Variations of shear wave splitting in the 2013 Lushan Ms7.0 earthquake region

In this paper, variations of shear wave splitting in the 2013 Lushan Ms7.0 earthquake sequence were studied. By analyzing shear wave particle motion of local events in the shear wave window, the fast polarization directions and the delay time between fast and slow shear waves were derived from seismic recordings at eight stations on the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone. In the study region, the fast polarization directions show partition characteristics from south to north. And the systematic changes of the time delays between two split shear waves were also observed. As for spatial distribution, the NE fast polarization directions are consistent with the Longmenshan fault strike in the south of focal region, whereas the NW fast direction is parallel to the direction of regional principal compressive stress in the north of focal region. Stations BAX and TQU are respectively located on the Central and Front-range faults, and because of the direct influence of these faults, the fast directions at both stations show particularity. In time domain, after the main shock, the delay times at stations increased rapidly, and decreased after a period of time. Shear-wave splitting was caused mostly by stress-aligned microcracks in rock below the stations. The results demonstrate changes of local stress field during the main shock and the aftershocks. The stress on the Lushan Ms7.0 earthquake region increased after the main shock, with the stress release caused by the aftershocks and the stress reduced in the late stage.     

2017年九寨沟MS7.0地震震源区横波分裂变化特征

对2017年九寨沟M_S7.0地震序列的横波分裂的时空变化特征进行了分析.通过横波窗内S波质点运动图的分析,从九寨沟地震震源区各个地震台站的近震横波记录中提取了横波分裂的快波偏振方向和慢波延迟时间.观测结果显示,震源区各台站的上地壳各向异性在空间上存在分区特征,时间上有随时间的趋势性变化特征.空间上,位于震源区北部余震区内的3个台站中,发震断层东面的台站L5112和L5111只有一个突出的快波偏振优势方向（NNE向）,而西面的L6202台有两个快波偏振优势方向（除了NNE向,还有一个近EW向）,体现了余震区剧烈调整的地壳应力和构造复杂断裂的综合作用;余震区外的3个台站中,震源区东部靠近塔藏断裂（东）附近的JZG台的快波偏振优势方向为NW向,与塔藏断裂（东）的走向一致,南部的台站L5110和L5113的快波偏振优势方向为近EW向,与区域主压应力方向一致;余震区内各台站的平均慢波延迟时间大于余震区外各台站,反映了九寨沟地震孕育过程中余震区的应力积累强于其周边区域.时间上,快波偏振方向在主震后前期离散度较大,随着时间的推移,离散度在后期有逐渐变小的趋势;慢波延迟时间在主震后较大,但随着时间的推移,也表现出逐渐减小,趋于稳定.横波分裂随时间逐渐减小和趋于稳定的变化特征反映了九寨沟地震在孕震中积累的应力,随着主震和余震的发生而导致的应力释放和调整,应力大小和调整幅度逐渐减小,后期趋于稳定.     

2013年芦山MS7.0地震序列S波分裂特征

本文测定了2013年4月20日芦山M_S7.0地震震源区及其附近台站的S波分裂参数,包括快波偏振方向和慢波延迟时间,最终得到了40个台站的S波分裂结果．结果显示:在地震主破裂区内观测到的快波优势取向为NE向,与余震分布的长轴方向一致;位于双石—大川断裂以西台站的快波偏振优势方向为NW向,与区域最大主压应力轴方向一致;位于荥经断裂附近台站的快波偏振优势方向为NW向,与该断裂走向一致．快波偏振优势方向随时间的变化结果显示:主震前位于地震破裂区附近的TQU和BAX台站的快波偏振优势方向均呈NE向;主震后TQU台站的快波偏振优势方向为近EW向,而BAX台站的快波偏振优势方向则不突出,反映出芦山地震主震前快波偏振方向受控于龙门山断裂带,而主震后受构造应力场的作用更加明显．此外,各台站的慢波延迟时间为1.25—5.40ms/km,在余震覆盖密集区域,台站的慢波延迟时间均大于3.0ms/km,反映出震源区的各向异性程度较强．芦山主震后,各台站的延迟时间随时间变化持续减小,反映出震源区地壳应力随余震活动逐渐减小．      

Variations of shear wave splitting in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake region

Through the analysis of S-wave particle motion of local events in the shear wave window, the polariza-tion directions of the faster shear wave and the delay times between the faster and the slower shear waves were derived from seismic recordings at the stations near the fault zones. The shear wave split-ting results of seven stations in the area of Longmenshan fault zone reveal spatial variation of the po-larization directions of the fast shear wave. The directions at stations in the southeastern side of the Longmenshan fault zone (in the Sichuan Basin area) are in the NE direction, whereas the direction at station PWU (in the Plateau), which is in the northwestern side of the faults, is in the EW direction. Systematic changes of the time delays between two split shear waves were also observed. At station L5501 in the southern end of the aftershock zone, the delay times of the slower shear wave decrease systematically after the main shock. After the main shock, the delay times at station PWU were longer than those before the earthquake. Seismic shear wave splitting is caused mostly by stress-aligned microcracks in the rock below the stations. The results demonstrate changes of local stress field dur-ing the main-shock and the aftershocks. The stress in the southern part of Wenchuan seismogenic zone was released by the main-shock and the aftershocks. The crustal stresses were transferred to the northeastern part of the zone, resulting in stress increase at station PWU after the main-shock.     

安庆4.8级地震的余震S波分裂研究

利用安徽数字地震台网安庆台记录的地震波形资料,运行Matlap S波分裂程序,对2011年1月19日安徽安庆4.8级地震的余震序列开展S波分裂研究。结果表明,快S波偏振方向有两个优势取向,分别为N73°E和N94°E,初步判断为区域应力场导致的EDA裂隙系各向异性结果。其中快S波N73°E偏振方向与区域应力场的主压应力方向N74°E基本相同,而快S波N94°E偏振方向稍有偏差,可能是由于4.8级主震产生的应力扰动引起的。慢S波延迟时间在0.82～10.92范围内变化,平均为2.84,主震后,延迟时间明显下降,可能反映了震后应力的释放过程,而几次较大余震前则处于上升高值状态,可能反映了较大余震前的应力积累过程。     

Study on shear wave splitting in the aftershock region of the Yao'an earthquake in 2000

After Ms=6.5 Yao'an earthquake on January 15, 2000, a large amount of aftershock waveforms were recorded by the Near Source Digital Seismic Network (NSSN) installed by Earthquake Administration of Yunnan Province in the aftershock region. It provides profuse data to systematically analyze the features of Yao'an earthquake. The crustal anisotropy is realized by shear wave splitting propagating in the upper crust. Based on the accurate aftershock relocations, the shear wave splitting parameters are determined with the cross-correlation method, and the results of different stations and regions are discussed in this paper. These conclusions are obtained as follows:firstly, the average fast directions of aftershock region are controlled by the regional stress field and parallel to the maximum horizontal compressive stress direction; secondly, the average fast directions of disparate stations and regions are different and vary with the structural settings and regional stress fields; finally, delay time value is affected by all sorts of factors, which is affinitive with the shear wave propagating medium, especially.     

腾冲地区近震S波分裂研究

本文利用布设在云南腾冲地区的15个固定和流动地震台站记录的近震波形数据,采用剪切波分裂分析方法得到了593对高质量的各向异性分裂参数.结果显示,腾冲火山区地震台站下方的近震各向异性的慢波延迟时间为0.02~0.37 s,平均延迟时间0.2 s.结合已有接收函数地壳各向异性研究结果,推测研究区地壳各向异性的主要贡献源自中上地壳.研究区不同台站的快波偏振方向变化很大,似乎反映了构造和区域应力场的共同作用.其中腾冲火山断裂西侧多数台站的快波偏振方向呈近N-S向,而东部多数台站的快速偏振方向呈NE-SW向,与区域主压应力方向一致,暗示研究区中上地壳各向异性主要是受主压应力引起定向排列的裂隙所致.基于近震走时得到的研究区平均VP/VS为1.68,推测腾冲火山区地壳应力场的局部变化可能与上地壳中富含气体的中酸性岩浆膨胀活动有关.另一方面,在腾冲火山区外围个别台站(MIZ、MZT)观测到了快波偏振方向与主压应力、已知断层等构造走向不一致的现象,暗示其各向异性是构造或构造和区域应力场共同作用的结果.     

龙门山断裂带的分段性特征——来自密集震源机制解的约束

龙门山断裂带沿倾向和走向具有明显的分带性和分段性特征,通常以4条主干断裂为界将龙门山断裂带自西向东分为5条构造带,但是对沿走向的分段性特征仍未达成共识.本文利用四川区域地震台网记录的汶川地震后近10年的波形数据,采用全波形反演获取了龙门山断裂带1495个M≥3的震源机制解.通过“滑动窗”扫描方法提取不同地震类型的数量沿龙门山断裂带走向的变化曲线,据此将龙门山断裂带的震源区划分为S1—S9段.根据反演的震源机制解,进一步采用阻尼线性反演技术求取龙门山断裂带高分辨率的构造应力场信息,从地震类型、断面结构和构造应力场等角度探讨龙门山断裂带的分段性特征.结果表明:(1)地震类型存在明显的分段性特征.其中S1的逆冲型地震比例最高,S8的走滑型地震比例最高,S9的正断型地震比例最高.汶川地震后龙门山断裂带可能存在差异性断层调整运动,且余震晚期沿断裂带走向普遍存在应力的补充和协调,芦山地震的发生可能还对S2造成了应力扰动.汶川主震附近及余震区远端经历了更长的震后调整过程,且余震区远端S9具有更复杂、强度更高的震后调整过程.(2)断面结构存在明显的分段性特征.断面结构揭示汶川主震附近和余震区远端的隐伏断裂,以及虎牙断裂南端参与了汶川余震活动.断面倾角与走滑分量具有较好的一致性,在具有明显逆冲分量的分段断面倾角主要分布在50°~70°,而在具有明显走滑分量的分段断面倾角基本在60°以上,且断面倾角增大与汶川余震带宽度收缩变窄相吻合.(3)龙门山断裂带的应力环境非常复杂.σ1方向的分段性差异导致了汶川—芦山地震空区的地壳撕裂和地幔物质上涌、汶川主震附近和余震区远端的隐伏断裂活动以及虎牙断裂南端大量的逆冲型地震.结合构造应力场与大地测量资料认为,龙门山的隆升主要是受构造应力场作用下的上地壳缩短增厚所致.     

Monitoring of fault healing after the 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey, earthquake

The North Anatolian fault zone that ruptured during the mainshock of theM 7.4 Kocaeli (Izmit) earthquake of 17 August 1999 has beenmonitored using S wave splitting, in order to test a hypothesisproposed by Tadokoro et al. (1999). This idea is based on the observationof the M 7.2 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake, Japan.After the Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake, a temporal change was detectedin the direction of faster shear wave polarization in 2–3 years after the mainshock (Tadokoro, 1999). Four seismic stations were installed within andnear the fault zone at Kizanlik where the fault offset was 1.5 m, about80 km to the east of the epicenter of the Kocaeli earthquake. Theobservation period was from August 30 to October 27, 1999. Preliminaryresult shows that the average directions of faster shear wave polarization attwo stations were roughly parallel to the fault strike. We expect that thedirection of faster shear wave polarization will change to the same directionas the regional tectonic stress reflecting fault healing process. We havealready carried out a repeated aftershock observation at the same site in2000 for monitoring the fault healing process.     

2019年四川长宁MS6.0地震序列S波分裂变化特征

本文采用质点运动判别与偏振分析相结合的方法对2019年四川长宁M_S6.0地震震源区10个台站于2013年4月25日至2019年7月31日记录到的波形数据进行S波分裂参数测定,其中9个台站获取4条以上有效S波分裂参数。结果表明,震源区各台站的S波分裂参数不仅在空间上存在分区特征,还会随时间发生改变。快波偏振方向在空间上的分区特征大体为:位于震源区东南段的三个台站的快波偏振优势方向主要为NE向,与震源区东南段的主压应力方向基本一致;位于研究区西北段的台站,其快波偏振优势方向为近EW向,与震源区西北段的主压应力方向基本一致。但由于受到震源区地壳应力和复杂构造的共同影响,CJW,GXA和LQS三个台站都有两个快波偏振优势方向。快波偏振方向随时间的变化为:主震后各台站的快波偏振方向都出现离散度增大而后又逐渐趋于一致的现象;CJW台的快波偏振方向在主震前三个月发生了改变,体现了孕震过程中随着应力的不断积累,其各向异性特征由主要受构造控制转变为受应力控制。各台站的归一化慢波时间延迟随台站距主震和余震密集区距离的增加而减小,反映了长宁地震孕震过程中余震密集区的应力积累和释放明显强于周边区域。此外,主震发生前6个月左右CNI台的慢波时间延迟出现明显下降,地震发生后又迅速上升,反映出长宁地震震前的应力积累以及震后应力突然释放使上地壳中微裂隙的几何形态发生了改变。      

Study on shear wave splitting in the aftershock region of the Yao＇an earthquake in 2000

After Ms=6.5 Yao＇an earthquake on January 15, 2000, a large amount of aftershock waveforms were recorded by the Near Source Digital Seismic Network （NSSN） installed by Earthquake Administration of Yunnan Province in the aftershock region. It provides profuse data to systematically analyze the features of Yao＇an earthquake. The crustal anisotropy is realized by shear wave splitting propagating in the upper crust. Based on the accurate aftershock relocations, the shear wave splitting parameters are determined with the cross-correlation method, and the results of different stations and regions are discussed in this paper. These conclusions are obtained as follows： firstly, the average fast directions of aftershock region are controlled by the regional stress field and parallel to the maximum horizontal compressive stress direction; secondly, the average fast directions of disparate stations and regions are different and vary with the structural settings and regional stress fields; finally, delay time value is affected by all sorts of factors, which is affinitive with the shear wave propagating medium, especially.     

S-wave splitting from records of local micro-earthquakes in West Bohemia/Vogtland: An indicator of complex crustal anisotropy

Most S-wave particle motions of local micro-earthquakes in the West Bohemia/Vogtland region display S-wave splitting. The split S waves are usually well defined, being separated in time and polarized in roughly perpendicular directions in the horizontal projection. In most cases, the polarization of the fast S wave is aligned NW-SE (referred to as “normal splitting”), which is close to the direction of the maximum horizontal compression in the region. However, for some ray directions, the polarization of the fast S wave is aligned NE-SW (referred to as “reverse splitting”). The pattern of normal/reverse splitting on a focal sphere is station-dependent, indicating the presence of inhomogeneities in anisotropy. For some stations, the normal/reverse splitting pattern is asymmetric with respect to the vertical axis, indicating the symmetry axes of anisotropy are probably inclined. The presence of inclined anisotropy is confirmed by observations of directionally dependent delay times between split S waves. A complex and station-dependent anisotropy pattern is probably the result of a complicated anisotropic crust characterized by diverse geological structures. The spatial variation of anisotropy probably reflects the presence of a variety of different types of anisotropic rocks in the region.     

2010年玉树7.1级地震震源区横波分裂的变化特征

本文对2010年玉树M_s7.1级地震序列的横波分裂的时空变化现象进行了研究.通过在横波窗内S波质点运动图的分析,从位于甘孜-玉树断裂带台站的地震记录中提取了S波分裂的快波偏振方向和快慢波之间的时间延迟.断裂带上3个台站的S波分裂的结果显示了NEE向快波偏振方向,与区域内最大主压应力方向基本一致.观测到了快、慢波到时延迟的趋势性变化,空间上,位于震源区甘孜-玉树断裂带的北支断裂上L6304和YUS台的到时延迟大于位于南支断裂上的L6303的结果,同时YUS台的到时延迟又大于L6304台的;时间上,YUS台的到时延迟在主震后迅速增大,持续一段时间后又减小.横波分裂现象主要由台站下方岩层中随应力分布排列的微裂隙控制,本文结果揭示了主震和余震过程中区域应力场的变化,玉树地震主震区的应力在主震后得到了释放,地壳应力向东南转移,导致了YUS台的到时延迟大于L6304台的;玉树地震的发震断裂是甘孜-玉树断裂的北支断裂,而南支断裂对其影响较小;YUS台附近的地壳应力在主震后得到了增强,随着余震活动导致的应力释放,后期应力减小.     

汶川地震余震序列的地震各向异性

利用2008年5月12日汶川地震震源区及周边地震台站记录的余震序列资料,使用剪切波分裂系统分析法,分析了汶川地震发震构造龙门山断裂带及周边地区的地壳各向异性特征,推断了地壳最大主压应力方向及空间分布特征.研究结果表明：大致以安县为界,位于龙门山北东段的台站快剪切波的偏振方向为北东向,与断裂带走向一致;而位于龙门山西南段的台站快剪切波的偏振方向为北西向,与断裂带走向垂直;这个特征同样揭示出龙门山断裂带西南段逆冲、北东段带有明显走滑性质的特征.研究还显示,靠近龙门山与鲜水河、安宁河小江断裂交汇区附近的台站快剪切波的偏振方向表现比较离散,这可能是由震源区局部的复杂地质构造引起,与该地区复杂的主压应力方向特点一致.     

紫坪铺水库水位变化对剪切波分裂参数的影响

本文通过对2006—2009年四川紫坪铺水库库区8个地震台站记录的地震事件,采用剪切波分裂方法获得了水库库区剪切波分裂参数,并结合地震活动性与水库水位之间的变化关系,分析了紫坪铺水库库区地壳应力的变化特征.剪切波分裂结果显示该研究区域快波偏振方向有两个,分别为北东向和北西向,充分体现了紫坪铺水库地区地壳应力是由北西向的区域主压应力与南东走向的龙门山断裂带综合作用的结果.慢波延迟时间平均值为5.8ms·km-1,慢波延迟时间较大的地区位于库坝和库尾,分别是水库蓄水排水引起地壳应力变化最大的区域.对比慢波延迟时间的变化和水库水位的变化显示了慢波延迟时间与水库水位之间的一致变化关系,揭示了水库的蓄水排水对地壳应力的影响.     

河南小浪底水库库区地震剪切波分裂研究

采用河南小浪底水库数字地震台网2009—2016年的地震观测资料,结合双差重定位结果,利用剪切波分裂系统分析方法,获得了小浪底水库库区8个数字地震台站的剪切波分裂参数.研究表明,小浪底库区地震主要分布在库区中段的石井河断层附近,呈团状散布;该区域的剪切波快波平均偏振方向为100.4°±45.0°,慢波平均时间延迟为(2...     

青藏高原东北缘上地幔地震各向异性:来自SKS、PKS和SKKS震相分裂的证据

基于青藏高原东北缘甘肃区域台网41个宽频带地震台站的远震记录资料,通过PKS、SKS和SKKS震相的剪切波分裂分析,获取了台站下方介质的各向异性分裂参数,得到该地区上地幔各向异性分布图像,并结合GPS速度场和地壳剪切波各向异性分析青藏高原东北缘各向异性形成机制及壳幔各向异性特征.分析结果认为,在阿尔金断裂带西侧,各向异性快波偏振呈NWW-SEE方向,与断裂带走向有一定夹角,与塔里木盆地向柴达木盆地俯冲方向一致,说明该地区上地幔物质变形主要受古构造运动的影响,属于"化石"各向异性.在祁连山-河西走廊构造区,XKS快波偏振呈NW-SE方向,一致性较好,与区域断层走向方向相同;由区域小震的地壳剪切波分裂分析得到的地壳剪切波快波偏振在该区域呈NE-SW方向,与相对于稳定欧亚大陆GPS运动速率一致,地壳和地幔快波偏振方向的差异表明壳幔变形可能有不同的形变机制.在陇中盆地及其周缘,由于处于活跃青藏地块与稳定鄂尔多斯地块之间的过渡带,相对于其他区域具有更加复杂的构造背景,地壳快波偏振和地幔快波偏振总体上呈NWW-SEE方向,说明壳幔变形机制可能相同;但不同台站结果之间存在一定离散性,推测是由于受局部构造特征差异性造成.     

Shear wave splitting analysis of local earthquakes from dense arrays in Shimian,Sichuan

The Shimian area of Sichuan sits at the junction of the Bayan Har block, Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block, and Yangtze block, where several faults intersect. This region features intense tectonic activity and frequent earthquakes. In this study, we used local seismic waveform data recorded using dense arrays deployed in the Shimian area to obtain the shear wave splitting parameters at 55 seismic stations and thereby determine the crustal anisotropic characteristics of the region. We then analyzed the crustal stress pattern and tectonic setting and explored their relationship in the study area. Although some stations returned a polarization direction of NNW-SSE, a dominant polarization direction of NW-SE was obtained for the fast shear wave at most seismic stations in the study area. The polarization directions of the fast shear wave were highly consistent throughout the study area. This orientation was in accordance with the direction of the regional principal compressive stress and parallel to the trend of the Xianshuihe and Daliangshan faults. The distribution of crustal anisotropy in this area was affected by the regional tectonic stress field and the fault structures. The mean delay time between fast and slow shear waves was 3.83 ms/km, slightly greater than the values obtained in other regions of Sichuan. This indicates that the crustal media in our study area had a high anisotropic strength and also reveals the influence of tectonic complexity resulting from the intersection of multiple faults on the strength of seismic anisotropy.     

荣昌台S波分裂研究

采用SAM方法对重庆市荣昌台2000～2006年（缺2001年资料）的数字地震资料进行S波分裂的计算分析,并讨论了其与该区构造的关系。计算结果表明,S波快波偏振方向主要集中分布在NW向40°～45°、75°～85°。认为S波快波优势分布方向为NW向,与荣昌地区所受区域应力场方向大致一致,与该区的主要基底断裂走向接近垂直,反映了该区应力场的大致轮廓,为地震预报提供信息。     

The characteristics of shear wave splitting in the source region of the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake

Using seismic data of the aftershocks sequence of the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake recorded by seismic temporary and permanent stations in the source region, with the visual inspection of particle motion diagrams, this paper preliminarily contains the polarization directions of fast shear wave and the time-delays of split shear waves at every station, and analyzes the crustal anisotropic characteristics in the source region. In the study area, the polarization directions at stations BAX, TQU, L132, L133, L134, and L135 are northeast, which is consistent with the strike of Dachuan–Shuangshi fault. There are two polarization directions at MDS and L131, which are northeast and southeast. The scatter of polarization directions suggests the complex stress field around these two stations where two faults intersect. For the normalized time-delays at every station, the range is 1.02–8.64 ms/km. The largest time-delay is from L134 which is closest to the mainshock, and the smallest one is from L133. The variations in time-delays show the decreasing at stations BAX, L134, and L135 because of the stress–relaxation after earthquake.