我国逐日降水量格点化方法

国家气象信息中心(NMIC)和美国大气海洋局气候预测中心合作开发了"中国逐日格点降水量实时分析系统(V1.0)",并已在NMIC投入业务试运行。该系统基于我国2419个国家级地面气象站日降水量观测(08:00—08:00,北京时)数据,采用"基于气候背景场"的最优插值方法,实时生成空间分辨率为0.5°×0.5°的格点化日降水量资料。通过对汛期典型区域和单站降水过程的对比分析表明:该格点化产品的精度较高,能准确捕捉并再现每一次降水过程。误差分析表明:约91%的数据绝对误差小于1.0 mm/d。该产品在定量分析天气实况、检验天气气候模式精度、检验卫星产品精度等方面有应用前景。     

近50a中国降水格点数据集的建立及质量评估

基于2012年6月更新的高质量2 400个台站降水资料,采用薄盘样条法,制定了采用3个自变量(经度、纬度、海拔高度)、降水量开平方预处理、3次样条的插值方案,并引入数字高程资料,以减弱中国独特地形条件下高程对降水空间插值精度的影响,并对1961—2010年中国区域地面降水站点资料进行了空间内插,得到了中国地面降水0.5°×0.5°格点数据集。经数据集的质量评估结果表明:分析值与站点观测值均方根误差平均为0.49 mm,相关系数平均达0.93(通过0.01的显著性检验),夏季插值误差高于冬季,东南地区误差普遍高于其他地区。冬、春、夏、秋季绝大多数台站绝对误差在±10 mm/月以内。冬、春、夏、秋季分别有60%、82%、54%、77%的台站相对误差在±10%之间。插值后的格点化降水资料能够比较细致、准确地描述中国大陆年平均降水场的东南多、西北少的主要空间特征,但也平滑掉了范围很小的降水极值中心。台站分布越密集的地方,插值效果越好,并且最近距离小于40 km的台站插值精度较高,大于40 km插值精度衰减较快。     

NEX-GDDP降尺度数据对中国极端降水指数模拟能力的评估

利用1986—2005年中国地面气象台站观测的格点化逐日降水数据(CN05.1)评估了NASA高分辨率降尺度逐日数据集NEX-GDDP中21个全球气候模式在0.25?(约25 km×25 km)分辨率下对中国极端降水的模拟能力.选取年最大日降水量(RX1D)、年最大5 d降水量(RX5D)、湿日总降水量(PRCPTOT...     

近50年中国降水格点日值数据集精度及评估

利用高质量的2472个气象台站逐日降水资料和薄盘样条法,对1961 2010年中国大陆降水资料进行了空间内插,得到了中国地面降水0.5°×0.5°格点日值数据集。对该数据集的评估结果表明:夏季误差明显大于其他季节,冬、春、夏、秋季分别有96.7%,91.8%,63.2%和94.0%的台站绝对误差在±1 mm·d-1之间;冬、春、夏、秋季分别有53%,68%,72%和70%的台站相对误差在±10%之间。基于台风"碧利斯"等3个强降水事件的分析和插值试验表明,格点化降水可以较好地描述一定范围内的面雨量。对比CP和APHRO两套格点资料表明,APHRO格点资料在刻画长江以南的年降水量气候态空间特征方面与观测值较一致;CP格点资料对青藏高原、天山山脉和塔里木盆地等大地形附近的降水空间特征描述较准确。另外,CP和APHRO格点资料都可以再现江淮梅雨日变化特征。当出现大雨和中雨日时,两套网格化降水资料同等程度地弱化了降水强度,而出现小雨日时,CP格点资料更接近实测降水。     

滑动窗口的普通克立格方法在降水量插值中的应用

利用2009年全国2200个观测站降水量资料,使用滑动窗口的普通克立格方法对降水量资料进行格点化估计。针对滑动窗口的普通克立格方法在降水量格点化应用中存在的问题,设计了3种技术处理的试验方案。比较了全局搜索与方位邻近方法的误差,讨论了最大影响半径及屏蔽效应对插值效果的作用。提出了方位邻近法的样本点选择策略,结果表明,相对传统滑动窗口的普通克立格方法较常使用的全局搜索法而言,方位邻近法显著降低了计算资源的耗用,同时又具有较高的插值精度,特别是在站点密集地区有突出的优势;试验结果也表明:变程为4°～5°的经(纬)线弧长时,在方位邻近法下,我国大部分区域有较好的插值效果;屏蔽效应弱,ε取值为0.1时,降水量插值准确率较高,随着ε增大,插值误差也逐渐增大。     

中国区域温度和降水不同空间插值方法精度对比

利用国家气象信息中心基于最优插值法(Optimal Interpolation,OI)、ANUSPLIN插值法(AV 2.0)、普通克里格法(Ordinary Kriging,OK)的1.0°×1.0°与0.5°×0.5°格点化的1961—2004年中国区域月温度和月降水资料及1961—2004年美国NCDC的GHCN 5.0°×5.0°月降水资料,对中国大陆地区温度和降水不同插值方法空间插值数据的精度及时间序列进行了对比研究。结果表明:在1961—2004年平均气候态下,中国区域不同插值法插值后的降水和温度空间分布型较一致,年循环变化也较一致。在中国区域、东部区域和西部区域,OI与AV 2.0方法插值的降水场绝对误差分别为2.15 mm、1.28 mm和0.00 mm,OK与AV 2.0方法插值的温度场绝对误差分别为0.20℃、0.05℃和0.45℃。对于中国区域降水场时间序列,AV 2.0和OI方法插值的降水与GHCN不同季节的降水变化趋势较一致,且不同插值方法插值的夏季降水量差异较大,冬季降水量差异较小。1961—2004年AV 2.0与OI方法插值的降水场相关系数在0.22—0.98之间变化,冬季和春季降水场相关性较高,夏季和秋季降水场相关性较低;个别年份秋季和冬季插值后降水量的偏差稍大,最大偏差达3.08 mm,1961—2004年平均降水量偏差为0.64 mm。AV 2.0与OK方法插值的年平均温度差值小于0.54℃,且多年时间序列变化趋势较一致。     

广东区域智能网格实况分析产品的检验评估

利用广东省水文站降水观测实况、国家气象观测站和区域自动站资料,对广东区域2020年的网格实况分析产品质量进行检验评估,结果表明:(1)2020年广东省5和1 km温度网格实况数值与站点实况相近,逐时温度、最高气温、最低气温平均绝对误差均小于1℃;(2)降水网格实况的误差随着降水量级增大而增大,个例对比评估显示1 km实时融合分析降水网格数据优于其他三套降水网格数据;(3)10 m风速网格实况的误差随着风级增大而增大,不分级风速误差小于1 m/s,趋势变化与站点实况接近,个例对比显示1 km的网格数据优于5 km数据。     

概率密度匹配法对中国区域卫星降水资料的改进

为考察概率密度匹配法 (PDF方法) 对中国区域卫星反演降水产品系统误差订正的适用性,基于逐日和逐时我国地面观测降水量资料,引入PDF方法,分别对逐日0.25°×0.25°水平分辨率和逐时0.1°×0.1°水平分辨率的CMORPH (Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique) 卫星降水产品的系统误差进行订正。在分析CMORPH卫星降水产品误差特征的基础上,根据两种资料不同的时空分辨率和误差特点,调整概率密度匹配时选取样本的时间和空间范围,设计相应的订正方案。评估结果表明: PDF方法订正后, 两种分辨率卫星降水资料在中国区域系统误差均显著减小,达到了理想的订正效果。在我国站点稀疏的西部地区,订正后的CMORPH卫星降水产品仍保持卫星观测的降水空间分布,降水量也明显接近于地面观测降水量。可见,PDF方法是中国区域卫星反演降水产品系统误差订正的一种有效方法。     

2006年汛期VIC水文模型模拟结果分析

利用大尺度陆面水文模型VIC及其汇流模型模拟了2006年5-9月全国0.5°×0.5°逐日径流深和土壤相对湿度分布,对淮河流域2006年汛期(6月28日-7月5日)强降水过程期间的模拟结果进行了渍涝灾害的分析.同时对流域主要水文站逐日流量(0.5°×0.5°)过程进行了模拟,并与实况作了对比分析;并且针对淮河流域不同空间分辨率(0.5°×0.5°及0.1°×0.1°)下主要水文站点的逐日流量过程进行了比较.结果表明:VIC模型模拟的径流深和土壤相对湿度分布与降水分布是一致的,模拟土壤湿度具有可用性.利用累计降水、径流分布和土壤相对湿度及流量变化可以监测渍涝灾害的发生;VIC模型及其汇流模型在一定程度上可以反映出实际流量的变化趋势,模拟流量对降水较敏感,细网格模拟流量在量值上与实况更为接近;模拟结果误差可能跟汇流模型中流域边界的确定、参数率定、气象强迫资料等因素有关.     

低纬高原地区多元信息综合变分分析试验

利用高分辨率雷达、卫星降水反演数据和地面降水观测资料,建立联合降水估算场并对其进行变分订正,得到0.1°×0.1°细网格降水同化场。同化资料包括2008年6～8月逐日4次FY-2卫星和CINRAD/CC雷达降水估算资料、地面自动站降水观测资料,试验结果表明,采用变分方法对卫星及雷达联合降水估算场进行同化后,所得结果既较真实地反映了地面观测网天气尺度信息,也对低纬高原地区降水离散性分布特征的描述有较大的改善。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on