长江中下游湖泊沉积物生物可利用磷分布特征

利用化学提取方法对太湖6个样点,巢湖4个样点和龙感湖3个样点的表层沉积物和沉积物柱样进行了生物可利用磷(BAP)测定．北太湖表层沉积物的平均含量为259．5mg／kg,而西部湖区平均含量为114 6mg／kg,湖心区平均含量为40．6 mg/kg,而东太湖平均含量为50．7 mg／kg,呈显著北高南低的特点．巢湖西部湖区表层沉积物的BAP平均含量为 254．2 mg／kg,而东部湖区BAP含量降低为101．9mg／kg．龙感湖表层沉积物BAP平均含量为67．8 mg／kg．显著表明污染程度较高的湖区沉积物的BAP相应较高．BAP在沉积物中随深度呈指数降低,显示生物可利用磷在沉积作用下向稳定的非活性磷转化．夏季沉积物中的BAP由于生物活性的增强向溶解态活性磷转化过程增强,显示为较低的BAP含量．BAP 含量与水体溶解态活性磷呈正相关关系,且该相关性在BAP含量较低的样点好于高BAP的样点．     

长江中下游湖泊沉积物中磷的形态及藻类可利用量

调研了长江中下游地区25个浅水湖泊的35个样点表层沉积物中磷的地球化学形态特征,以及太湖沉积物中藻类可利用磷(AAP)的空间分布,垂向分布特征及其蓄积量,探讨了浅水湖泊表层沉积物中磷的赋存量,地球化学形态及其与水草,湖水磷浓度,叶绿素(Chl-a)浓度之间的关系.结果表明,长江中下游地区浅水湖泊的表层沉积物中可交换态磷(Ex-P)含量与水体总磷(TP),溶解性总磷(DTP)及溶解性反应活性磷(SRP)浓度关系密切,有水草湖区的沉积物中生物易利用磷(Bio-P)含量显著低于无水草湖区及藻型湖区.太湖梅梁湾沉积物泥芯中,表层3 cm沉积物中Ex-P含量显著增高,而夏季还原条件下容易转变为溶解态磷的铁磷(Fe-P)含量峰值则出现在4～10cm深度.太湖表层沉积物的Bio-P含量与夏季叶绿素浓度密切相关,说明表层沉积物的Bio-P及AAP可以作为沉积物内源释放风险的指示参数.太湖表层1 cm底泥中所含有的AAP量估计多达268.6吨,风浪扰动能将大量的AAP带入水体,对太湖蓝藻水华暴发起着不可忽视的作用.     

福建山仔水库不同季节表层沉积物内源磷负荷分析

对山仔水库沉积物各形态磷的季节性特征以及夏、冬季磷释放速率进行研究.结果表明,该水库表层沉积物含有较丰富的磷,4个季节各采样点表层沉积物总磷含量范围为(521.23±7.60)~(1255.54±11.03)μg/g,夏季各采样断面中总磷含量及各形态磷含量均高于其他季节.表层沉积物磷以无机磷为主,且主要赋存形态为铁/铝结合态磷.活性较大的铁/铝结合态磷和有机磷占总磷量的77%~90%.柱状样模拟实验结果表明:夏季溶解性磷释放平均速率范围在1.66~2.49 mg/(m2·d),冬季溶解性磷释放平均速率范围为0.69~1.29 mg/(m2·d),夏季各采样点表层沉积物磷释放速率约为冬季的2倍.由于水温分层,夏季沉积物释放的溶解性磷主要滞留在上覆层,但夏季暴雨天气可能导致水温分层破坏,沉积物释放的溶解性磷对水体将产生重要影响;冬季由于水温分层破坏导致上、下水层混合,沉积物释放的溶解性磷被带到上层,对上覆水体水质的影响不容忽视.     

太湖不同营养水平湖区沉积物磷形态与生物可利用磷的分布及相互关系

采用EDTA螯合剂法和不同的化学提取法,研究了太湖3个不同营养水平湖区中8个位点表层沉积物总磷、各组分磷及生物可利用磷的含量分布,探讨了太湖不同营养水平湖区表层沉积物的释磷潜力和生物可利用磷的来源．结果表明,太湖不同营养水平湖区表层沉积物总磷、无机磷和生物可利用磷含量分布差异较大,且与各湖的营养水平相一致．有机磷含量与有机质和含水率显著相关;沉积物中Fe-P和Ca-P对生物可利用磷的贡献较大,这部分磷具有较大的潜在释放风险．     

太湖北部沉积物金属和营养元素的垂向变化及其影响因素

通过对太湖北部2个柱状沉积物进行了210Pb、粒度、金属元素、有机碳、总氮、总磷及磷的形态分析,探讨了其垂向分布特征及其影响因素. 粒度分析表明,沉积物呈现随深度变浅而变细的总体趋势. 210Pb分析显示该区域表层沉积物扰动较为强烈,并存在侵蚀现象. Cu、Zn、Ni、Li、V、Fe、Al垂向上的变化主要与粘土含量呈正相关,其含量表明金属污染不显著. 沉积物C/N比值显示有机质主要为陆源性质,磷以无机磷占绝对组分,有机磷含量向表层明显升高,反映了表层沉积物有机磷的输入较多或更好的保存条件.     

湖泊底泥疏浚环境效应：Ⅰ.内源磷释放控制作用

通过为期一年的疏浚模拟试验,在试验室培养疏浚与对照柱样研究了底泥疏浚对内源磷释放的控制效果,结果发现,疏浚表层30cm能够有效的消减沉积物中不同形态磷含量与孔隙水中PO43-p含量,在一年的试验周期内,疏浚和对照柱沉积物-水界面的PO43-P通量分别为-143.8至14.4与-237.3至3047.6μg(m2·d),疏浚柱沉积物-水界面的磷通量总体上低于未疏浚对照的磷通量,尤其是在温度较高的月份,从2006年3-10月疏浚柱沉积物-水界面磷释放通量显著低于未疏浚对照柱,疏浚沉积物的磷的释放潜力低于未疏浚对照沉积物,研究结果表明,在外源磷得到有效控制的前提下,底泥疏浚是消减研究区内源磷负荷有效的技术手段.     

天津于桥水库沉积物磷赋存特征及其环境意义

研究天津于桥水库沉积物中磷形态的空间分布特征和垂直分布特征对了解水源型水库富营养化现状及其过程具有重要的现实意义.利用抓斗式采泥器及柱状采泥器分别采集表层沉积物样品及柱状沉积物样品,采用Psenner提出的连续提取法对沉积物磷形态进行分级测定,揭示整个水库沉积物各形态磷的空间分布特征以及不同区域垂直方向上的分布规律.结果表明:于桥水库表层沉积物总磷(TP)含量为303.7~997.8 mg/kg,各形态磷含量大小顺序依次为:钙结合态磷(Ca-P)铁结合态磷(Fe-P)残渣态磷(Res-P)铝结合态磷(Al-P)有机态磷(Org-P)可交换态磷(Ex-P).表层沉积物中Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P与TP含量由东至西逐渐递减,主要受到黎河河水夹带的外源性磷输入的影响;Res-P含量由东至西逐渐递增,与活性磷的分布规律相反,表明水库下游比上游的水质更好.垂直分布上,南部区域底层与表层沉积物相差不大,说明从1960s以来磷的沉积量就比较大;西部区域沉积物中Fe-P和Org-P含量较高,随深度的增加有明显降低的趋势;中心区域的各形态磷和TP含量均较低,且随着深度增加逐渐降低,现阶段沉积物中的磷以滞留为主,释放潜力较小.     

贵州红枫湖沉积物磷赋存形态的空间变化特征

选取贵州省红枫湖这一典型的亚深水型人工湖泊作为对象,研究了6个代表性湖区沉积物柱芯磷的赋存形态,结合水体温度和溶解氧现场监测结果,探讨了该类型湖泊沉积物内源磷释放风险.研究结果表明,红枫湖沉积物总磷含量普遍较高,表层沉积物总磷含量均值大于1500 mg/kg,明显高于下部沉积物.NaOH-SRP和rest-P是沉积物磷的主要赋存形态.NH4Cl-P和BD-P含量表层最高,随深度增加明显降低,rest-P含量在垂向上变化不大.人为活动是造成沉积物总磷及赋存形态空间分布差异的主要原因,工业废水和网箱养鱼活动等大大增加了沉积物NaOH-SRP含量.红枫湖深水湖区底部水温多在14.5～23.5℃之间,随季节变化底部水温差异明显,溶解氧含量通常不高于1.5 mg/L,整体处于季节性缺氧或厌氧状态.以NaOH-SRP为主的沉积物磷赋存形态和深水缺氧环境大大增加了红枫湖沉积物内源磷释放的风险,在未来的研究中亟待加强对该类型湖泊沉积物内源磷释放机制、控制因素及治理措施的研究.     

珠江口沉积铁-磷的富集对赤潮频发的潜在作用

在模拟实验观测赤潮藻对铁、磷吸收的基础上, 通过系统分析珠江口沉积柱样中铁-磷的积累和表层沉积物中铁、磷的释放实验, 讨论了珠江口赤潮频繁发生的原因. 研究结果表明, 藻类生长时铁缺乏, 会导致生长速度减慢, 细胞数量的峰值降低, 藻细胞中铁与磷之间存在显著的相关性, 摩尔比P:Fe = 356:1, 表明了铁和磷对赤潮藻生长的协同限制作用; 珠江口沉积物中总铁和总磷之间存在正相关关系, 无机沉积磷主要以铁-磷(Fe-P)结合的形态存在, 经过不同时间的连续振动淋溶, 表层沉积物中34.26%~80.21%的可交换态磷和4.04%~22.52%的可交换态铁被释放, 意味差珠江口沉积铁-磷的富集, 可以随时为藻类的暴发性增殖同时提供丰富的营养物质和必需的铁元素, 这可能是导致珠江口赤潮发生频率高于其他海区的关键因素.     

疏浚对巢湖重污染入湖河流沉积物中污染物赋存及释放的影响

以巢湖重污染入湖河流双桥河为研究对象,研究了底泥疏浚对水质以及沉积物中总氮、总磷和有机质的短期影响及长期效应.结果表明,双桥河水质的季节变化显著,受上游城市污水及周边面源污染的影响,疏浚对水质改善作用不明显.表层沉积物中总氮、总磷及有机质含量在疏浚结束后1个月有所降低,但是2年后分别回复到疏浚前的189.77%、111.62%和152.87%.疏浚结束2年后,沉积物中磷主要以钙磷和有机磷的形式存在,铝磷和铁磷的含量较少,弱结合态磷的含量最低;但是表层沉积物中的弱结合态磷、铝磷和铁磷结合态磷含量较疏浚前分别升高了728.32%、13.52%和37.73%,并呈现出表层富集现象,存在较高的污染物释放风险.这可能是由沉积环境改变、外源污染未得到有效控制引起的.因此,为了维持疏浚的长期效果,应该对外源污染源进行有效控制.     

Study on the nutrient evolution and its controlling factors of Longgan Lake for the last 200 years

Based on the total phosphorous (TP) concentration in sediment core, the TP concentration in lake water quantitatively reconstructed from fossil diatoms and diatom-TP transfer function in the Longgan Lake during the last 200 years, the temperature and precipitation data from meteorological observation for the last 50 years, the temperatures and precipitation sequences of climate simulation for the last 200 years, as well as the amount of the agricultural phosphate fertilizer in Longgan area for nearly 50 years, the characteristic and the law of the nutrient status evolution were analyzed, and the influence of the climatic factor, the anthropologic factor and the aquatic biology factor on the nutrient status evolution and its mechanism were discussed for the Longgan Lake during the last 200 years. The results showed that, in the nearly 200 years, the TP concentration in the sediment core of the Longgan Lake gradually increased, its range of variation was situated between 330-580 mg/kg, the mean value was 388 mg/kg, a nearly 30-year vibration adjustment period existed at 1950 around. The TP concentration in lake water changed in a different way. Before 1950, it had a slow increasing tendency in fluctuated background, to 1950 around it reached up to the mean value (52.18μg/L), and vibrated and adjusted around the mean value, then it fast declined, its change range was situated between 37.75-62.33μg/L. The analyses indicated that, in the centennial time scale, the climate change was the main controlling factor, while in the decadal time scale in the recent 50 years, human activities were the leading factors for the nutrient status evolution of the Longgan Lake. 60% of the variability of the TP concentration in the sediments and 57% of that in lake water were due to human activities. The differentiation between phosphorus concentration in the sediment and in the lake water reflected the response processes and the adjustment abilities of the lake aquatic ecosystems to the lake nutrient level, implying the maintenance and the destruction of the balances between the algae and the aquatic plants, as well as the corresponding accumulating characteristics of the phosphorus.     

鄱阳湖沉积物中磷的赋存形态及分布特征

利用分级提取法对鄱阳湖沉积物进行了磷形态的分级提取和测定,系统研究了沉积物中磷的赋存形态及分布特征.结果表明,鄱阳湖表层沉积物中磷的赋存形态主要包括铁磷(Fe-P)、钙磷(Ca-P)、铝磷(Al-P)、可溶性磷(DP)等无机磷(IP)及有机磷(OP),各形态磷的空间分布基本具有从河口地区监测点向湖区监测点方向升高的趋势,垂向分布上总磷及各形态磷含量随深度增加而降低.表层沉积物(0-2cm)中总磷含量为578.36-813.55mg/kg,主要由无机磷组成,无机磷中以Fe-P含量最高,最大值达350.24mg/kg,占总磷的40%以上,Ca-P、Al-P含量相当,约占总磷含量的20%左右,而以DP的含量最低,含量在5%以下.有机磷含量约占总磷含量的15%左右.另外,沉积物中TP含量与Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P及OP均具有较好的相关性,且OP含量与Fe-P、Al-P也具有较好的正相关关系,而与Ca-P的相关性较弱.     

Study on the nutrient evolution and its controlling factors of Longgan Lake for the last 200 years

Based on the total phosphorous (TP) concentration in sediment core, the TP concentration in lake water quantitatively reconstructed from fossil diatoms and diatom-TP transfer function in the Longgan Lake during the last 200 years, the temperature and precipitation data from meteorological observation for the last 50 years, the temperatures and precipitation sequences of climate simulation for the last 200 years, as well as the amount of the agricultural phosphate fertilizer in Longgan area for nearly 50 years, the characteristic and the law of the nutrient status evolution were analyzed, and the influence of the climatic factor, the anthropologic factor and the aquatic biology factor on the nutrient status evolution and its mechanism were discussed for the Longgan Lake during the last 200 years. The results showed that, in the nearly 200 years, the TP concentration in the sediment core of the Longgan Lake gradually increased, its range of variation was situated between 330–580 mg/kg, the mean value was 388 mg/kg, a nearly 30-year vibration adjustment period existed at 1950 around. The TP concentration in lake water changed in a different way. Before 1950, it had a slow increasing tendency in fluctuated background, to 1950 around it reached up to the mean value (52.18 μg/L), and vibrated and adjusted around the mean value, then it fast declined, its change range was situated between 37.75–62.33 μg/L. The analyses indicated that, in the centennial time scale, the climate change was the main controlling factor, while in the decadal time scale in the recent 50 years, human activities were the leading factors for the nutrient status evolution of the Longgan Lake. 60% of the variability of the TP concentration in the sediments and 57% of that in lake water were due to human activities. The differentiation between phosphorus concentration in the sediment and in the lake water reflected the response processes and the adjustment abilities of the lake aquatic ecosystems to the lake nutrient level, implying the maintenance and the destruction of the balances between the algae and the aquatic plants, as well as the corresponding accumulating characteristics of the phosphorus.     

官厅水库水体营养状况分析

2001-2002年的调研结果显示,官厅水库为富营养型湖泊.初级生产力为浮游藻类与大型水生高等植物混合型.浮游藻类细胞密度为1126.54×104cells/L,其中蓝藻占53.4%,绿藻占32.1%.优势种为水华微囊藻(Microcystisflos-aquae)和铜绿微囊藻(M.aeruginosa).7-10月库区水体出现大面积的微囊藻水华.TN、TP分别为1.182mg/L和0.045mg/L,水体已达富营养.官厅水库TN和TP的质量浓度比大于7,Chla与TP存在显著的正相关.磷是水体中初级生产力增长的限制性营养盐.官厅水库的污染物主要来自点源,其次是面源和内源.应以点源为主进行综合防治,恢复其饮用水源地功能,以缓解北京市淡水资源的紧缺状态.     

Anthropogenic influence on the degradation of an urban lake - The Pampulha reservoir in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

The artificial reservoir Lagoa da Pampulha in central Brazil has been increasingly affected by sediment deposition and pollution from urban and industrial sources. This study investigates water chemistry and heavy metal concentrations and their fractionation in the lake sediment using ICP-OES, ICP-MS, and XRD analyses. Fractionation analysis was done by sequential extraction under inert gas as well as after oxidation. The lake exhibits a permanent stratification with an oxygen-free hypolimnion below 2 m depth. Nutrient concentrations are enriched for phosphorous components (SRP, PO₄). In the sediment it was not possible to detect oxygen. Carbon, sulfur, and most of the analyzed heavy metals are enriched in the top sediment layer with a pronounced downward decrease, indicating the presence of an anthropogenic influence. Statistical analysis, including correlations and a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of depth-related total concentration data, helps to distinguish presumably anthropogenic heavy metals from geogenic components. Some samples with high element concentrations in the sediment also show elevated concentrations in their pore water. Analyses of element distribution between sediment and pore water suggest a strong bonding of heavy metals to the anoxic sediment. The trend towards elevated solubility in the pore water of oxidized samples is clear for most of the analyzed elements. Fractionation analysis reveals characteristic associations of selected elements to specific mineral bonding forms. In addition, it indicates that the behavior of heavy metals in the sediment is strongly influenced by organic substances. These substances provide buffering against oxidation, acidification, and metal release. The high nutrient loading causes reducing conditions in the lake sediment. These conditions trigger the accumulation of sediments rich in S²⁻, which stabilizes the fixation of heavy elements. In the future, care must be taken to reduce the supply of contaminants and to prevent the release of heavy metals from sediments dredged for remediation purposes.     

Phosphorus forms and bioavailability of lake sediments in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River

Forms of phosphorus in sediments from 25 lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River were analyzed by the sequential extraction procedure. Contents and spatial distrubution of algal available phosphorus (AAP) in sediments of Lake Taihu, the third largest freshwater lake of China, were also studied. Relationships between phosphorus forms in sediment and macrophytes coverage in sample sites, as well as phosphorus forms in sediments and chlorophyal contents in lake water were discussed. Exchangeable form of phosphorus (Ex-P) in surface sediments was significantly positive correlative to total phosphorus (TP), dissolved total phosphorus (DTP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) contents in the lake water. Bioavailable phosphorus (Bio-P) contents in sediments from macrophytes dominant sites were significantly lower than that in no macrophyte sites. In Lake Taihu, Ex-P content in top 3 cm sediment was highest. However, content of ferric fraction phosphorus (Fe-P) was highest in 4–10 cm. Bioavalilble phosphorus (Bio-P) contents in surface sediments positively correlated to Chlorophyll a contents in water of Lake Taihu with significant difference. Therefore, contents of Bio-P and AAP could be acted as the indicators of risks of internal release of phosphorus in the shallow lakes. It was estimated that there were 268.6 ton AAP in top 1 cm sediments in Lake Taihu. Sediment suspension caused by strong wind-induced wave disturbance could carry plenty of AAP into water in large shallow lakes like Lake Taihu.     

Methane levels in shallow subtropical lake sediments: Dependence on the trophic status of the lake and allochthonous input

The vertical sediment profiles (10 cm) of the margins of three shallow subtropical lakes (Rio Grande, Brazil) with different trophic states and surrounding areas were evaluated to identify the effects of the allochthonous input on the methane concentration in the sediment. Sediment cores were collected to quantify the organic matter content (OM) and total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorous (TP) and methane (CH₄) concentrations.The three lakes were distinguished according to the trophic status and classified as oligotrophic, dystrophic and eutrophic. The natural characteristics of the dystrophic and eutrophic lakes have been changed due to the allochthonous input of leaves and twigs (Eucalyptus sp.) and the excreta of birds, respectively. In the eutrophic lake, the allochthonous input contributed to high autochthonous production. The highest values of OM, TC, TN and TP were found in the superficial sediments of the dystrophic and eutrophic lakes. The accumulation of allochthonous organic matter in the littoral zone promoted changes in the vertical sediment profiles and contributed to increases in the CH₄ concentrations in the sediment.     

Phosphorus fractionation and release characteristics of sediment in the Saemangeum Reservoir for seasonal change

Periodical algal blooms result in deposition and release of phosphorus (P) from the sediment into the water. Therefore, during seasonal changes when algal particles begin to settle to the bottom, understanding the behavior and distribution characteristics of the P in sediment is the most important key to manage the water quality of the Saemangeum Reservoir. In this study, the variation of water quality and sediment composition including chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and P was investigated to determine the interaction between water and sediment. The study focused primarily on algal particle sedimentation that affects the P release and mineralization of sediment. The Chl-a concentration in water showed a sharp decline in October when the algae began to die in the fall, and afterward the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total P (TP) in the sediment increased due to the sedimentation of decaying algal particles in November. During the same period of time, the readily bio-available P (RAP) in the sediment showed a drastic increase in the upper region where the Chl-a concentration of water was high. In sequence, the high RAP zone shifted from the upper region to the lower region in the early winter. The RAP shift was considered to be derived from the physical flow of the overlying water from which the decomposing algae settled on the surface of the sediment. The Saemangeum Reservoir was constructed recently; therefore, all the types of inorganic P fractions except soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) that exist on the bottom surface of the lake and the marsh's sediment layer were not sufficient to significantly influence the overlying water. On the other hand, the released P from the algae was distinct and sensitive to the seasonal change. In conclusion, the algal particle sedimentation was important to control eutrophication rather than P release from the mineralized inorganic P of the sediment surface layer in the Seamangeum Reservoir.     

东巢湖沉积物水界面氮、磷、氧迁移特征及意义

以东巢湖近城市湖湾沉积物为研究对象,在沉积物氮、磷营养盐分析的基础上,采用沉积物柱状芯样静态释放模拟法定量评估研究区域沉积物—水界面氨氮、溶解性活性磷酸盐营养盐释放潜力,利用微电极非损伤测定技术获得沉积物—水微界面溶解氧(DO)剖面分布及微界面DO消耗和扩散特征.结果表明:东巢湖近城市湖湾沉积物氮、磷污染物蓄积量较高,受TN、TP污染程度较重.沉积物内源氨氮、磷酸盐释放明显,平均释放速率分别达到32.44 mg/(m~2·d)和1.25mg/(m~2·d),区域内沉积物已成为水柱中氮、磷营养盐的污染源.研究区域上覆水体处于好氧状态,沉积物—水微界面平均DO穿透深度(OPD)达到5.3 mm,平均DO扩散通量为4.56 mmol/(m~2·d),表现出良好的DO扩散能力.沉积物内源氨氮和磷酸盐释放能力与表层沉积物TN/TP物质含量及沉积物—水微界面DO穿透深度有关,在沉积物氮、磷污染较重的情况下,DO穿透深度越低越有利于氮、磷污染物从沉积物向上覆水体释放.     

太湖沉积物理化性质及营养盐的时空变化

在不同季节,采集太湖梅梁湾和贡湖湾沉积物柱状样,研究沉积物Eh、pH、总氮、总磷以及有机质四季垂向剖面分布变化特征.研究结果表明,在表层下(0-3 cm),Eh随沉积物深度的增加迅速下降,很快进入还原状态.沉积物剖面上pH变化幅度不大,在6.4-7.8之间,冬季沉积物pH均有所降低.太湖沉积物中含有丰富的营养盐,总氮和总磷最高浓度分别为2.68和0.864 mg/g,其剖面分布特征表明,沉积物表层总氮和总磷含量远高于底层,其含量随深度增加而降低,但四季变化趋势不明显.沉积物中有机质含量在10 cm以上变化幅度较大,随着沉积物深度的增加,有机质含量明显减少,季节变化幅度不大.比较不同采样点发现,位于梅梁湾生态系统试验区内的S1位点沉积物氮磷内源负荷最大.