金属氧化物压敏电阻在单脉冲及多脉冲实验中静态参数的变化

文章根据线性链老化、肖特基势垒理论,采用交流热稳定冲击实验,主要分析了金属氧化物压敏电阻在单、多脉冲进行测验的情形下,泄漏电流、压敏电压变化的特征。结果表明:利用金属氧化物压敏电阻进行单、多脉冲进行实验,在实验次数不断增多的情况下,会产生老化;工频电流作用下的金属氧化物压敏电阻,其抗雷电能力和稳定性都会受到不同程度的影响。     

多脉冲雷击下ZnO压敏电阻失效特性研究

<正>1引言压敏电阻是一种以氧化锌(ZnO)为主要成分的金属氧化物半导体非线性电阻,由于其具有非线性特性好、通流容量大、常态泄漏电流小等优点,被广泛应用于雷电防护[1-3]。压敏电阻在遭受雷击后,其静态参数和外观均可能发生不同程度的损坏,通过实验室模拟真实雷电环境中氧化锌压敏电阻的工作状态,研究氧化性压敏电阻在雷电冲击下的破坏机理,对氧化锌压敏电阻的防雷性能和安全性能的改进尤为重要。目前,对ZnO压敏电阻的研究主要采用8/20     

基于不同组合方式下电源系统SPD的试验

通过对电源系统SPD几种常见的组合方式用8/20μs电流进行冲击试验,测出每种组合的残压和通流以及冲击前后的静态参数,通过试验并对试验数据进行分析发现:常见的电源系统SPD组合方式中两压敏电阻并联时的通流最大、残压最小,而压敏电阻串联时的残压最大、通流最小;采用多个压敏电阻并联适用于暂态过电流较大的保护场合;压敏电阻与气体放电管串联时,残压稍高,通流量增大,无漏电流,但反应时间变长,适用对SPD响应时间要求不太高的电路中;压敏电阻漏电流随着冲击电压的增大不断升高,所以应定期检测,及时更换。     

气体放电管与氧化锌压敏电阻组合使用方法的分析

针对气体放电管与氧化锌(Zn0)压敏电阻组合使用方法的问题,根据Zn0压敏电阻的结构和电气特性与气体放电管的结构理论;得出当Zn0压敏电阻并联在气体放电管不同位置时,即压敏电阻并联的气体放电管数越少,组合型SPD的残压越低;串联气体放电管的数量越多,通过Zn0压敏电阻的电流越小,可以延长压敏电阻的使用寿命;当气体放电管两端的电压达到直流放电电压时,气体放电管迅速导通,使整个组合器件两端电压迅速减小;随着冲击电压的升高残压越大,通流呈线性增加。     

雷电冲击试验中的压敏电阻性能

为研究在雷电冲击下的压敏电阻的性能,利用冲击试验分析了压敏电阻主动能量配合的残压变化,对于各种能量配合方式做出了分析,发现当压敏电阻在暂态过程中吸收的能量过大时,实际损坏形式以雪崩击穿为主.压敏电阻主动能量配合的一组串并联试验结果表明:与单个压敏电阻相比,多个压敏电阻并联可以给出较低的箝位电压,提高泄放暂态过电流的能力,还可以减缓各压敏电阻的性能退化;压敏电阻的串联都是不可取的.     

氧化锌压敏电阻直流老化条件下各参数变化规律的研究

针对氧化锌压敏电阻在不同老化条件下各参数变化的规律,根据氧化锌压敏电阻的非线性特征,结合双肖特基势垒理论和氧化锌压敏电阻在小电流区的导电机制,通过大量的试验数据分析得出:氧化锌压敏电阻U1m A和非线性系数α都是随着老化次数的增加而减小;当氧化锌压敏电阻发生融穿性损坏,U1m A和α值急剧减小,ILeakage值急剧增大。通过U1m A和ILeakage等参数的变化规律,用于判断氧化锌压敏电阻的老化劣化程度,在氧化锌压敏电阻的使用及测试中具有参考价值。     

以电流分档的热稳定试验方法的不足及试验分析

为了验证电涌保护器(SPD)的热稳定性能,需要按IEC61643.1进行以电流分档的热稳定性试验,研究中发现：1)热稳定测试中实验室环境下无法模拟真实环境下氧化锌压敏电阻的老化劣化效果,热稳定试验模拟真实环境的充分性有待考量;2)不同参考电压的压敏电阻对电压的敏感程度不一样,当交流电压从640 V变化到680 V时,导通时间变化68.3%,电流变化了289.6%;3)标准要求的电流±10%误差,很大程度上受设备灵敏度的限制而达不到要求.在现有电涌保护器热稳定测试技术的基础上,发现并分析了以电流分档进行的热稳定试验对实际情况模拟的不足之处,这对提高电涌保护器的热稳定测试技术有一定的工程价值.     

基于组合型电涌保护器能量配合的实验研究

针对组合型电涌保护器(SPD)中主要防雷元件之间的能量配合问题,依据IEC 62305-4与GB 50343—2010的规定要求,通过对气体放电管(GDT)、金属氧化物压敏电阻(MOV)、瞬态抑制二极管(TVS)进行理论概述,再对这3种常见的防雷元器件进行并联组合后,分别进行多次冲击实验,发现不同的防雷元件的合理并联配合使用对于提高SPD整体的响应速度,缩短动作过程时间,提高SPD的通流容量与限压水平具有明显的效果.实验结论对于组合型SPD的设计具有一定的实际参考价值.     

电源回路中的多级电涌保护

为了防止用电设备遭过电压危害,需要在电源回路设置多级电涌保护,电涌保护一般采用氧化锌压敏电阻,在分析了氧化锌压敏电阻的伏安特性的基础上,进一步分析了多级电涌保护的理论基础,指出多级电涌保护的工作原理、仿真结果.     

金属氧化物（MOV）在交直流热稳定实验中静态参数的变化

针对金属氧化物（MOV）在交直流热稳定实验中静态参数变化的问题,基于肖特基势垒、线性链老化理论,利用热稳定试验箱以及压敏电阻直流参数仪,研究了金属氧化物在交直流热稳定实验压敏电压、非线性系数α及温度的变化特征。研究表明,MOV在工频电流作用下,稳定性会受到很大影响,甚至会影响其抗雷电能力;MOV在交直流作用下,其微观晶胞结构会发生重组,从而改变其电学特性;MOV在施加间歇性交流电时,随着实验次数的增多,也会发生老化,表现为温升更快,动态电阻降低速度更快。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on