神狐海域气烟囱构造分布及其对天然气水合物成藏的影响

对神狐海域多道地震数据进行分析发现了很多天然气水合物及游离气的地震响应特征,包括BSR(似海底反射)、BSR下伏强反射以及烟囱体构造等。该区域气烟囱构造的分布与BSR的分布比较一致,气烟囱构造是深部热解气垂直运移的主要通道,深部烃源岩产生的热解气通过气烟囱等垂直裂隙向上运移至水合物稳定带,产生大量聚集,有利于水合物形成。因此,搞清楚研究区的气烟囱构造分布对于该区域天然气水合物成藏及分布研究具有重要意义。传统识别气烟囱的方法只能通过地震剖面上的弱反射柱状构造或相关属性分析,研究利用基于MLP算法的神经网络结合多属性特征,综合高效的分析了该区域气烟囱构造带的分布,并根据该区域地质构造分布与BSR分布特点分析了该区域气烟囱对天然气水合物成藏的影响。     

南海北部琼东南海域气烟囱发育特征及其对水合物形成与分布的影响

琼东南海域地震资料解释发现了BSR(似海底反射)、BSR下伏强反射及烟囱体等天然气水合物的地震响应特征。研究发现,区内气烟囱的分布与BSR的分布存在明显的相关性,气烟囱是气体垂直运移的主要通道,气体垂直向上运移至水合物稳定带大量聚集,从而形成水合物。因此,精细刻画研究区气烟囱发育特征对于区内天然气水合物成藏及分布研究具有重要意义。传统气烟囱识别方法只通过地震剖面上的弱反射或相关属性分析,笔者利用基于MLP算法的神经网络,高效地分析了本区域气烟囱的分布,并根据烟囱与BSR分布之间的关系,分析了气烟囱对天然气水合物形成及分布的影响。     

南海北部陆坡泥底辟/气烟囱基本特征及其与油气和水合物成藏关系

以南海北部陆坡深水区琼东南盆地南部及珠江口盆地白云凹陷地质地震资料为基础,综合分析了泥底辟及气烟囱分布特征、发育演化特点、成因机制及其与油气和水合物成藏的关系。研究结果表明:泥底辟及气烟囱主要相对集中发育于凹陷中心或凹陷与凸起构造转换带,具有杂乱模糊地震反射特征且其模糊带形态各异;泥底辟及气烟囱展布规模大小不一,刺穿层位及幅度亦存在明显差异,且常常伴生强烈的热流体活动;泥底辟及气烟囱形成受控于沉积充填的巨厚欠压实泥页岩及其伴生的高温超压潜能、断层裂缝及构造薄弱带和有机质生烃增压等地质因素;泥底辟与气烟囱及其伴生断层裂隙是深部气源向浅层运移聚集的优势通道,通过这些流体运聚的高速通道,可以将其运移至上覆新近系储层和深水海底浅层高压低温稳定域,最终形成深部常规油气藏与海底浅层天然气水合物矿藏纵向叠置复式聚集的组合特点。     

地震资料中柱状流体运移通道形态参数及其地质意义

深部流体在向上运移的过程中,能够形成垂直—近似垂直的柱状通道,如气烟囱构造、流体逸散管道等。利用高分辨率地震资料,能够直观地对这些柱状地球物理异常进行精细的描述与刻画,从而统计其形态参数。综合不同海域的研究成果,本次研究系统总结归纳了柱状流体运移通道的8个重要参数,分别是发育层位、终止层位、平面形状、直径、高度和宽高比、反射偏移、椭圆率、拟合椭圆方位角。形态参数分别与通道群在平面上的展布方位、特殊的海底异常地貌(如海底麻坑、丘状体等)、深部构造发育与分布(如底辟、断层等)等进行耦合关联,能够进一步揭示柱状流体运移通道的地质含义。可将形态参数分为:(1)从形态学上对柱状通道进行直接分类的参数;(2)指示柱状通道形成诱发因素或形成过程的参数;(3)划分柱状通道幕式流体活动及期次的参数;(4)定义柱状通道中流体活动时间区间的参数;(5)间接反映柱状通道中流体通量相对大小的参数。实际研究过程中,单一形态参数难以准确反映出复杂地质背景下柱状通道的真实地质含义,多参数组合、相互对比验证,能够更好地对柱状流体通道的地质含义做出综合分析。     

南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物分布的主控因素

针对天然气水合物沉积成矿因素不明确等问题,通过利用南海北部神狐海域的高分辨率三维地震、测井和岩心等资料,对晚中新世以来的地层进行了高分辨率层序划分和精细的沉积解释。从温压、沉积、构造等方面探讨了神狐海域天然气水合物分布的主控因素,认为：BSR上部附近处于水合物稳定温压范围内;粗粒沉积物有利于天然气水合物的富集;在含水合物层段内,孔隙度与天然气水合物饱合度成正比关系;滑塌体是天然气水合物赋存的有利相带;气烟囱形成过程中产生的断裂系统可为富含甲烷流体向上运移提供通道,并在其上部滑塌体富集成矿。因此,神狐海域具备天然气水合物成藏的优越条件,是天然气水合物勘探开发的有利区块。     

南海神狐水合物钻探区不同形态流体地震反射特征与水合物产出的关系

天然气水合物的分布在很大程度上受到含气流体运移的影响。南海北部陆坡区,尤其是珠江口盆地的白云凹陷,普遍存在流体渗漏的现象,暗示了水合物赋存的良好前景。神狐海域水合物钻探区内的高分辨率地震资料显示,区域内发育大量流体运移通道,在地震剖面上表现为不同形态的地震反射模糊带,根据其形态特征,可以划分为花冠状和穹顶状两大类模糊反射带。模糊反射带的存在意味着研究区内具有良好的含气流体运移条件,能够为甲烷气体的垂向运移提供通道。神狐海域水合物的钻探结果表明,水合物的分布与模糊反射带的分布范围具有良好的空间匹配关系,其中,花冠状地震反射模糊带侧翼部与中尺度正断层相连,促进了含气流体的侧向运移,顶部与可能的微裂隙相通,气体可向上运移至水合物稳定带,形成了水合物藏;而穹顶状地震反射模糊带顶部则通过疑似流体通道与海底沟通,这种结构极易形成气体逃逸而无法形成水合物。因此,不同形态特征的模糊反射带可能对水合物的分布具有一定的指示意义。     

琼东南盆地气烟囱发育特征、成因类型及对水合物成藏的控制作用

气烟囱是深水油气(水合物)垂向运移的重要通道,其形成及演化机制与油气运聚及水合物成藏具有密切的成因联系。琼东南盆地中新世以来具有生烃作用强烈、流体活动较普遍的特点,导致气烟囱分布也较广泛。基于琼东南盆地的地震资料,主要从研究区气烟囱地震反射特征、气烟囱规模及气烟囱成因类型划分3方面入手,结合气烟囱底部埋藏深度、能量强弱和底部环境等因素将琼东南盆地深水区气烟囱类型划分为4类,即浅层低能量断层裂隙控制型气烟囱、浅层高能量低凸起控制型气烟囱、中层中能量低凸起控制型气烟囱、中层高能量低凸起控制型气烟囱。在此基础上重点探讨了气烟囱对水合物运聚成藏的影响,揭示了气烟囱既对水合物运聚成藏具有通道及指示作用,也对水合物藏具有破坏作用的多重性特点,同时,进一步深入分析了琼东南盆地气烟囱分布规律与形成模式。总之,对琼东南盆地气烟囱发育特征、成因类型及形成机理的深入分析,将有助于琼东南盆地油气运聚通道体系的建立,进而综合剖析油气及水合物运聚成藏条件,指导其地质评价及其勘探部署等。     

琼东南盆地块体搬运体系对天然气水合物形成的控制作用

琼东南盆地深水区中新世以来构造运动不活跃,自中新世以来沉积物厚度达5 000～9 000 m,Ya35-1-2井显示更新世地层沉积物主要以泥质与砂泥互层的细粒沉积物为主,深部流体垂向运移通道不发育.高分辨率地震资料和3D地震资料表明,琼东南盆地的上新世及其以上地层存在大量气烟囱和块体搬运体系.气烟囱为深部流体垂向运移提...     

南海神狐海域天然气水合物饱和度的数值模拟分析

珠江口盆地神狐海域是天然气水合物钻探和试验开采的重点区域,大量钻探取心、测井与地震等综合分析表明不同站位水合物的饱和度、厚度与气源条件存在差异。本文利用天然气水合物调查及深水油气勘探所采集的测井和地震资料建立地质模型,利用PetroMod软件模拟地层的温度场、有机质成熟度、烃源岩生烃量、流体运移路径以及不同烃源岩影响下的水合物饱和度,结果表明:生物成因气分布在海底以下1500 m范围内的有机质未成熟地层,而热成因气分布在深度超过2300 m的成熟、过成熟地层。水合物稳定带内生烃量难以形成水合物,形成水合物气源主要来自于稳定带下方向上运移的生物与热成因气。模拟结果与测井结果对比分析表明,稳定带下部生物成因气能形成的水合物饱和度约为10%,在峡谷脊部的局部区域饱和度较高;相对高饱和度(>40%)水合物形成与文昌组、恩平组的热成因气沿断裂、气烟囱等流体运移通道幕式释放密切相关,W19井形成较高饱和度水合物的甲烷气体中热成因气占比达80%,W17井热成因气占比为73%,而SH2井主要以生物成因为主,因此,不同站位甲烷气体来源占比不同。     

天然气水合物存在的流体特征——以印度西部大陆边缘为例

印度西部大陆边缘的多道地震反射资料揭示了流体排驱是否与天然气水合物相关。在地震剖面上没有典型的似海底反射存在，为了在确定天然气水合物的存在，我们在印度西部大陆边缘的一个小水道找到其它地震反射证据。我们研究了通过海底的排气通道、麻坑、海底滑坡以及反映流体运移通道的断层、清楚的含气沉积、弱振幅、底辟和泥火山等，地震剖面上所有这些流体逸散特征预示着在天然气水合物稳定域内天然气水合物的可能存在。     

南海北部陆坡某海域浅层气的声学特征及其对水合物勘探的指示意义

海底天然气渗漏是海洋环境中广泛分布的自然现象,在世界各大洋中都有发现。海底渗漏的气体赋存于浅部地层,可以改变近表层沉积物的物理性质,使其在声学剖面上得以反映。通过对南海北部陆坡某海域研究区浅地层剖面和地震数据分析,在浅地层剖面上发现了声空白、声混浊、增强反射层、速度下拉等特征,在地震剖面上则识别出气烟囱或泥底辟、亮点、速度下拉、增强反射层等特征。以似海底反射层（BSR）作为地震剖面上明显的含气层标志,划分了2套含气系统。通过浅地层剖面与地震剖面联合解释认为,BSR之下气烟囱／泥底辟的发育导致了亮点、速度下拉、增强反射层等声学特征的发生,BSR之上水合物层的存在则可能起到封堵天然气而使其发生侧向运移的作用,在气体封堵相对薄弱的位置,天然气向上运移形成声空白、声混浊、增强反射层、速度下拉等特征。以声空白代表的天然气聚集带可能成为块状水合物的发育场所,可能成为较有潜力的勘探目标。     

Multi-beam and seismic investigations of the active Haima cold seeps,northwestern South China Sea

To confirm the seabed fluid flow at the Haima cold seeps, an integrated study of multi-beam and seismic data reveals the morphology and fate of four bubble plumes and investigates the detailed subsurface structure of the active seepage area. The shapes of bubble plumes are not constant and influenced by the northeastward bottom currents, but the water depth where these bubble plumes disappear (630–650 m below the sea level) (mbsl) is very close to the upper limit of the gas hydrate stability zone in the water column (620 m below the sea level), as calculated from the CTD data within the study area, supporting the “hydrate skin” hypothesis. Gas chimneys directly below the bottom simulating reflectors, found at most sites, are speculated as essential pathways for both thermogenic gas and biogenic gas migrating from deep formations to the gas hydrate stability zone. The fracture network on the top of the basement uplift may be heavily gas-charged, which accounts for the chimney with several kilometers in diameter (beneath Plumes B and C). The much smaller gas chimney (beneath Plume D) may stem from gas saturated localized strong permeability zone. High-resolution seismic profiles reveal pipe-like structures, characterized by stacked localized amplitude anomalies, just beneath all the plumes, which act as the fluid conduits conveying gas from the gas hydrate-bearing sediments to the seafloor, feeding the gas plumes. The differences between these pipe-like structures indicate the dynamic process of gas seepage, which may be controlled by the build-up and dissipation of pore pressure. The 3D seismic data show high saturated gas hydrates with high RMS amplitude tend to cluster on the periphery of the gas chimney. Understanding the fluid migration and hydrate accumulation pattern of the Haima cold seeps can aid in the further exploration and study on the dynamic gas hydrate system in the South China Sea.     

南海北部陆坡东沙海域海底丘状体气体与水合物分布

海底丘状体在天然气水合物发育区是一种常见的微地貌,对丘状体的研究有助于理解海底流体渗漏模式以及水合物的赋存规律。本文研究南海北部陆坡东沙海域天然气水合物发育区海底丘状体的特征及其与水合物的关系。研究所用的数据包括准三维多道地震数据、多波束数据以及浅地层剖面数据。在多波束海底地形图上,丘状体表现为局部的正地形,直径大约为300 m,高出周围海底约50 m。浅地层剖面上存在明显的声空白以及同相轴下拉现象,指示了海底丘状体气体的分布以及流体运移的路径。丘状体周围明显的BSR表明局部区域可能发育有水合物,水合物钻探结果也证实了这一推测。三维多道地震剖面上,丘状体正下方存在空白反射区域,这与泥火山的地震反射特征类似。但空白反射区域内存在强振幅能量,而且丘状体正下方存在连续的反射层,这表明该丘状体并非泥火山成因。综合钻探结果以及三维地震成像结果,认为水合物形成过程引起的沉积物膨胀以及海底碳酸盐岩的沉淀是形成该丘状体的主要原因。     

油气运移足迹的表象及意义

浅层不能生成油气,浅层成藏要有沟通深层油气源的断层,油气沿断层由深层运移至浅层的过程中可能留下足迹,足迹在地震剖面上有多种表象。统计足迹的表象特征,分析油气运移足迹的成因机理,是研究浅层油气成藏的有效手段。气烟囱等油气运移足迹的识别方法,是在生产中总结出并不断得到验证的经验,对生产有很好指导作用。     

Gas hydrate accumulations related to focused fluid flow in the Pegasus Basin,southern Hikurangi Margin,New Zealand

The Hikurangi Margin, east of the North Island of New Zealand, is known to contain significant deposits of gas hydrates. This has been demonstrated by several multidisciplinary studies in the area since 2005. These studies indicate that hydrates in the region are primarily located beneath thrust ridges that enable focused fluid flow, and that the hydrates are associated with free gas. In 2009–2010, a seismic dataset consisting of 2766 km of 2D seismic data was collected in the undrilled Pegasus Basin, which has been accumulating sediments since the early Cretaceous. Bottom-simulating reflections (BSRs) are abundant in the data, and they are accompanied by other features that indicate the presence of free gas and concentrated accumulations of gas hydrate. We present results from a detailed qualitative analysis of the data that has made use of automated high-density velocity analysis to highlight features related to the hydrate system in the Pegasus Basin. Two scenarios are presented that constitute contrasting mechanisms for gas-charged fluids to breach the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. The first mechanism is the vertical migration of fluids across layers, where flow pathways do not appear to be influenced by stratigraphic layers or geological structures. The second mechanism is non-vertical fluid migration that follows specific strata that crosscut the BSR. One of the most intriguing features observed is a presumed gas chimney within the regional gas hydrate stability zone that is surrounded by a triangular (in 2D) region of low reflectivity, approximately 8 km wide, interpreted to be the result of acoustic blanking. This chimney structure is cored by a ∼200-m-wide low-velocity zone (interpreted to contain free gas) flanked by high-velocity bands that are 200–400 m wide (interpreted to contain concentrated hydrate deposits).     

Structural-stratigraphic control on the Umitaka Spur gas hydrates of Joetsu Basin in the eastern margin of Japan Sea

Integrated geological, geochemical, and geophysical exploration since 2004 has identified massive accumulation of gas hydrate associated with active methane seeps on the Umitaka Spur, located in the Joetsu Basin on the eastern margin of Japan Sea. Umitaka Spur is an asymmetric anticline formed along an incipient subduction zone that extends throughout the western side of the Japanese island-arc system. Seismic surveys recognized chimney structures that seem strongly controlled by a complex anticlinal axial fault system, and exhibit high seismic amplitudes with apparent pull-up structures, probably due to massive and dense accumulation of gas hydrate. Bottom simulating reflectors are widely developed, in particular within gas chimneys and in the gently dipping eastern flank of the anticline, where debris can store gas hydrates that may represent a potential natural gas resource. The axial fault system, the shape of the anticline, and the carrier beds induce thermogenic gas migration to the top of the structure, and supply gas to the gas hydrate stability zone. Gas reaching the seafloor produces strong seepages and giant plumes in the sea water column.     

Structural-stratigraphic control on the Umitaka Spur gas hydrates of Joetsu Basin in the eastern margin of Japan Sea

Integrated geological, geochemical, and geophysical exploration since 2004 has identified massive accumulation of gas hydrate associated with active methane seeps on the Umitaka Spur, located in the Joetsu Basin on the eastern margin of Japan Sea. Umitaka Spur is an asymmetric anticline formed along an incipient subduction zone that extends throughout the western side of the Japanese island-arc system. Seismic surveys recognized chimney structures that seem strongly controlled by a complex anticlinal axial fault system, and exhibit high seismic amplitudes with apparent pull-up structures, probably due to massive and dense accumulation of gas hydrate. Bottom simulating reflectors are widely developed, in particular within gas chimneys and in the gently dipping eastern flank of the anticline, where debris can store gas hydrates that may represent a potential natural gas resource. The axial fault system, the shape of the anticline, and the carrier beds induce thermogenic gas migration to the top of the structure, and supply gas to the gas hydrate stability zone. Gas reaching the seafloor produces strong seepages and giant plumes in the sea water column.