大开间约束砖砌体横墙的非线性分析

本文对在开间砖砌体结构在大开间两则模墙采取在砖砌体中增设钢筋混凝土墙中柱和水平条带的加强措施。在大比例模型试验的基础上，对约束砌体横墙进行静力非线性分析，论证了采取此项加强措施后可满足相应的抗震设防要求，提出一种改进的约束砖砌横墙极限承载力计算方法。     

配筋砌体结构抗震能力的试验研究

根据砖砌体结构在地震作用下主要表现为剪切破坏的特点，采用子结构拟动力试验技术配筋砌体记房屋结构进行了抗震试验研究。可以改善砖砌体结构在极限荷载后的性能，提高结构的抗震能力。     

带竖向构造钢筋再生混凝土砖结构振动台试验研究

提出了带竖向构造钢筋再生混凝土砖砌体结构,进行了2个两层再生混凝土砖砌体房屋结构1/2缩尺模型的模拟地震振动台试验研究,2个结构模型的墙体厚度均为120 mm,一层设有门洞和窗洞,二层设有窗洞。2个模型中,1个为带竖向构造钢筋再生混凝土砖砌体房屋,1个为普通无竖向构造钢筋再生混凝土砖砌体房屋。试验中输入El Centro地震动,测试分析了台面加速度反应、一层和二层顶板加速度反应、结构层间位移反应以及各阶段结构损伤与破坏特征等。研究表明:带竖向构造钢筋再生混凝土砖砌体房屋比普通再生混凝土砖砌体房屋的破坏程度轻,墙体裂缝位置相对错动小,抗震性能显著提高;带竖向构造钢筋再生混凝土砖砌体房屋可用于地震区村镇建筑。     

墙体开洞影响下房屋砖砌体结构地震易损性分析

为获取可靠的墙体开洞影响下房屋砖砌体结构地震易损性分析结果,采用ABAQUS有限元分析软件构建房屋砖砌体结构墙体模型,设置合理的墙体模型参数和数值模拟参数;对比模拟数值与以往研究的测试值,证明所构建模型参数取值合理;将截取的峰值段江油地震波作为上述模型的地震动输入,根据测得的房屋砖砌体结构的力学变化数据,分析房屋砖砌体结构的地震易损性。分析结果表明:地震情况下,随着墙体开洞率的增加,墙体荷载能力下降、墙体水平承载力增长幅度降低、墙体相对刚度退化率增加;墙体开洞数量越多,房屋砖砌体结构侧向刚度下降越快。因此分析得出墙体开洞率大、墙体开洞数量多,房屋砖砌体结构的地震易损性越显著。     

传统农居砌体抗剪性能试验研究

砖砌体结构是农村传统农居建筑的主要结构形式,如何精确评价其抗震能力具有重要的研究意义。目前既有传统农居中,20世纪80、90年代砖砌体结构仍是其重要的组成部分。为研究既有传统砖砌体结构的抗剪性能,首先对水泥砂浆、白灰砂浆、炉渣砂浆、黄泥砂浆4种典型砂浆开展抗压强度试验;然后对4种典型砂浆砌筑的砌体进行沿通缝抗剪强度试验,通过与传统老旧红砖砌体抗剪强度的平均值和公式值进行对比,对砌体抗剪强度计算公式进行修正后得到修正公式;最后对比修正值、标准值和设计值,对传统农居进行准确的砖砌体抗剪强度评估。本项研究主要为传统农居砖砌体结构的抗震性能评估、抗震加固以及抗震设计提供技术支持与科学依据。     

约束砖砌体结构的弹塑性时程分析

本文对超《规范》的大开间采取在墙体中增设钢筋混凝土墙中柱和水平条带的加强措施，为验证原型结构的抗震能力，在大比例模型试验的基础上，对约束砖砌体原型结构进行弹塑性时程分析，得出结构层次位移反应包络图，论证了结构采取此项加强措施后能满足7度区相应的抗震设防要求。     

砖砌体房屋非线性地震反应分析方法和破坏状态指标的确定与验证

砖砌体房屋在历次地震中的破坏均较为严重,为了准确评估其在大震作用下的抗震性能,选择高效的结构分析方法并选取合适的破坏状态指标至关重要。首先,在仔细比较现有结构非线性分析方法的基础上,结合砖砌体结构的特点,采用了可以"考虑构造柱影响"的砖墙体三线型恢复力模型,并建立了砖砌体结构的层剪切非线性分析模型,利用基于自平衡力的弹塑性动力反应分析方法实现了砖砌体结构的非线性动力时程分析;然后,选取延伸系数作为砖砌体结构的破坏状态指标,来判别结构的破坏状态;最后,利用一个带有震害的实际算例,采用三条能充分反映该工程场地特征的地震动对其进行非线性动力时程分析,验证了文中砖墙体恢复力模型、非线性动力时程分析方法以及破坏状态指标的合理性和有效性。文中所确定的模型、方法和破坏状态指标可为大震作用下砖砌体房屋的抗震性能鉴定和评估、抗震加固以及震害分析提供方法和依据。     

再生混凝土砖砌体抗压性能试验研究

再生混凝土砖是利用废弃混凝土作为骨料制作的一种砖,作为再生混凝土砖砌体抗震性能研究的基础,文中进行了18个不同砂浆强度的再生混凝土砖砌体的抗压性能试验。测试分析了各试件的承载力、变形和破坏过程,得到了再生混凝土砖砌体的抗压强度、弹性模量和泊松比。研究表明:再生混凝土砖砌体与普通黏土砖砌体相比,承载力略低,抗压强度退化略快,弹性模量和泊松比接近;随着砌筑砂浆强度的提高,再生混凝土砖砌体的承载力和变形能力提高,弹性模量增大。再生混凝土砖砌体可用于多层砌体房屋结构抗震设计。     

不同烈度区农村自建砖砌体房屋震害特征研究

农村自建砖砌体房屋通常没有正规的设计和施工导致该类房屋抗震性能较差。文中以汶川8.0级地震为例,在不同烈度区选择具有代表性地区的农村自建砖砌体房屋为研究对象,分析了该类型房屋不同烈度区的震害特征。通过使用数量化术语的震害描述,对在不同烈度区的农村自建砖砌体房屋的墙体、楼板屋盖、附属结构的破坏进行了震害分析,得到了地震作用下仅考虑结构振动破坏时该类型房屋的破坏特征。最后也给出了降低农村自建砖砌体房屋震害的一些建议。     

碳纤维布用于砖砌体抗震加固的试验研究

通过4片碳纤维布加固砖砌体在周期反复荷载作用下受力性能的试验，研究了粘贴碳纤维布来增强砖砌体抗震能力这种加固方法的有效性。本文研究了碳纤维布加固砖砌体的受力特性，分析了碳纤维布的用量以及贴布方式等因素对砖砌体抗震加固效果的影响。在此基础上，本文提出了碳纤维布加固砖砌体抗剪承载力的简化计算方法，可以满足实际工程设计的要求。     

浙皖地区地壳-上地幔结构和华南与扬子块体边界

基于屯溪－温州剖面宽角反射地震资料,拟合反演了地壳浅层和深部结构,并利用非纵剖面记录构制了上幔顶部结构图象。结果表明,江绍断裂带是本区最明显的构造分界,其西北一侧的扬子块体和东南侧的华南块体地壳和上地幔顶部结构以及地球物理特征明显不同。金（华）衢（州）盆地下方地幔上隆,上地幔岩石层中有低速体,可能是一个复杂的岩浆房构造。地幔岩石层呈现出由ＳＥ至ＮＷ向仰冲的叠瓦式片状构造,提示该区明显受水剂压应力控制。     

Crustal structure of Gondwana- and Yangtze-typed blocks: An example by wide-angle seismic profile from Menglian to Malong in western Yunnan

Ancient Tethyan vestige extends from Alps, Kaebaiqn Mountain and eastward through Turkey, IranAfghanistan, and the middle and north of Tibetan Plateau, then turns to western Yunnan and Sichuan, andfinally ends at Zhongnan Peninsula. The PaleoTethyan is supposed as one eastward opened Oceanand superposed by tectonic deformation in the latestage of the late Mesozoic to Paleocene of Cenozoicand covered by Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits. The Sanjiang region in southwestern China is in the…     

2013年木里、盐源交界地震震中区建筑物抗震性能分析

2013年11月22日,木里、盐源交界处先后发生Ms3.4、Ms 4.1及Ms3.7级地震,地震造成当地自建房屋破坏,震中区建筑类型主要为土木结构、夯土墙结构及木结构。本文在现场调查的基础上,对不同类型建筑物的破坏特征进行了分析,给出了地震烈度图,分析了建筑物破坏原因,指出土木结构及夯土墙结构是农村自建房屋中抗震最不利建筑,木结构房屋抗震性能相对较好。房屋抗震性能不佳是此次地震震害较重的主要原因。     

北京地区上地壳三维细结构层析成像

利用三维不分块地震层析成像技术对北京东北部地区的三维人工地震莫霍反射波走时数据进行反演,得到了该区上地壳的三维P波、S波慢度及波速比结构图像,三种结构不同深度的切片图像揭示出慢度和波速比分布有呈北东向和北西向展布的特征.断裂活动引起沉积不均匀造成现今的速度分布,地震大多分布在波速比较低的块体内,说明地震不仅与断裂活动有关,有可能还与物质结构和性质相关;北京地区上地壳速度结构、断裂活动和物质性质三者之间存在密切关系.     

New evidence of delamination in the Western Alboran Sea: Geodynamic evolution of the Alboran domain and its margins

The presence of continuous upper crustal blocks between the Iberian Betics and Moroccan Rif in the western and middle Alboran Sea, detected with tomography, can add new information about the lithosphere structure and geodynamic evolution in this region. A large volume of seismic data (P and S wave arrival times) has been collected for the period between 1 December 1988 and 31 December 2008 by 57 stations located in northern Morocco (National Institute of Geophysics, CNRST, Rabat), southern Portugal (Instituto de Meteorologia, Lisbon) and Spain (Instituto Geografico National, Madrid) and used to investigate the lithosphere in the western Alboran Sea region. We use a linearized inversion procedure comprising two steps: (1) finding the minimal 1-D model and simultaneous relocation of hypocenters and (2) determination of local velocity structure using linearized inversion. The model parameterization in this method assumes a continuous velocity field. The resolution tests indicate that the calculated images give near true structure imaged at 5 km depth for the Tanger peninsula, the Alhoceima region and southern Spain. At 15, 30 and 45 km depth we observe a near true structure imaged in northern Morocco, and southern Spain. At 60 and 100 km, southern Spain and the SW region of the Alboran Sea give a near true structure. The resulting tomographic image shows the presence of two upper crustal bodies (velocity 6.5 km/s) at 5–10 km depth between the Betics, Rif, western and central Alboran Sea. Low velocities at the base of these two bodies favor the presence of melt. This new evidence proves that the Tethysian ocean upper crust was not totally collapsed or broken down during the late Oligocene–early Miocene. These two blocks of upper crust were initially one block. The geodynamic process in the eastern of the Mediterranean is driven by slab rollback. The delamination process of the lithospheric mantle terminates with the proposed slab rollback in the western part of the Mediterranean. This can be explained by the removal of the major part of the lithosphere beneath the area, except in the SW part of the Alboran Sea where a small part of the lithospheric mantle is still attached and is extends and dips to SE beneath the Rif, slowly peeled back to the west. A second detached lithospheric mantle is located and extends to eastern part of the Rif and dips to the SE. The removal of lithosphere mantle from the base of the crust was replaced and heated by extrusion of asthenospheric material coming from depth to replace the part of crust detached. A combination of isostatic surface/topographic uplift and erosion induced a rapid exhumation and cooling of deep crustal rocks.     

Contemporary crustal deformation of the Chinese continent and tectonic block model

We obtain the preliminary result of crustal deformation velocity field for the Chinese con-tinent by analyzing GPS data from the Crustal Motion Observation Network of China (CMONOC), particularly the data from the regional networks of CMONOC observed in 1999 and 2001. We de-lineate 9 tectonically active blocks and 2 broadly distributed deformation zones out of a denseGPS velocity field, and derive block motion Euler poles for the blocks and their relative motionrates. Our result reveals that there are 3 categories of deformation patterns in the Chinese conti-nent. The first category, associated with the interior of the Tibetan Plateau and the Tianshan oro-genic belt, shows broadly distributed deformation within the regions. The third category, associatedwith the Tarim Basin and the region east of the north-south seismic belt of China, shows block-likemotion, with deformation accommodated along the block boundaries only. The second category, mainly associated with the borderland of the Tibetan Plateau, such as the Qaidam, Qilian, Xining(in eastern Qinghai), and the Diamond-shaped (in western Sichuan and Yunnan) blocks, has thedeformation pattern between the first and the third, i.e. these regions appear to deform block-like,but with smaller sizes and less strength for the blocks. Based on the analysis of the lithosphericstructures and the deformation patterns of the regions above, we come to the inference that thedeformation modes of the Chinese continental crust are mainly controlled by the crustal structure.The crust of the eastern China and the Tarim Basin is mechanically strong, and its deformationtakes the form of relative motion between rigid blocks. On the other hand, the northward indentation of the Indian plate into the Asia continent has created the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the Tianshan Mountains, thickened their crust, and raised the temperature in the crust. The lower crust thus has become ductile, evidenced in low seismic velocity and high electric conductivity observed. The brittle part of the crust, driven by the visco-plastic flow of the lower crust, deforms extensively at all scales. The regions of the second category located at the borderland of the Tibetan Plateau are at the transition zone between the regions of the first and the third categories in terms of the crustal structure. Driven by the lateral boundary forces, their deformation style is also between the two, in the form of block motion and deformation with smaller blocks and less internal strength.     

Electromagnetic signals generated by the electric polarization during the constrained deformation of rocks

The results of synchronous observations of the electric field on the shallow crustal layers of the Earth’s crust and the microseismic vibrations are presented. On the basis of the coincidence of the statistics of the electric and microseismic pulses of the relaxation type, and, also, the fact that the indicated pulses accompany each other, the conclusion is reached about the unique source of both pulses. The constrained rotation of the structural block during its relaxation is considered as such a source. A mechanism is proposed for the generation of electromagnetic signals, connected with the separation of electric charges as a result of the rapid change in the stress-strain state of the rocks of a complex hierarchic-block structure. A model developed by the authors, for the generation of electromagnetic signals during the relaxation processes in the Earth’s crust of a heterogeneous structure, is presented.     

青藏高原东北缘—鄂尔多斯地块地壳上地幔S波速度结构

1999～2000年从青海玛沁到陕西榆林，横跨青藏高原东北缘和鄂尔多斯布设了一条由47台宽频带数字地震仪组成的长约1000km的流动地震台阵观测剖面.利用记录到的远震体波波形资料和接收函数方法获得了剖面下0～100km深度的地壳和上地幔S波速度结构.结果表明，沿观测剖面地壳结构显示了明显的分块特征; 地壳厚度自东向西由40km增加到64km左右；在海原地震带下方和西秦岭断裂以西到日月山断裂之间的区域Moho间断面结构复杂；在1920年海原震区及其西侧，上地壳存在明显的低速层，在该地区的绝大部分地震分布在该低速层东边界偏向高速区一侧；祁连山东缘Moho面有约4km的深度间断，壳内向西逐渐减薄的低速层内有大量微震发生，沿祁连山的逆冲加走滑的构造运动在深度上已经穿透了Moho面；在玛沁断裂和日月山断裂之间，上地壳存在厚度很大的低速层，同时该区域下地壳也明显加厚.研究结果表明，青藏高原东北缘与鄂尔多斯地块之间的过渡带地壳变形强烈，地壳结构较为破碎，这与该地区地震频发相一致.     

新型混凝土空心砌块房屋抗震性能研究

本文介绍了一种集承重与保温于一体的新型混凝土砌块房屋的抗震性能的研究结果。文中采用具有负刚度的四折线恢复力模型，用Newmark数值积分法，选用代表I-Ⅳ类场地的10地震记录，分别对两栋典型的新型砌块房屋进行了非线性地震反应分析，研究了在抗震设防“三水准”情况下房屋的抗震能力。计算结果表明：新型砌块房屋具有良好的抗震性能，在7、8度地震区分别建造7层和6层的这种房屋可满足抗震设防三水准要求。文中还介绍了一个足尺新型砌块房屋模型的模拟振动台试验，用本文给出的非线性地震反应分析方法对模型进行了计算，且将振动台试验结果与计算结果做了比较，验证了本文选取的计算模型是合理的、计算方法是可靠的。     

钢筋混凝土建筑结构的抗地震破坏倒塌能力评估研究

在地震作用下钢筋混凝土建筑结构出现破坏倒塌为地震灾害中的关键,有效评估建筑结构抗地震破坏倒塌能力是建筑结构设计的前提,也是当前建筑结构提高抗震性能与加固的依据。提出变形指标极值、失效判断标准以及钢筋混凝土建筑结构倒塌极限状态判断标准,据此获取倒塌储备系数、倒塌易损性、结构整体超强系数、结构整体延性系数等评估标准。采用Pushover分析法选择相应地震波。依据梁柱线刚比对建筑结构抗倒塌能力的影响,以及柱端弯矩增加系数对建筑结构抗地震破坏倒塌能力的影响,对建筑结构易损性进行分析。结果表明:等跨建筑结构抗地震破坏倒塌能力更强;建筑结构底层是薄弱层,COF值越高,结构越容易倒塌。