琼东南盆地华光凹陷天然气水合物成藏条件及有利区带预测

分析了琼东南盆地华光凹陷天然气水合物稳定条件、气源供给来源、运移通道类型等成藏条件,指出了研究区天然气水合物的勘探方向并建立了天然气水合物的成藏模式。华光凹陷浅部沉积层的温度、压力条件满足天然气水合物形成的要求,生物成因甲烷水合物稳定带最大厚度约320m,热成因天然气水合物稳定带最大厚度约为345m。气源岩主要分布在凹陷西部地区的断陷期层序中,具有早、晚两期生烃且以晚期为主的特征,有利于热解成因气在水合物稳定带内的聚集成藏。晚中新世以来快速沉降的巨厚半深海细粒沉积物为生物成因气的形成提供了物质基础。泥底辟与其伴生断裂及多边形断层等构成了天然气水合物成藏的主要流体运移体系。华光凹陷靠近(1)号断裂的西部地区是有利的勘探方向。晚中新世以来的快速沉降使得渐新世成熟—过熟烃源岩大量生气或裂解,而且由于欠压实作用形成的地层超压为含气流体的运移提供了强大的动力。热解天然气和生物气沿着泥底辟和多边形断层等构成的输导网络向上垂向运移至水合物稳定带,形成天然气水合物,其中深水浊流水道是寻找高饱和度水合物的有利目标体。     

天然气水合物油气系统模拟新技术方法与应用

为弄清天然气水合物油气系统模拟的原理和实现过程及应用,系统分析了水合物油气系统发展历程和技术特色,总结了该技术在墨西哥湾、水合物脊、阿拉斯加北坡及中国天然气水合物研究中的应用。研究认为:天然气水合物油气系统模拟是在研究类似含油气系统中的生烃、排烃、运移、聚集和逸散模拟基础上,对地质模型网格和地质时代进行细化设置,达到对不同地质时期水合物的分布、热成因/生物成因甲烷气的运移、稳定带内水合物形成时期和资源量进行模拟的目的。系统的模拟可以证实含气流体的运移是天然气水合物聚集成藏的重要控制因素,可以预测天然气水合物稳定带的空间分布、地质演化,热成因气和生物成因气生成、运移、聚集并形成天然气水合物的过程,还可以定量计算水合物资源量。目前,中国对于该技术的应用还处于起步阶段,应该深入学习国外成功经验,大力推广,以提高中国天然气水合物理论研究及勘探开发水平。     

基于测井与地震多属性分析神狐海域天然气水合物分布特征

我国在神狐海域钻探发现了高饱和度天然气水合物,由于该地区受迁移峡谷影响,水合物在空间的分布变化较大。本文把测井数据和地震数据相结合识别了BSR并解释了侵蚀面等层位,沿水合物稳定带底界提取多种属性,并对属性结果进行优化分析。发现振幅类属性对水合物显示较为敏感,不同站位水合物矿体展布特征不同。在W19井和SC-02井水合物矿体呈马蹄状分布,W18井矿体呈斑点状分布,分别位于埋藏水道天然堤的局部高点和水道头部高点上,矿体形态与构造高点形态一致。测井异常指示的水合物层在SC-02井伽马值较高,而W18和W19井水合物层伽马值较低,表明不同站位含水合物层泥质含量不同。而地震解释和属性分析发现水合物层位于一个规模较大的气烟囱构造上部,流体运移是控制该区域水合物成藏的重要条件,气体组成分析表明热成因气为水合物的成藏提供重要气源。     

珠江口盆地东部海域天然气水合物成藏气源特征探讨

通过钻探,在珠江口盆地东部海域获取了天然气水合物实物样品,在5个取心站位目标层段进行了保压取心,获取了水合物岩心释放气样品,同时在13个层段获取了水合物分解气体样品。钻探取心的5个站位都在航次现场选择层段制备了顶空气样品。所有气体均进行了气体组成与同位素分析,结果表明:水合物气体组成以甲烷占绝对优势,甲烷含量96.5%～99.8%;乙烷含量极少,为(175～554)×10~(-6),未检测出C_(2+)以上烃类气体。水合物气体甲烷碳-氢同位素分析测试结果表明,δ~(13)C_(1 )为-68.4‰～-71.2‰,δDC_1为-182‰～-184‰,据此判识水合物气体成因类型为生物成因气。水合物气源成因类型与水合物产出形态没有直接关系,多种产出类型的水合物可能与储层发育及形态特征有密切联系。主要气源位于1000m以内的浅地层中,主要以侧向运移方式运移至稳定域有利部位形成水合物。     

海洋浅表层天然气水合物成藏特征

按照天然气水合物形成的气体疏导方式划分,渗漏系统是海洋浅表层天然气水合物藏形成的主要模式。关键成藏要素包括温压场、气源等,温压场主要控制天然气水合物成藏的平面分布和纵向分布;海底热流低值区有利于形成天然气水合物,但在海底热流超高的海域,只要有充足的气源供给,在高甲烷通量区深海浅表层也可以形成天然气水合物藏,而且往往与泥火山、气烟囱等特殊地质体伴生,形成致密的数米厚层状天然气水合物藏。浅表层天然气水合物藏气源主要是有机热解成因气,一般其深部均发育有成熟的含油气盆地,有烃源层广泛分布,并且干酪根发生过明确的生烃过程,形成的热解甲烷气通过断层、气烟囱等破碎带垂向运移通道渗漏上升,在温压场控制的相平衡区形成天然气水合物藏,因此,海底热流值较高的海盆也是浅表层天然气水合物藏形成的有利海域。     

南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物差异性分布的控制因素

南海北部陆坡区具备天然气水合物形成聚集的地质条件,神狐海域的海底沉积层温度和压力条件符合水合物成藏的要求;源岩生烃潜力巨大且烃类运移条件良好,可以为水合物成藏提供充足的气源和通畅的运移通道。然而,钻探结果揭示了神狐海域天然气水合物在相似地质背景地区聚集分布的差异性,其机理及控制因素并不清楚。基于研究区8口钻探井的成藏地质条件,综合对比分析了成功获取及未获取水合物站位处的地震、测井、钻井、地球化学等数据,并以此探究南海北部神狐地区天然气水合物分布不均匀性的控制和影响因素。     

南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物形成及分布的地质因素

从天然气水合物发育的地质构造条件、沉积条件、气源条件、温压条件等分析了神狐海域影响水合物形成及分布的地质因素.指出神狐海域处在洋陆壳的过渡带上,断裂-褶皱构造及流体底辟构造发育,对水合物的形成具有重要的控制作用.受等深流和海底滑塌双重作用,研究区沉积异常体发育,沉积厚度大、沉积速率高,有利于水合物发育.通过对神狐海域附近钻探结果及区内地质调查站位资料的分析表明:目标区具有含巨量的生物气和热成因气资源潜力,具备形成天然气水合物的气源条件,气源为文昌-恩平组烃源岩.此外,受热流值北高南低的分布格局的影响,神狐海域BSR埋深也表现为北部浅南部深,且BSR分布区整体处在天然气水合物稳定存在的温压范围内,满足水合物形成及保存所需的温压条件.神狐海域的地质构造条件、沉积特征、气源条件、温压条件等都非常有利于天然气水合物发育.     

西沙海槽潜在天然气水合物成因及形成地质模式

西沙海槽具备良好的热解成因气及断层通道、深部异常压力等运移条件,分析海底表层沉积物所含甲烷气来源可以很好地指示潜在天然气水合物成因.西沙海槽海底表层沉积物所含甲烷气以热解成因气为主,可能混有少量生物成因气.表层沉积物所含甲烷气为断层渗逸-自由扩散作用双重运移结果,主要有3种来源：（1）直接来自于下部断层通道中气态烃的释放;（2）来自于动态变化的水合物分解,再由渗滤作用或沿浅部微小断层向上运移;（3）来自于原地少量的生物气.不同地区有不同的气体来源,这是海底表层沉积物甲烷高值区与下部断层相关性较大而与BSR区域并非完全一致的原因.甲烷气来源及运聚条件综合分析表明,潜在天然气水合物以热解成因为主,为断层-渗滤综合地质模式.     

祁连山冻土区烃源岩地球化学特征及天然气水合物气源分析

祁连山冻土区90个烃源岩样品测试分析的结果表明,侏罗系烃源岩基本处于成熟阶段;有机质为Ⅱ2型和Ⅲ型,主要来自陆相高等植物输入,为山间河湖沼泽相沉积;有机质丰度较高,是中等—好烃源岩。该区石炭系—三叠系烃源岩基本处于高成熟阶段;有机质主要为Ⅱ型,有机质来源为混源输入,为陆表海—滨海三角洲相沉积;有机质丰度较高,为中等—好烃源岩。天然气水合物主要为混合成因气。综合分析认为,侏罗系烃源岩正处于成熟阶段,有部分生气,而三叠系烃源岩处于主生气期,因此,推测三叠系和侏罗系烃源岩可能是该区天然气水合物的有利供气源岩。     

阜新凹陷白垩系源岩生烃特征及天然气成因

对阜新凹陷白垩系源岩生烃基本条件进行了详细分析,并结合原油、天然气特征及油源对比研究,认为研究区存在浅湖相泥岩和沼泽相煤系源岩(由煤和泥岩构成)2种不同沉积环境下形成的烃源岩.2种源岩虽然层位不同,但在其有机质丰度和类型上并不存在较大的差异,生烃特征也基本相似,都具备成气为主、成油为辅的煤成烃特征,有机质成熟度及烃源岩的分布控制了源岩在整个演化过程中的生烃类型和数量.研究表明:在有机质受热演化的各个阶段,都会伴随着不同类型有机成因气的产出,未成熟阶段为煤型生物气,成熟—高成熟阶段主要为煤型热解气,还伴生少量的石油.     

琼东南盆地深水区流体势分析及其对天然气水合物成藏的意义

针对深水区缺乏钻井资料的情况,从可以广泛获取的叠加速度出发建立了一套计算地下流体势(气势)的方法,并以此对琼东南盆地深水区进行了实例分析,以此来获得天然气运移和水合物成藏的有益信息。盆地广泛发育断裂、底辟构造,影响着水合物的分布。BSR发育区与气体势场强度的汇聚区域有着较好的对应关系,水合物根据成因可分为两类:一类是以浅部地层生物成因气为主,另一类是以深部热成因气为主。大部分断层对应于相对低势区,反映断层的开启性,可以作为气体运移的通道,其上部发育深部热成因气为主的水合物藏。在构造隆起附近发育的底辟具有相对高气势的特征,这类底辟携带大量的深部热成因气运移至浅部,为水合物的形成提供充足的气源,在其附近剖面上常具有BSR的显示。     

Seismic imaging of a fractured gas hydrate system in the Krishna–Godavari Basin offshore India

Gas hydrate was discovered in the Krishna–Godavari (KG) Basin during the India National Gas Hydrate Program (NGHP) Expedition 1 at Site NGHP-01-10 within a fractured clay-dominated sedimentary system. Logging-while-drilling (LWD), coring, and wire-line logging confirmed gas hydrate dominantly in fractures at four borehole sites spanning a 500 m transect. Three-dimensional (3D) seismic data were subsequently used to image the fractured system and explain the occurrence of gas hydrate associated with the fractures. A system of two fault-sets was identified, part of a typical passive margin tectonic setting. The LWD-derived fracture network at Hole NGHP-01-10A is to some extent seen in the seismic data and was mapped using seismic coherency attributes. The fractured system around Site NGHP-01-10 extends over a triangular-shaped area of ∼2.5 km² defined using seismic attributes of the seafloor reflection, as well as “seismic sweetness” at the base of the gas hydrate occurrence zone. The triangular shaped area is also showing a polygonal (nearly hexagonal) fault pattern, distinct from other more rectangular fault patterns observed in the study area. The occurrence of gas hydrate at Site NGHP-01-10 is the result of a specific combination of tectonic fault orientations and the abundance of free gas migration from a deeper gas source. The triangular-shaped area of enriched gas hydrate occurrence is bound by two faults acting as migration conduits. Additionally, the fault-associated sediment deformation provides a possible migration pathway for the free gas from the deeper gas source into the gas hydrate stability zone. It is proposed that there are additional locations in the KG Basin with possible gas hydrate accumulation of similar tectonic conditions, and one such location was identified from the 3D seismic data ˜6 km NW of Site NGHP-01-10.     

Source and accumulation of gas hydrate in the northern margin of the South China Sea

The northern South China Sea (NSCS) experienced continuous evolution from an active continental margin in the late Mesozoic to a stable passive continental margin in the Cenozoic. It is generally believed that the basins in the NSCS evolved as a result of Paleocene–Oligocene crustal extension and associated rifting processes. This type of sedimentary environment provides a highly favourable prerequisite for formation of large-scale oil- and gas–fields as well as gas hydrate accumulation. Based on numerous collected data, combined with the tectonic and sedimentary evolution, a preliminary summary is that primitive coal-derived gas and reworked deep gas provided an ample gas source for thermogenic gas hydrate, but the gas source in the superficial layers is derived from humic genesis. In recent years, the exploration and development of the NSCS oil, gas and gas hydrate region has provided a basis for further study. A number of 2D and 3D seismic profiles, the synthetic comparison among bottom simulating reflector (BSR) coverage characteristics, the oil-gas area, the gas maturity and the favourable hydrate-related active structural zones have provided opportunities to study more closely the accumulation and distribution of gas hydrate. The BSR has a high amplitude, with high amplitude reflections below it, which is associated with gas chimneys and pockmarks. The high amplitude reflections immediately beneath the BSR are interpreted to indicate the presence of free gas and gas hydrate. The geological and geochemical data reveal that the Cenozoic northern margin of the NSCS has developed coal-derived gas which forms an abundant supply of thermogenic gas hydrate. Deep-seated faults and active tectonic structures facilitate the gas migration and release. The thermogenic gas hydrate and biogenic gas are located at different depths, have a different gas source genesis and should be separately exploited. Based on the proven gas hydrate distribution zone, we have encircled and predicted the potential hydrate zones. Finally, we propose a simple model for the gas hydrate accumulation system in the NSCS Basin.     

Reservoir characterization of gas hydrate in the Northwestern part of the Ulleung Basin,East Sea

An analysis of 3D seismic data from the northwestern part of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea, revealed that the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) consists of five seismic units separated by regional reflectors. An anticline is present that documents activity of many faults. The seismic indicators of gas hydrate occurrence included bottom simulating reflector (BSR) and acoustic blanking in the gas hydrate occurrence zone (GHOZ). By the analysis of the seismic characteristics and the gradient of the sedimentary strata, the GHOZ was divided into four classes: (1) dipping strata upon strong BSR, (2) dipping strata below strong BSR, (3) parallel strata with acoustic blanking, and (4) parallel strata below weak BSR. Seismic attributes such as reflection strength and instantaneous frequency were computed along the GHOZ. Low reflection strength and high instantaneous frequency were identified above the BSR, indicating the occurrence of gas hydrate. A remarkably high reflection strength and low instantaneous frequency indicated the presence of free gas below the BSR. Considering the distribution of the gas hydrate and free gas, two gas migration processes are suggested: (1) stratigraphic migration through the dipping, permeable strata and (2) structural migration from below the GHSZ along faults.     

Potential for gas hydrate formation at the northwest New Zealand shelf margin - New insights from seismic reflection data and petroleum systems modelling

In this study we provide evidence for methane hydrates in the Taranaki Basin, occurring a considerable distance from New Zealand's convergent margins, where they are well documented. We describe and reconstruct a unique example of gas migration and leakage at the edge of the continental shelf, linking shallow gas hydrate occurrence to a deeper petroleum system. The Taranaki Basin is a well investigated petroleum province with numerous fields producing oil and gas. Industry standard seismic reflection data show amplitude anomalies that are here interpreted as discontinuous BSRs, locally mimicking the channelized sea-floor and pinching out up-slope. Strong reverse polarity anomalies indicate the presence of gas pockets and gas-charged sediments. PetroMod™ petroleum systems modelling predicts that the gas is sourced from elevated microbial gas generation in the thick slope sediment succession with additional migration of thermogenic gas from buried Cretaceous petroleum source rocks. Cretaceous–Paleogene extensional faults underneath the present-day slope are interpreted to provide pathways for focussed gas migration and leakage, which may explain two dry petroleum wells drilled at the Taranaki shelf margin. PetroMod™ modelling predicts concentrated gas hydrate formation on the Taranaki continental slope consistent with the anomalies observed in the seismic data. We propose that a semi-continuous hydrate layer is present in the down-dip wall of incised canyons. Canyon incision is interpreted to cause the base of gas hydrate stability to bulge downward and thereby trap gas migrating up-slope in permeable beds due to the permeability decrease caused by hydrate formation in the pore space. Elsewhere, hydrate occurrence is likely patchy and may be controlled by focussed leakage of thermogenic gas. The proposed presence of hydrates in slope sediments in Taranaki Basin likely affects the stability of the Taranaki shelf margin. While hydrate presence can be a drilling hazard for oil and gas exploration, the proposed presence of gas hydrates opens up a new frontier for exploration of hydrates as an energy source.     

Multi-beam and seismic investigations of the active Haima cold seeps,northwestern South China Sea

To confirm the seabed fluid flow at the Haima cold seeps, an integrated study of multi-beam and seismic data reveals the morphology and fate of four bubble plumes and investigates the detailed subsurface structure of the active seepage area. The shapes of bubble plumes are not constant and influenced by the northeastward bottom currents, but the water depth where these bubble plumes disappear (630–650 m below the sea level) (mbsl) is very close to the upper limit of the gas hydrate stability zone in the water column (620 m below the sea level), as calculated from the CTD data within the study area, supporting the “hydrate skin” hypothesis. Gas chimneys directly below the bottom simulating reflectors, found at most sites, are speculated as essential pathways for both thermogenic gas and biogenic gas migrating from deep formations to the gas hydrate stability zone. The fracture network on the top of the basement uplift may be heavily gas-charged, which accounts for the chimney with several kilometers in diameter (beneath Plumes B and C). The much smaller gas chimney (beneath Plume D) may stem from gas saturated localized strong permeability zone. High-resolution seismic profiles reveal pipe-like structures, characterized by stacked localized amplitude anomalies, just beneath all the plumes, which act as the fluid conduits conveying gas from the gas hydrate-bearing sediments to the seafloor, feeding the gas plumes. The differences between these pipe-like structures indicate the dynamic process of gas seepage, which may be controlled by the build-up and dissipation of pore pressure. The 3D seismic data show high saturated gas hydrates with high RMS amplitude tend to cluster on the periphery of the gas chimney. Understanding the fluid migration and hydrate accumulation pattern of the Haima cold seeps can aid in the further exploration and study on the dynamic gas hydrate system in the South China Sea.     

缅甸安达曼海域中部天然气成因与气源

位于主动大陆边缘的缅甸安达曼海域中部天然气资源丰富,成因多样。天然气成因类型直接影响勘探领域与方向的确定。通过气体组分、CH4和CO2碳同位素资料,对缅甸安达曼海域中部天然气成因类型及气源岩进行了判识。结果表明:上新统部分天然气具有较轻CH4碳同位素,为生物成因气,部分碳同位素较重的天然气属于热成因气;中新统及渐新统天然气CH4碳同位素均较重,属于热成因气;CO2碳同位素显示其存在无机、有机2种成因;此外,还存在少量生物气与热成因气或无机气的混源气。认为该区无机成因CO2与CH4共存体系通过基底断裂来源于地壳深部或上地幔;上新统生物气来自上新统未熟源岩;产于上新统、中新统热成因气,来源于上新统下部、中新统或渐新统上部等深层高-过成熟烃源岩。     

The mechanism and verification analysis of permafrost-associated gas hydrate formation in the Qilian Mountain,Northwest China

Muri Basin in the Qilian Mountain is the only permafrost area in China where gas hydrate samples have been obtained through scientific drilling. Fracture-filling hydrate is the main type of gas hydrate found in the Qilian Mountain permafrost. Most of gas hydrate samples had been found in a thin-layer-like, flake and block group in a fracture of Jurassic mudstone and oil shale, although some pore-filling hydrate was found in porous sandstone. The mechanism for gas hydrate formation in the Qilian Mountain permafrost is as follows: gas generation from source rock was controlled by tectonic subsidence and uplift--gas migration and accumulation was controlled by fault and tight formation--gas hydrate formation and accumulation was controlled by permafrost. Some control factors for gas hydrate formation in the Qilian Mountain permafrost were analyzed and validated through numerical analysis and laboratory experiments. CSMGem was used to estimate the gas hydrate stability zone in the Qilian permafrost at a depth of 100–400 m. This method was used to analyze the gas composition of gas hydrate to determine the gas composition before gas hydrate formation. When the overlying formation of gas accumulation zone had a permeability of 0.05 × 10⁻¹⁵ m² and water saturation of more than 0.8, gas from deep source rocks was sealed up to form the gas accumulation zone. Fracture-filling hydrate was formed in the overlap area of gas hydrate stability zone and gas accumulation zone. The experimental results showed that the lithology of reservoir played a key role in controlling the occurrence and distribution of gas hydrate in the Qilian Mountain permafrost.     

南海北部荔湾3区块天然气水合物分布特征及目标识别

针对天然气水合物钻探与取样难以解决的水合物矿体空间展布等问题,利用白云-荔湾凹陷高密度分析重新处理的三维地震资料,首先基于模糊数学的多属性融合技术对水合物分布进行刻画;再通过高分辨率速度场对浅层开展高分辨率宽频无井反演技术,提高了水合物层分辨率;最后,利用岩石物理方法及多种模型对水合物饱和度进行定量预测,实现了对5～6m厚水合物层的有效辨别,进而形成了一套适合于孔隙充填型的水合物矿藏目标识别评方法。结果表明:应用该技术可有效对荔湾3水合物富集区第四条带水合物空间刻画,揭示出该区水合物饱和度最高可超40%,同时薄层与厚层水合物具有明显互层分布特征,在水合物矿体刻画及饱和度预测基础上,进一步对该区实施了井位优选,该方法预测的水合物层与实际钻探H1和H2站位吻合较好。这些结果说明常规三维油气地震数据在经过宽频处理后可应用于高分辨率水合物勘探,节约经济成本,同时提高了常规地震在水合物勘探中精度与实用性。     

Fluid migration directions inferred from gradient of time surfaces of the sub seabed

The role of sub seabed topographically controlled fluid migration is assessed to improve our understanding of distributions of acoustic chimneys at the Nyegga pockmark field on the mid-Norwegian continental margin. 3D seismic data interpretations resulted in topographic gradients of seismic time surfaces and RMS amplitude maps. Topographical gradient maps and flow tracing allowed identifying migration pathways and trapping locations for free gas within the shallow sub seabed. The occurrence of acoustic chimneys, pockmarks and mounds correlate with identified fluid migration pathways and gas trapping locations. An important factor that controls the trapping locations and the lateral distribution of seeps on the seabed at Nyegga is the variation through time of the depth of the base of the gas hydrate stability zone (BGHSZ). Fluids can derive from gas hydrate systems that are suspected of being a biogenic source and/or Tertiary domes that are considered to show leakage of thermogenic fluids to the shallow geosphere.