角探讨了与城市土地承载力相关的内容,重在分析和评价城市各类土地与人口规模、经济增长、社会发展以及生态环境之间的关系。在研究方法上,数理分析、模型方法、指标体系等被普遍采用,但各评价方法根据评价对象和城市特点有所不同,评估结果在很大的程度上依赖于选择的不同方法,从而使得到的结果之间缺乏可比性。在实践层面,城市土地承载力分析的实际应用还很薄弱,但其指导作用已经凸现。研究认为,城市土地承载力从基本概念到量化方法、再到实践应用的研究中还存在不足之处,今后的研究应当侧重于完善城市土地承载力自身的研究体系,并结合社会发展需求进行城市土地承载力的功能分区研究和预警研究,建立城市土地承载力状态与土地政策调控的互动机制,逐步加强研究方法的更新和研究成果的应用推广。     

Ecological Carrying Capacity and Green Development in the “Belt and Road” Initiative Region

Since the 1970s, resource crisis, environmental pollution and ecological degradation have become prominent globally, and the limits to growth have always been an important theoretical and policy issue. The technological system of early warning and regulation based on carrying capacity evaluation has great potential in natural resource utilization, environmental management and ecosystem conservation. In this paper, the evolution of carrying capacity research and the concept of ecological carrying capacity are summarized, and the existing evaluation methods of ecological carrying capacity are classified into ecological footprint method, comprehensive index system method, ecosystem service analysis method and human appropriation of net primary productivity method. The current problems in ecological carrying capacity study were analyzed and the trend was outlooked. Combined with the special issue, the recent proceeding of ecological carrying capacity study in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) region was narrated, from the aspects of ecological carrying capacity evaluation method and application, the supply and consumption of ecosystem services, and the resources use and environment change. Some suggestions have been proposed to improve the accuracy and reliability of ecological carrying capacity evaluation: 1) the spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamic change of ecological carrying capacity should be explored furtherly; 2) the interaction between ecological process and human activities should be simulated; 3) factors such as climate change, human activities and ecological products and ecological service flows should be integrated into the evaluation system of ecological carrying capacity.     

新疆相对资源承载力评估模型构建及其实证分析

在分析了区域人地关系系统基础上构建区域PRED系统,相对资源承载力模型进行了4方面改进：（1）基于人地关系理论和可持续发展理论构建区域PRED系统模型,将人口、资源、环境、社会和经济各子系统相对资源承载力进行整合。（2）在自然资源子系统中加入了林业用地面积和建设用地面积两个重要指标,在环境资源子系统中加入了环境污染治理投资总额,并在社会资源了系统中加入了全社会固定资产投资总额这一指标。（3）提出了加权平方平均相对资源承载力模型,并利用该模型对新疆维吾尔自治区（以下简称新疆）2000-2014 年相对资源承载力进行。（4）结合脱钩理论对相对资源综合承载力与资源环境、社会经济因子之间的关系进行研究。结果表明：采用改进后的相对资源承载力模型得出评价结果更符合资源匹配度较差地区的实际情况;新疆各要素相对资源承载力平均水平由大到小的顺序是：平均自然资源承载力、平均综合承载力、平均环境资源承载力、平均社会资源承载力、平均经济资源承载力。研究期间一直处于富余状态,自然资源优势相对突出,但是环境资源、经济资源、社会资源劣势也很明显,新疆综合承载力与资源环境、经济社会要素的矛盾十分突出。     

基于隐性—韧性—显性的武汉城市资源环境承载力空间特征

资源环境承载力是衡量城市国土空间发展状况的晴雨表,深入揭示资源环境承载力系统要素的相互作用机理对城市国土空间格局优化具有重大意义。本文在双评价指南的基础上引入夜光/大气遥感、兴趣点、交通态势、社交媒体等多源时空数据,建立了基于隐性—韧性—显性的城市资源环境承载力空间特征分析理论框架,提出了空间自相关和分形几何相结合的承载力空间特征挖掘方法。以武汉市为例开展研究,结果表明：① 武汉市资源环境承载力呈显著空间异质性,隐性承载力指数高值区分布于城市外围生态环境优越的区域,韧性承载力指数高值区集中于综合风险应对能力较强的中心城区,显性承载力指数高值区位于各项基础功能均较为健全的城市次中心一带;② 武汉市资源环境承载力存在正向空间聚集性,并呈显著半径向心分形特征,隐性承载力指数高值区呈放射状向四周扩散,韧性承载力指数高值区呈向心状聚集在城市核心圈层,显性承载力指数高值区分布于则介于二者之间。本文构建的城市资源环境承载力空间特征分析与挖掘方法体系,通过引入多源时空数据弥补了传统数据现势性的不足,完善了城市资源环境承载力研究的理论和技术范式,可为新时期城市资源环境承载力研究提供一种新思路。     

区域资源环境综合承载力研究进展与展望

区域资源环境综合承载力是人地关系和谐和可持续发展的重要基础,也是自然地理综合研究的前沿及热点内容。近年来,区域资源环境综合承载力研究取得了长足进展,体现在：①建立了综合、广泛的评价指标体系;②资源环境综合承载力与人地关系的调适;③综合研究方法的应用;④对资源环境综合承载力的时空动态研究的关注及尝试。目前,资源环境综合承载力研究应用于国土空间开发、产业规划、灾后重建、资源环境监测及预警等领域。未来仍需在完善指标体系的构建、研究尺度及动态变化等方面加强研究,以此深化综合自然地理理论及实践研究,为区域资源、社会和生态环境可持续性研究提供支撑。     

近20年国内外旅游环境承载力研究动态

作为旅游开发规划和旅游发展政策制定的重要依据,旅游环境承载力一直是国内外学者关注的焦点。运用CiteSpace知识图谱分析方法,从文献计量及信息可视化视角对近20年国内外旅游环境承载力主要研究成果进行梳理,基于时空维度和内容层次维度探讨国内外旅游环境承载力研究现状及发展趋势。结果显示:国内外旅游环境承载力研究的高影响力机构、学者合作网络均较为分散,尚未形成紧密的科研团队;国内外旅游环境承载力研究时间序列演变态势有所不同,国外研究呈现间歇式爆发增长趋势,而国内研究呈现循序渐进趋势。通过对国内外旅游环境承载力研究进行系统回顾与展望,可为未来该领域研究提供有益借鉴。     

区域土地资源人口承载力理论模型及实证研究

在传统食物型人口承载力基础上,引进表征土地资源经济产出的货币型人口承载力来综合考虑土地资源人口综合承载力,建立了区域土地资源人口承载力模型。并以呼和浩特市域作为研究区域,运用系统动力学(SD)原理与方法,在不同情景下模拟了土地资源人口承载力,得出较优的发展方案,即到2020年呼和浩特市域食物型人口承载力为310万人,货币型人口承载力为1 723万人,综合人口承载力为1 000万人口,货币型人口承载力多出食物型人口承载力5.56倍,货币型人口承载力对综合人口承载力的贡献远超过了食物型人口承载力的贡献。     

天山北坡城市群城市综合承载力评价

天山北坡城市群是新疆打造丝绸之路经济带核心区的重要载体和节点。以新疆“十二五”规划中天山北坡经济带所覆盖的12个城市为研究对象,从人口、生态环境、资源、经济、公共服务、交通等6个维度构建评价体系,运用改进的熵值法、变异系数等对2011-2013年天山北坡城市群城市综合承载力进行分析。结果表明:天山北坡城市群城市综合承载力空间分异明显且呈固化趋势;资源和经济是造成各城市综合承载力差距的主要原因;生态环境与资源为承载力首要制约因素且二者均超载严重;城市群生态-生产-生活承载力耦合协调度整体有所改善,但情况依旧较差。     

不同发展模式下资源环境承载力评价——以海南省为例

文章关注于产业、人口与资源环境要素的作用关系，建构了资源环境承载力综合评价框架，并以海南省为案例区开展应用研究。该框架首先对区域产业重要性进行评价并分级，为产业结构调整提供依据；其次解析了区域产业、人口资源消耗与污染排放强度，最后，基于产业评价结果设定不同的产业结构调整情景，结合产业和人口的资源消耗与污染排放强度评价不同产业结构下的资源环境承载力，即产业和人口的规模上限。结果表明：2016年海南省的经济规模并未超载，产业有进一步发展空间。其中土地资源成为海南省发展的首要限制因素，其次是水环境；海南经济效益较高的支柱产业和基础性产业多为高耗水、高污染的产业，亟需加强水资源的集约利用，并降低污染排放强度。为提升经济发展规模上限，需要培育低能耗、低排放的产业。文章建构的资源环境承载力评价方法将产业、人口与资源环境相联系，其评价结果政策意义更为明确，可为优化产业结构调整、控制产业及人口发展规模提供决策参考。     

城市群资源环境承载力研究进展及展望

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