顾及特征水深点距离重分配的反距离加权插值算法

水深是反映海底地形地貌的最基础要素,对缺失的水深点进行准确的插值能帮助有效地表达海底地形地貌起伏形态。针对海底地形变化复杂的区域,传统的反距离加权插值法存在只考虑样本水深点与待插值水深点之间的距离,而忽略了样本水深点之间的空间相关性的问题。本文提出了一种顾及特征水深点距离重分配的反距离加权插值算法。该算法首先对离散的水深点构建特征水深线,在特征水深线的基础上,提取特征水深线上的特征点作为特征水深点;然后在所有样本水深点到待插值水深点距离之和不变的约束下,提出距离重分配的量化指标;最后构造出一个顾及特征水深点距离重分配的IDW插值算法模型。实验结果表明,在海底地形变化复杂的区域,顾及特征水深点距离重分配的反距离加权插值算法与传统的IDW、自然邻域插值、样条函数插值算法等相比,能有效提高水深点的插值精准度。     

黄海渔业资源密度空间插值方法的比较研究

空间插值是渔业生态学研究,特别是海洋生态系统模型构建中的常用工具。为找到适合黄海渔业资源密度的插值方法,本文对四种常用的空间插值方法进行了比较研究。四种插值方法分别为反距离加权（Inverse distance weighted,IDW）、全局多项式（global polynomial interpolation,GPI）、局部多项式（local polynomial interpolation,LPI）和普通克里格（ordinary kriging,OK）。采用交叉验证分析（cross-validation diagnostic）确定不同插值方法的准确度。同时,结合渔业资源密度空间分布的可视化表达,比较不同插值方法结果的优劣。结果表明,原始的生物学数据具有典型的非正态分布特征,对数转化方法能让其显著地接近或符合正态分布。四个调查阶段中,指数模型在2014年8月和10月为最佳半方差函数,2015年1月和5月数据具有明显的纯块金效应。配对样本T检验表明,预测数据和实测数据之间没有显著差异（P>0.05）。交叉验证结果表明,OK在2014年10月插值效果最好,IDW在剩余的三个航次表现最佳,GPI和LPI表现效果不佳。OK在空间分布的可视化表达方面效果最好,既不像IDW一样有较多的“牛眼”效应,也不像GPI和LPI一样具有过多的平滑效果。然而,纯块金效应的存在有时会影响OK的应用。综上所述,我们推荐操作简单且处理快速的IDW作为黄海渔业资源密度常规的插值方法。     

长江河口南支水域溶解氧动力学模型的应用

应用Netherlands Instilute of Ecology (NIOO)的环境生态动力学模型Femme，在长江河口南支河段建立了1个一维的溶解氧动力学预测模型。运用此模型得出该区域深解氧和有机物时空分布情况并加以分析，结果显示该区域的有机物污染并不严重，其分布趋势大体为：排污口附近污染较多，枯水期更为明显；丰水期由于长江径流的稀释作用，有机物浓度大大降低；黄浦江、上海竹园排污口处有机物浓度最大。此结果同各种参考文献中提供的资料和观测值基本一致，也基本证实这是1个可行的预测溶解氧的模式。     

中国鲚属4种鱼的生化和形态比较及其系统发育的研究

自１９８９年４月－１９９０年５月，在上海的崇明、江苏的无锡和高淳、福建的海澄采集标本。对我国鲚属４种鱼（６个生态型）进行生化和形态解剖比较分析，探讨每种鱼生长在不同环境中各生态型的系统发育及亲缘关系；并运用系统分支学原理和方法，试绘出系统分支图解。结果表明，我国鲚属４种鱼分为两大姐妹群；一群为凤鲚和七丝鲚，另一群为刀鲚和短颌鲚；并综合分析生化和形态解剖资料，把生长在长江中的凤鲚和生长在九龙江中的凤     

Mapping Submerged Aquatic Vegetation with GIS in the Caloosahatchee Estuary: Evaluation of Different Interpolation Methods

This article evaluates different spatial interpolation methods for mapping submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the Caloosahatchee Estuary, Florida. Data used for interpolation were collected by the Submersed Aquatic Vegetation Early Warning System (SAVEWS). The system consists of hydro-acoustic equipment, which operates from a slow-moving boat and records bottom depth, seagrass height, and seagrass density. This information is coupled with geographic location coordinates from a Global Positioning System (GPS) and stored together in digital files, representing SAV status at points along transect lines. Adequate spatial interpolation is needed to present the SAV information, including density, height, and water depth, as spatially continuous data for mapping and for comparison between seasons and years. Interpolation methods examined in this study include ordinary kriging with five different semivariance models combined with a variable number of neighboring points, the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method with different parameters, and the triangulated irregular network (TIN) method with linear and quintic options. Interpolation results were compared with survey data at selected calibration transects to examine the suitability of different interpolation methods. Suitability was quantified by the determination coefficient (R2) and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) between interpolated and observed values. The most suitable interpolation method was identified as the one yielding the highest R2 value and/or the lowest RMSE value. For different geographic conditions, seasons, and SAV parameters, different interpolation methods were recommended. This study identified that kriging was more suitable than the IDW or TIN method for spatial interpolation of all SAV parameters measured. It also suggested that transect data with irregular spatial distribution patterns such as SAV parameters are sensitive to interpolation methods. An inappropriate interpolation method such as TIN can lead to erroneous spatial representation of the SAV status. With a functional geographic system and adequate computing power, the evaluation and selection of interpolation methods can be automated and quantitative, leading to a more efficient and accurate decision.     

Mapping Submerged Aquatic Vegetation with GIS in the Caloosahatchee Estuary: Evaluation of Different Interpolation Methods

This article evaluates different spatial interpolation methods for mapping submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the Caloosahatchee Estuary, Florida. Data used for interpolation were collected by the Submersed Aquatic Vegetation Early Warning System (SAVEWS). The system consists of hydro-acoustic equipment, which operates from a slow-moving boat and records bottom depth, seagrass height, and seagrass density. This information is coupled with geographic location coordinates from a Global Positioning System (GPS) and stored together in digital files, representing SAV status at points along transect lines. Adequate spatial interpolation is needed to present the SAV information, including density, height, and water depth, as spatially continuous data for mapping and for comparison between seasons and years. Interpolation methods examined in this study include ordinary kriging with five different semivariance models combined with a variable number of neighboring points, the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method with different parameters, and the triangulated irregular network (TIN) method with linear and quintic options. Interpolation results were compared with survey data at selected calibration transects to examine the suitability of different interpolation methods. Suitability was quantified by the determination coefficient (R2) and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) between interpolated and observed values. The most suitable interpolation method was identified as the one yielding the highest R2 value and/or the lowest RMSE value. For different geographic conditions, seasons, and SAV parameters, different interpolation methods were recommended. This study identified that kriging was more suitable than the IDW or TIN method for spatial interpolation of all SAV parameters measured. It also suggested that transect data with irregular spatial distribution patterns such as SAV parameters are sensitive to interpolation methods. An inappropriate interpolation method such as TIN can lead to erroneous spatial representation of the SAV status. With a functional geographic system and adequate computing power, the evaluation and selection of interpolation methods can be automated and quantitative, leading to a more efficient and accurate decision.     

刀鲚、凤鲚和湖鲚矢耳石的形态学比较研究

选取凤鲚(Coilia mystus)、湖鲚(Coilia nasus taihuensis)以及采自崇明、黄海和瓯江口3个水域的刀鲚(Coilia hasps)的矢耳石为对象,描述了这些鱼类耳石的形态特征,并进一步使用基于12组形态数据的框架测量进行了种间和种内比较和判别分析.结果表明耳石形态的差异种间较种内更为明显...     

基于GIS空间分析的海底表层沉积物粒度分布特征插值研究

为了对比研究不同空间插值方法在沉积物粒度空间分布表述上的精度及适用性,在2004年11月荣成宁津小型海湾-黑泥湾综合调查的基础上,探讨了表层沉积物粒度参数的空间插值,比较了IDW(反距离加权法)、Kriging(克里金插值法)、Spline(样条插值法)与NN(自然邻域法)4种GIS空间分析方法的特征、差异及实效性,并对影响插值结果准确性的因素进行分析。结果显示,在黑泥湾表层沉积物粒度结果的空间插值计算中,从插值准确性和空间表达能力两方面考虑,IDW,Spline,Kriging和NN中以IDW法较为适宜,但要考虑到"牛眼效应"的出现会与局部实际情况存在差异;Kriging法和NN法的插值结果准确性较高,但其空间表达能力稍逊;Spline法在近岸带表层沉积物粒度特征插值中的应用性相对较差。海洋调查要素空间分布的内在规律性是控制插值结果的主要因素,表层沉积物分布以长期稳定的潮流、地形特征为主导因素,呈现由岸向海条带状分布的特征。数据均匀分布区域的插值结果要优于边界区和突变区;另外,在选取的3个观察尺度上,不同插值方法的误差均与野外取样网格间距呈显著线性正相关。     

山东半岛东部近海海水溶解氧时空变化

山东半岛沿岸海域陆海相互作用强烈,有着复杂水动力环境的同时也是我国重要的渔业资源区和水产养殖区,针对其DO时空变化特征及影响机制的研究具有重要意义。本文基于2015—2017年期间的监测数据,研究了山东半岛东部近海海水溶解氧的时空变化特征,并结合实测的温度、盐度、pH数据探究其影响机制。结果表明：表、底层溶解氧的空间分布形态基本一致,水平上呈现出北高南低、外海高近岸低、湾内低于湾外的块状分布特点,垂向上表层高于底层。在监测期间内,溶解氧的季节变化规律为春季最高,夏季最低,具体表现为3月>5月>10月>8月,乳山湾等海湾处的季节波动较大;表底层溶解氧的年际变化略有不同,但均趋于稳定,靖海湾和五垒岛湾近海溶解氧的年际变化显著。表观耗氧量在整个研究阶段的均值为–0.33 mg/L,呈现出基本平衡状态,但乳山湾沿岸海域受到陆源输入有机物的显著影响,贫氧状况频发。监测期间,溶解氧与海水温度呈显著负相关,两者相关系数高达–0.95,其中成山头至石岛海域的溶解氧浓度高值区与当地的低温海水相对应;盐度对溶解氧的影响则相对较弱;有机污染物的聚集常造成乳山湾近岸海域的pH异常,其大量耗氧是导致当地为溶解氧浓度低值区的重要原因。     

深圳东部近岸海域溶解氧的时空分布特征

根据2012—2016年的9个浮标自动监测数据, 分析了深圳东部近岸海域溶解氧浓度的时空分布特征及其与主要水质参数的相关关系。结果表明, 大亚湾海域溶解氧浓度含量在2.15~14.86mg·L^-1之间, 平均值为7.31mg·L^-1, 大鹏湾海域整体表层溶解氧浓度范围为1.43~15.61mg·L^-1, 平均值为7.13mg·L^-1; 在时间分布上, 深圳东部海域溶解氧含量呈现白天高于夜间, 春、夏、秋季低, 冬季高的趋势; 在空间分布上, 深圳东部海域溶解氧含量呈现出夏秋季大亚湾高于大鹏湾, 春冬季大亚湾和大鹏湾相差不大的特点。Pearson相关性分析表明, 该海区溶解氧含量与温度、盐度、浊度及叶绿素a存在显著的线性相关性, 且相关关系呈现出随季节变化的差异性。     

海洋环境要素客观分析图绘制的若干问题

根据海洋环境资料空间分布的特点,使用Surfer中三角形线性插值法与样条平滑的组合能够比较准确地绘制单航次数据资料的客观分析图。对于累年多源资料,为了较好地解决海洋环境场的各向异性和资料空间分布不均匀性的问题,在Carter(1987)发展的客观分析统计模型的基础上,采用不同的搜索域进行客观分析,取得了良好效果。另外,Kriging方法用于海洋绘图时,在跃层和锋面处容易出现“鼓肚”现象,不能很好地反映浅海区潮混合导致的均匀层,应用时需加以注意。     

南海北部坡折带溶解氧分布特征及理化环境因子影响

依据2010年1月南海北部坡折带冬季航次资料,发现150~1 000 m层溶解氧表现出东北高、西南低的分布特征,在垂向上溶解氧整体上呈由表至底逐渐降低趋势。在强烈的水交换作用下溶解氧浓度大于8 mg/dm3等值线占据50 m以浅海域。中尺度暖涡在很大程度上改变了中下层海水中溶解氧空间分布,150~1 000 m层暖涡中心附近海域的溶解氧含量显著高于周边未受或受暖涡影响较小的海域,此外,溶解氧与营养盐、温度、盐度、pH之间在不同层次上存在明显的相关性,表明该海域冬季溶解氧的分布受物理过程和生化过程的影响。     

春、秋季考洲洋海水质量状况及评价方法初探

文章利用2017年11月（秋季）和2018年4月（春季）对惠州考洲洋海域开展的两个航次水环境调查数据，分析了考洲洋海域表层溶解氧（DO）、化学需氧量(COD)、无机氮(DIN)、无机磷(DIP)和石油类（OIL）等典型水质因子的水平分布和季节变化情况。结果表明，秋季溶解氧、化学需氧量、石油类分别在盐洲岛以东附近海域、考洲洋湾顶海域和盐洲岛东南海域出现高值区，而无机氮在整个考洲洋无明显区域分布差异，无机磷含量呈现考洲洋内湾到湾口逐渐递减的趋势；春季化学需氧量、无机磷均在考洲洋湾顶出现高值区域，无机氮在盐洲岛以东附近海域出现高值区，而溶解氧和石油类无明显变化。从季节变化来看，秋季考洲洋海域溶解氧、化学需氧量和石油类平均含量均比春季高；无机氮、无机磷则相反，平均含量秋季低于春季。同时，文章还分别利用单因子和综合因子方法对海水有机污染状况进行评价并对其进行比较分析，结果表明，有机污染评价指数法可充分考虑多种水质因子，更适合对考洲洋水环境质量进行评价，得到较为客观的综合评价结果。     

Scale-dependent effects of nutrient loads and climatic conditions on benthic and pelagic communities in the Gulf of Finland

Eutrophication and climate change are ranked among the most serious threats to the stability of marine ecosystems worldwide. The effects of nutrient loads and climatic conditions vary in direction, magnitude and spatial extent. To date the factors that are behind the scale-specific spatial and temporal variability are poorly known. In this study we assessed how variability in nutrient loads and climatic conditions at local, gulf and regional scales explained the spatial patterns and temporal trends of zooplankton and benthic invertebrates in the Gulf of Finland. In general both local and gulf scale environmental variability had an important effect on benthic invertebrate species and the variability was mainly due to local nutrient loading, gulf scale temperature and salinity patterns. Zooplankton species were equally affected by environmental variability at all spatial scales, and all nutrient load and climatic condition variables contributed to the models. The combination of variables at all spatial scales did not explain the substantially larger proportion in invertebrate variability than variables at any individual scale. This suggests that large-scale pressures such as nutrient loads and change of climatic conditions may define broad patterns of distribution but within these patterns small-scale environmental variability significantly modifies the response of communities to these large-scale pressures.     

Spatial intertidal distribution of bivalves and polychaetes in relation to environmental conditions in the Natori River estuary,Japan

This paper aims to reveal spatial variation in the abundance of infaunal bivalves and polychaetes at different spatial scales (station: 200–800 m intervals; plot: 5–20 m), and to reveal environmental variables affecting the spatial distribution of animals in the Natori River estuary, Japan. We found six bivalve species and eight polychaete species from 52 plots at 12 stations. Nuttallia olivacea and Heteromastus sp. were found to be the most abundant species of bivalves and polychaetes, respectively. Assemblage patterns of bivalves and polychaetes were classified into five distinct groups. Substrata (silt-clay contents), salinity, and relative elevation were the variables found to affect the infaunal assemblage patterns. Chlorophyll a was not a significant variable, but benthic animals were absent at sites with extremely low chlorophyll a conditions. Macrobenthic assemblage patterns were different not only between stations but often differed between plots at the same station, reflecting the complex assemblage structure of benthic invertebrates. Detailing such animal–environment relationship is essential in understanding the potential food supply for estuarine fishes.     

长江口中华鲟保护区海洋环境监测浮标站点的优化设计

长江口是众多洄游性鱼类重要的栖息场所,其复杂的环境条件影响着该水域水生生物的生长和繁殖过程。海洋环境监测浮标能够对诸多环境要素进行长期、连续、实时和大范围的监测,是现代海洋环境自动观测系统中的重要组成部分。为在长江口中华鲟自然保护区及其邻近水域组建合理有效的浮标监测网络,本研究基于海上实测调查数据,使用普通克里金法模拟了多种环境要素的空间分布,在此基础上比较了分层随机采样设计中不同分层方案和站点数量变化对监测效果的影响,结果显示:(1)盐度要素在层数为3的分层随机采样方法中采样精度更高,水温、溶解氧和化学需氧量要素在层数为2的采样设计中采样效果更好;(2)站点数越多,相对误差越集中并趋向于0,并当站点数多于30时,采样估测准确性逐渐趋于稳定;(3)各季节中,秋季盐度要素中层数为2的采样准确性更高;与其他3季以及总体相对误差结果相比,冬季化学需氧量要素的采样效果比其他3个季节要差。在今后长江口中华鲟自然保护区水域组建环境监测浮标网络时,建议采用3层的分层随机采样作为盐度监测的分层标准,且站点数量要大于50个;使用2层的分层随机采样作为其他多种水文环境要素监测的分层标准,且站点数量要大于30个。     

Species composition and diversity of Euphausiacea in the East China Sea

[1]Cai Bingji. 1978. The taxonomy study on     

黄海冷水团的化学水文学特征

Based on the field data obtained during summer cruises in 2006, the overall perspective of chemical and hydrographic characteristics of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) are discussed through the crossYSCWM transect profiles and horizontal distributions of hydrological and chemical variables, with emphasis on the differences between the northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(NYSCWM) and the southern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(SYSCWM). The results show that YSCWM is characterized by low temperature(10°C) and dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration, high salinity(32.0) and nutrient concentrations. Compared to the SYSCWM, the NYSCWM possesses lower values of temperature, salinity and nutrient concentrations but higher values of DO.Also its smaller variation ranges of variables(except for temperature) demonstrate that NYSCWM is more uniform than that of SYSCWM. In addition, thermocline is more intensive in the SYSCWM than that of NYSCWM.Furthermore, DO and Chl a maxima appear at the depth of 30 m in the SYSCWM, while these phenomena are not obvious in the NYSCWM.     

Spatial and diel variations of the prokaryotic community in the Phaeocystis globosa blooms area of Beibu Gulf,China

While prokaryotes play key roles in nutrient cycling and energy flow during Phaeocystis globosa blooms, the information on the spatial and diel temporal distribution of the prokaryotic community during Phaeocystis blooms remains scarce. In January 2019, we used high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to explore the spatial and diel variations of particle-attached (PA) and free-living (FL) prokaryotic communities during the blooming phase of P. globosa in Beibu Gulf, Guangxi, China. The results suggested a significant spatial variation pattern in the horizontal distribution of prokaryotic communities, while there was no significant difference in the vertical direction. Both spatial distance and environmental variables shaped the horizontal distribution of the prokaryotic community structure, while environmental variables, particularly the abundance of P. globosa colony and Chl a, showed more significant influence and were closely related to the structure and variation of the prokaryotic community. Strong vertical mixing of the water column disrupted the vertical structure heterogeneity of the prokaryotic community in winter. There were significant differences in the diel samples of PA prokaryotic communities, but not in the FL prokaryotic communities. Nitrate, ammonium and the abundance of P. globosa colony were the key environmental variables impacting the diel variations of prokaryotic communities over the sampling period. The present study provided valuable information to depict the spatial-temporal variations of the microbial community and its association with environmental parameters during P. globosa bloom in the tropical gulf.