雷达干涉PS网络的基线识别与解算方法

时序雷达干涉图中的永久散射体(PS)可看作“天然GPS点”, 以构成网络用于监测长期的地表形变. 本文提出采用邻接矩阵拓扑模型对基于Delaunay剖分算法生成的PS网络进行基线识别, 并采用时序相干最大化算法求解PS基线的线性形变速度增量和高程误差增量. 该数据模型和计算方法被应用于探测香港地区2006~2007年间的区域地表沉降. 实验研究采用由Envisat卫星ASAR传感器对该地区成像所获取的时序SAR影像作为数据源, 并联合该地区12个GPS连续运行参考站的观测数据予以大气修正和地面控制. 实验结果表明, 该模型和方法应用于地表形变测量是有效的和可靠的, PS网络方法探测地面沉降的精度约为±2.0 mm/a.     

中国现今地壳运动GPS速度场的连续变形分析

利用中国大陆以及蒙古、 缅甸、 印度、 尼泊尔和喜马拉雅等周边地区多年的GPS观测资料, 基于连续介质假设, 采用双三次样条函数模拟方法, 给出中国大陆整体水平位移速度, 拟合精度优于3 mm/a, 获得了中国大陆的水平应变率场, 并分析了中国大陆现今构造变形、 水平应变率场的空间分布特征. 结果表明: 对大范围、 密集的GPS速度场的连续变形分析, 既能揭示中国大陆现今构造变形的总体特征, 又能显示局部地区现今的构造活动特征. 总体上, 中国大陆构造的水平变形强度和变形速度在南北地震带产生突变, 呈西强东弱、 南强北弱态势. 而昆仑山地块中部、 鲜水河断裂带和云南中部地区, 其应变速率最大, 速度变化最快; 阿尔金断裂带现今处于其构造活动的平静期, 中天山东部地区具有拉张环境.      

中国l地壳运动观测网络首期观测数据处理

介绍了中国地壳运动观测网络的布设、基准站和基本站首期观测情况。利用GAMIT和GLOBK软件对首期观测数据进行了处理，计算结果归算到ITRF97框架上。单天整体解结果表明：基线重复性NS向分量为2.28+0.87×10-9×S，EW向分量为3.67+0.82×10-9×S，高程分量为6.84+1.29×10-9×S(S为GPS站间距离，以mm为单位)。对基准网和基本网的整体平差结果表明：点位精度水平分量为2～3 mm，高程分量为3～5 mm，基准网和基本网首期观测达到了设计要求。     

A quantitative research for present-time crustal motion in Fujian Province, China and its marginal sea

Based on the Chinese mainland GPS network (1994～1996), Fujian GPS network (1995～1997), cross fault deformation network (1982～1998), precise leveling network (1973～1980) and focal mechanism solutions of the recent several tens years, we synthetically and quantitatively studied the present-time crustal motion of the southeast coast of Chinese mainland-Fujian and its marginal sea. We find that this area with its mainland together moves toward SE with a rather constant velocity of 11.2(3.0 mm/a. At the same time, there is a motion from the Quanzhou bay pointing to hinterland, with a major orientation of NW, extending toward two sides, and with an average velocity of 3.0(2.6 mm/a. The faults orienting NE show compressing motions, and the ones orienting NW show extending motions. The present-time strain field derived from crustal deformation is consistent with seismic stress field derived from the focal mechanism solutions and the tectonic stress field derived from geology data. The principal stress of compression orients NW (NWW) - SE (SEE). Demarcated by the NW orienting faults of the Quanzhou bay and Jinjiang-Yongan, the crustal motions show regional characteristics: the southwest of Fujian and the boundary of Fujian and Guangdong are areas of rising, the northeast of Fujian are areas of sinking. The horizontal strain rate and the fault motion of the former are both greater than the later. The side-transferring motion of Hymalaya collision zone and the compression of the west pacific subduction zone affect the motion of the research area. The amount of motion affected by the former is larger than the later, but the former is homogeneous and the later is not, which indicates that the events of strong earthquakes in this region relate more directly with western pacific subduction zone.     

Present stage of recent crustal movements and seismicity within Greater Cairo area, Egypt

Greater Cairo and the Nile Delta are considered very important, high-density population areas. The subject of the research work is dealing with recent crustal movements and its relation to seismicity and tectonics setting. A Global Positioning System (GPS) network consisting of 11 benchmarks covering Greater Cairo and the southern part of the Nile Delta was established in 1996. Different campaigns surveyed the network. In this study, we used ten measurements collected during the period from 2004 to 2010. The data were processed using Bernese 5.0 software to derive velocity vectors and principal components of crustal strains. The horizontal velocity varies in average between 3 and 6 mm per year across the network. Rate of the accumulated strains in the southern part of Greater Cairo varies from low to moderate. The low strain rates and low level of earthquakes occurrence in the present interval in the Nile Delta area indicated that the rate of the deformation in this area is small. The result from coupling GPS and seismic data indicates that the southern part of the area is seismo-active area when compared with the other parts in the network areas. The paper gives information about the present state of the recent crustal movements within Greater Cairo area to understand the geodynamics of that area. This study is an attempt to build a basis for further development of seismic catastrophic risk management models to reduce a risk of large catastrophic losses within the important area.     

新疆帕米尔东北侧地区现今地壳运动的GPS监测研究

通过加密帕米尔东北侧地区的GPS监测网并进行复测,结合周边地区的IGS站数据,计算得到了该地区40多个GPS点位运动速率,由此得到了该地区的现今地壳形变速率图及GPS基准站的时间序列。结果表明：各GPS站主要运动方向为北北西,基本上与天山褶皱带走向正交,即形成对天山的正向挤压。伽师附近及其西南区的运动形态与周邻测站有所不同,表明伽师地区的构造变形与近几年地震活动有某种关联。环塔里木盆地周边点在各区内的速率变化较小,方向也基本一致,说明塔里木盆地内部变形较小或基本不变形。     

2000国家GPS大地控制网的数据处理和精度评估

2000国家GPS大地控制网集合了各类GPS网近10年的观测数据, 提供GPS点在全球参考框架下20000历元的绝对位置.文中简要介绍GPS数据处理的方法,给出数据处理的精度统计;以部分点的实测速度为基础,建立中国大陆地壳运动速度场;基于GPS测量的动态系统状态,选择序贯卡尔曼滤波的广义测量平差方法,对GPS点做顾及地壳运动的整网平差,并给出整网平差结果的精度统计和外部检核.一系列的手段和措施保证了平差结果的合理性和可靠性.     

GPS constraints on the deformation of Azerbaijan and surrounding regions

In this study, we present new GPS observations in Azerbaijan to provide an improved basis for determining the distribution of crustal deformation throughout the country and surrounding areas. The deformation field in the region has been analyzed with a dense GPS network configuration and a reliable quantification of the ongoing deformation was achieved. Results show that while contraction is dominant over the whole region, it is mostly concentrated on the middle and eastern parts of Caucasus Thrust Fault reaching up to 6.4 ± 0.2 mm/yr and Lesser Caucasus Fault does no accommodate more than 1–2 mm/yr of contraction. New network also clearly substantiates that the West Caspian Fault, which is a continuation of Caucasus Thrust Fault in the south, accommodates right-lateral slip rates of 7.1 ± 0.3 mm/yr in addition to 5.5 ± 0.3 mm/yr contraction rates.     

Numerical analysis of contemporary hori-zontal tectonic deformation fields in China from GPS data

Introduction To correctly understand the tectonic deformation of continental lithosphere, its dynamical mechanics and seismic activity, we should firstly acquire the velocity field and strain field of lithospheric tectonic motion with fine resolution and consistent accuracy (Molnar and Lyon-Caen, 1989; Molnar, 1990). And the quality, distribution and density of observed data are the basis for studying crustal tectonic deformation. In the past, crustal deformation is usually determined indi-r…     

Kinematics of landslide estimated by repeated GPS measurements in the Avcilar region of Istanbul, Turkey

The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial and temporal behavior of the landslide located in Avcilar region which is situated between Kucukcekmece and Buyukcekmece Lakes in the north-west of Marmara region, Turkey. A network consisting of 10 sites has been surveyed four times from November 2007 to May 2009 using Global Positioning System (GPS). The deformation analysis has been applied to determine the landslide movement parameters of the sites using GPS measurements of the four epochs. The reliable and high precision deformation rates are presented in terms of displacement vectors, velocity vectors and changes of accumulated strain. Landslides of the region are characterized from a regional GPS network. Each site has statistically different temporal behavior and significant relative motions and the region has irregular landslide movements.     

Improved streamlines and time-of-flight for streamline simulation on irregular grids

Streamline methods have shown to be effective for reservoir simulation. For a regular grid, it is common to use the semi-analytical Pollock’s method to obtain streamlines and time-of-flight coordinates (TOF). The usual way of handling irregular grids is by trilinear transformation of each grid cell to a unit cube together with a linear flux interpolation scaled by the Jacobian. The flux interpolation allows for fast integration of streamlines, but is inaccurate even for uniform flow. To improve the tracing accuracy, we introduce a new interpolation method, which we call corner-velocity interpolation. Instead of interpolating the velocity field based on discrete fluxes at cell edges, the new method interpolates directly from reconstructed point velocities given at the corner points in the grid. This allows for reproduction of uniform flow, and eliminates the influence of cell geometries on the velocity field. Using several numerical examples, we demonstrate that the new method is more accurate than the standard tracing methods.     

Correlated Crust and Mantle Strain Field in China

INTRODUCTION Moststudiesonactiveblockshavebeenfocusedonidentificationofblockboundariesandtheiractivity;inotherwords,mostoftheworkwaslimitedtothehorizontalmovementoftheblocks.Inreality,theblocksarenotonlysurroundedbyactivefaultsofhorizontalmotion,butalsoco…     

鲜水河断裂带北段GPS测量及其运动特征

鲜水河GPS监测网由18个沿鲜水河断裂带分布的点组成．1991年对该网进行了首次观测,1996和2000年进行了两期整网复测．本利用该网199l和2000年的二期GPS观测资料结合川西地区20世纪70年代以来的常规大地测量资料,计算给出了这一强震活动带现今运动图像：由测区的北西虾拉沱测点到南东的乾宁测点水平位移速率逐渐增大,而断层两盘的相对运动不明显．表明利用短边GPS测量可有效监视活动断裂带两侧一定区域的地壳运动．对比有形变测量资料以来川西地区6级以上地震分布的特点,认为可根据鲜水河断裂带断层两盘的相对运动和跨越断层的地壳整体运动的强弱这两种运动图像来研究区域强震的活动特征．     

Measurement of ice flow velocities from GPS positions logged by short-period seismographs in East Antarctica

The ice flow velocity is a basic feature of glaciers and ice sheets. Measuring ice flow velocities is very important for estimating the mass balance of ice sheets in the Arctic and Antarctic. Traditional methods for measuring ice flow velocity include the use of stakes, snow pits and on-site geodetic GPS and remote sensing measurement methods. Geodetic GPS measurements have high accuracy, but geodetic GPS monitoring points only sparsely cover the Antarctic ice sheets. Moreover, the resolution and accuracy of ice flow velocities based on remote sensing measurements are low. Although the accuracy of the location data recorded by the navigation-grade GPS receivers embedded in short-period seismographs is not as good as that of geodetic GPS,the ice flow velocity can be accurately measured by these navigation-grade GPS data collected over a sufficiently long period. In this paper, navigation-grade GPS location data obtained by passive seismic observations during the 36 th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition were used to accurately track the movement characteristics of the ice sheet in the Larsemann Hills of East Antarctica and the Taishan Station area. The results showed that the ice sheet in the two study areas is basically moving northwestward with an average ice flow velocity of approximately 1 m mon-1. The results in the Taishan Station area are basically consistent with the geodetic GPS results, indicating that it is feasible to use the embedded GPS location data from shortperiod seismographs to track the movement characteristics of ice sheets. The ice flow characteristics in the Larsemann Hills are more complex. The measured ice flow velocities in the Larsemann Hills with a resolution of 200 m help to understand its characteristics. In summary, the ice flow velocities derived from GPS location data are of great significance for studying ice sheet dynamics and glacier mass balance and for evaluating the systematic errors caused by ice sheet movements in seismic imaging.     

Assessment of GPS data for meteorological applications over Africa: Study of error sources and analysis of positioning accuracy

The aim of this study is to assess the availability and quality of data from the International GNSS Service (IGS) Global Positioning System (GPS) network in Africa, especially for retrieving zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD), from which precipitable water vapour (PWV) can be derived, in view of application to the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) project. Three major error sources for the GPS data analysis evaluating PWV in Africa are the accuracy of the satellite orbits, the correction for the radio delay induced by the ionosphere and the vertical site displacements due to ocean loading. The first part of this study examines these error sources and the validity of GPS data for meteorological applications in Africa in dedicated analyses spanning the year 2001. These analyses were performed using the IGS precise orbits. Weak degradation of baseline precision with increasing baseline lengths suggests that the average orbital error is not limiting the GPS analysis in Africa. The impact of the ionosphere has been evaluated during a maximum of solar activity in 2001. The loss of L₂ data has actually been observed. It amounts to 2% on average for 2001, with maxima of 8% during magnetic storm events. A slight decrease in formal accuracy of ZTD seems to be related to the loss of L₂ data at the end of the day. This indicates that scintillation effects are present in the GPS observations but however are not a major limitation. The impact of ocean loading is found to be significant on ZTD estimates (up to ±2 mm in equivalent PWV). The use of a proper ocean loading model eliminates this effect.The second aspect of this study concerns the IGS analysis quality for the African stations. The accuracy has been assessed through position dispersion between individual solutions and the most recent version of the IGS combined solution IGb00, and residuals from the transformation of the IGS combined solution into the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2005. The positioning performance of the IGS analysis is consistent with an accuracy in ZTD of ±6 mm (±1 mm in PWV), as requested for meteorological applications such as planned in AMMA.     

Structure of the present-day velocity field of the crust in the area of the Central-Asian GPS network

The structure of the vector field of present-day horizontal velocities on the Earth’s surface is investigated with the use of the territory covered by the Central-Asian GPS network as an example. A method of identification of groups of GPS points (statistically rigid clusters), for which the rate of change in distances between them is virtually zero, is proposed and realized. Sites of the Earth’s surface (regions) containing such groups of GPS points, within the required measurement accuracy, move in the horizontal plane as two-dimensional rigid bodies. The clustering algorithm, which is based on the Student t statistics in determining the so-called statistical “sample cost,” is developed and carefully tested. The results of identification of regions take into account possible random errors in velocity measurements and do not depend on the chosen frame of reference. The method of identification of regions is sufficiently stable with respect to variations in the number of GPS sites used for clustering. Of all the sites of the Central-Asian GPS network, 323 points were selected for clustering. These sites were measured from 3 to 11 times over an 11-year interval of observations (1995–2005). The estimates of errors of velocity measurement for these sites must not exceed 1.0 mm/yr. As a result, 29 statistically rigid clusters, containing from 3 to 17 GPS sites, were identified, and the kinematic regimes of motion of regions corresponding to these clusters were determined with respect to the stable part of Eurasia. With the general direction of the translatory motion of regions toward the north, the majority of them rotate counterclockwise. Nearly one third of GPS sites do not participate in the formation of clusters; these points fall into the interregional space (IRS), which is characterized by increased strain rates. The IRS structure is partitioned into zones with four directions, of which two directions virtually coincide with directions of the principal axes of the regional strain rate tensor, and the two other directions are oriented diagonally to the principal axes. The axis of the maximum rate of the regional shortening has a north-northwestern orientation. It is in this direction (mainly along the IRS) that the crust’s contraction takes place. There is no spatial correlation between IRS zones and geological faults; however, their angular distributions and the directions of strike-slips on them are interrelated. The resulting patterns of regional motions and IRS deformations consistently reflect the dynamic action of the Indian plate on the territory under investigation.     

Kinematics of the eastern part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone

The North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), which marks the boundary between Anatolia and the Eurasian plate, is one of the world's most seismically active structures. Although the eastern part of NAFZ has high seismic hazard, there is a lack of geodetic information about the present tectonics of this region. Even though many scientists would like to study this area, geographical and logistical problems make performing scientific research difficult. In order to investigate contemporary neotectonic deformation on the eastern NAFZ and in its neighborhood, a relatively dense Global Positioning System (GPS) monitoring network was established in 2003. Geodetic observations were performed in three GPS campaigns in an area of 350 km × 200 km with 12-month intervals. In addition, 14 new GPS stations were measured far from the deforming area. Since this region includes the intersection of the NAFZ and the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), deformation is complex and estimating seismic hazard is difficult. One important segment is the Yedisu segment and it has not broken since the 1784 earthquake. After the 1992 Erzincan and 2003 Pulumur earthquakes, the Coulomb stress loading on the Yedisu segment of the NAFZ has increased significantly, emphasizing the need to monitor this region. We computed the horizontal velocity field with respect to Eurasia and strain rates field as well. GPS-derived velocities relative to Eurasia are in the range of 16–24 mm/year, which are consistent with the regional tectonics. The principal strain rates were derived from the velocity field. Results show that strain is accumulating between the NAFZ and EAFZ along small secondary fault branches such as the Ovacik Fault (OF).     

Present-day crustal movement and tectonic deformation in China continent

Velocity field of China continent constrained by Global Positioning System (GPS) reveals both continuous and block-like styles of deformation. Continuous deformation commonly characterizes actively deforming mountain ranges such as the Tianshan Mountain, Qilian Mountain, and Tibet. The block-like movement often represents deformation in the tectonically stable regions such as Ordos, South China and Tarim blocks. GPS measurements indicate 5.1±2.5 mm/a left-lateral strike-slip rate along the Altun fault. Eastward convergence along the Longmenshan fault is less than 6.7 ± 3.0 mm/a. South China moves 11–14 mm/a eastward compared with the stable Eurasia. These low slip rates do not imply rapid eastward extrusion of China continent predicted by the model of “continental extrusion”. It appears that “crustal thickening” model more properly describes both continuous and block-like styles of deformation in China continent.     

基于GPS数据分析渭河盆地现今地壳形变特征

基于2001—2015年流动及连续GPS观测资料,借助多面函数拟合法建立渭河盆地水平速度场模型,并计算球面坐标下的应变特征参数。结合陕西地区地质构造背景,分析渭河盆地水平速度场及应变场分布特征。结果表明:(1)渭河盆地西部GPS速度场受青藏块体及鄂尔多斯块体共同作用明显,西部GPS速度场大于中东部,且GPS速度场有顺时针旋转的运动特征。(2)渭河盆地西部主应力场变化复杂,中部的西安地区主应变差异变化明显,与2009年11月5日高陵M_S4.4地震对应;渭河盆地西部出现最大剪应变及面应变高值区及差异变化高梯度带,在西安附近出现最大剪应变及面应变差异变化梯度带,高陵地震震中位于零值线附近。(3)2001—2010年的主应变、最大剪应变、面应变变化比2011—2015年显著,表明高陵地震发生后,应力场进行了释放调整,近期渭河盆地地震紧迫性相对较低。     

Temporal Gravity Variations near Shrinking Vatnajökull Ice Cap, Iceland

Repeated gravity measurements were carried out from 1991 until 1999 at sites SE of Vatnajökull, Iceland, to estimate the mass flow and deformation accompanying the shrinking of the ice cap. Published GPS data show an uplift of about 13 ± 5 mm/a near the ice margin. A gravity decrease of –2 ± 1 μGal/a relative to the Höfn base station, was observed for the same sites. Control measurements at the Höfn station showed a gravity decrease of –2 ± 0.5 µGal/a relative to the station RVIK 5473 at Reykjavík (about 250 km from Höfn). This is compatible, as a Bouguer effect, with a 10 ± 3 mm/a uplift rate of the IGS point at Höfn and an uplift rate of ~20 mm/a near the ice margin. Although the derived gravity change rates at individual sites have large uncertainties, the ensemble of the rates varies systematically and significantly with distance from the ice. The relationship between gravity and elevation changes and the shrinking ice mass is modelled as response to the loading history. The GPS data can be explained by 1-D modelling (i.e., an earth model with a 15-km thick elastic lithosphere and a 7·10¹⁷ Pa·s asthenosphere viscosity), but not the gravity data. Based on 2-D modelling, the gravity data favour a low-viscosity plume in the form of a cylinder of 80 km radius and 10¹⁷ to 10¹⁸ Pa·s viscosity below a 6 km-thick elastic lid, embedded in a layered PREM-type earth, although the elevation data are less well explained by this model. Strain-porosity-hydrology effects are likely to enhance the magnitude of the gravity changes, but need verification by drilling. More accurate data may resolve the discrepancies or suggest improved models.