对违法填海案件合理量罚的若干思考

在查清违法事实之后,行政机关便开始按照法律规定,结合具体案情拟定行政处罚决定,这个过程就是行政处罚的量罚过程。行政机关应当综合考虑违法行为的事实、性质、情节以及社会危害程度等诸多因素,本着“责罚相当”、“公平对待”等处罚原则,依法做出合理的行政处罚决定。在海域使用违法案件中,违法填海案件十分特殊,往往使办案人员觉得棘手。结合海域使用执法工作实践,笔者对此类案件的量罚问题进行了一些初步研究,形成了几点粗浅认识,供大家参考。     

论海洋行政处罚

海洋行政处罚是海洋行政执法行为的一种具体行政行为，是海洋行政管理活动中应用十分广泛和十分重要的一种手段。１９９６年３月，第八届全国人民代表大会第四次会议通过的《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》，对行政处罚最基本的和最迫切需要解决的问题作了具体规定，为海洋行政机关和公务人员规范海洋行政权力的实施，更好地保障海洋行政相对人的合法权益，维护正常海洋开发秩序，提供了基本的法律依据。一、海洋行政处罚的概念海洋行政处罚，是指海洋行政主体依照法定权限和程序对违反海洋法律法规尚未构成犯罪的海洋行政相对人给予行政制裁的…     

海域使用管理工作中的依法行政

依法行政是行政法中的一项重要原则。其基本含义就是指行政机关及其工作人员行使国家行政权力、管理国家公共事务,必须由法律规定并依据法律执行。主要包括三方面内容:一是行政主体的设立及其职权的设定必须有法律依据,即权限法定;二是行政主体的行政行为的内容和程序要符合法律规定,即行为合法;三是行政主体的行为要受制约、监督,并承担相应法律责任,即责任行政。党和国家高度重视依法行政。党的十五大把依法治国确定为基本治国方略。九届全国人大二次会议将依法治国写入了《宪法》。1999年11月,国务院做出了关于全面推进依法行政的决定。…     

海洋无证倾倒行政处罚自由裁量合理性应用研究

无证向海洋倾倒废弃物是一种严重破坏海洋行政管理秩序的违法行为。《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》（以下简称《海环法》）第七十三条规定：对于无证倾倒行为，应责令限期改正，并处3万～20万元的罚款。由于《海环法》赋予行政机关的自由裁量范围幅度和弹性较大，且因目前立法技术的限制，相关法律、法规也没有对具体处罚案件如何裁量作出细致的规定，从而对海洋行政主管部门如何准确把握合理尺度，兼顾公平和效率提出了新的要求。基于行政合法性原则、行政合理性原则，通过对海洋行政处罚自由裁量权的深入探讨，分析了行政处罚自由裁量权存在的合理性及其可能出现的负效应，提出了必须对自由裁量权进行适度控制的观点。依据相关法律精神，并结合东海区对无证倾倒行为实施行政处罚的多年实践，提出了无证倾倒自由裁量时应当考虑的要素，并在分析案例的基础上，确定了各参数之间的比例分配，最后推导出处罚金额的计算模式。由于文章所选用的案例不多，且在时间、地域上存在一定的局限性，加之未经过实践的检验，因此研究成果仅停留在理论层面。有关罚款计算数学模式的运用和推广，有待于今后通过广泛收集其他海区无证倾倒处罚案件样本进行完善。     

论渔业法之对影响渔业船舶适航行为的法律责任

渔船管理是渔业产业管理的重要内容，而船舶适航性是渔船正常运行的重要保证。我国现阶段渔业产业中出现的船舶事故频发，其中很多是不适航导致的。文章从我国渔业监管现状出发，结合《渔业法》及其相关法律对影响船舶适航行为法律责任的相关规定，分析违法行为构成要件，发现依然存在处罚手段单一、处罚力度不够等问题，针对存在的原因，从完善对相关违法行为的认定，加强行政监管，丰富处罚方式，提高行政处罚标准等措施出发提出完善建议，从而减少渔业安全事故，推动我国渔业健康发展。     

论渔业执法之当场处罚

在渔业行政执法活动中，当场处罚是渔业执法机关行使制裁权的重要方式之一，但对于渔业执法当场处罚制度的理解和认识尚存争议。文章在明确当场处罚的含义、原则和种类的基础上，分析渔业当场处罚的适用条件及相关程序的规定。并进一步探讨《中华人民共和国渔业法》及其相关涉渔执法法律、法规和规章中有关当场处罚的问题，分析渔业执法当场处罚制度与实践需求不匹配的情形与原因，最后对于发现的问题提出完善证据制度、明确法定依据、明确当场处罚的执法人数、明确渔业当场处罚的标准、完善渔业当场处罚的监督体系等建议。     

国外对海底电缆管道违法行为处罚对我国的启示 ——以新西兰和澳大利亚为例

近年来,随着海洋油气资源的大规模开发以及跨海电力和通信需求的增加,我国海底电缆管道建设得到迅速发展,近海海底电缆管道分布愈来愈密集,同时与之相关的违法行为也日益增多。目前,我国尚未出台海底电缆管道保护法,现有的处罚规定较为分散、模糊,且处罚力度小,甚至处罚规定之间存在混乱和矛盾的问题,导致难以对海底电缆管道违法行为实施有效打击。澳大利亚和新西兰作为海洋管理经验相对成熟的国家,对海底电缆管道的法律保护较为成熟,其中对海底电缆管道违法行为的处罚分类和方式等,有诸多值得我国学习之处。基于此,文章从违法行为处罚角度深入分析我国海底电缆管道管理与保护的相关制度现状,介绍新西兰和澳大利亚海底电缆管道法律制度概况及处罚规定的特点并与我国进行比较,为完善我国海底电缆管道违法行为的处罚规定和今后的海底电缆管道立法提出了在《中华人民共和国刑法》中增设破坏海底电缆管道罪;制定《海底电缆管道法》等建议。     

海洋行政执法的具体行政行为初探

海洋行政执法的具体行政行为是海洋执法机构为实现其海洋管理职能，以海洋行政执法机构的名义作出的产生行政法律后果的具体行政行为。从内容上讲可分为：海洋行政检查、海洋行政决定海洋行政处罚和海洋行政强制执行三个方面。一、海洋行政检查海洋执法机构为实现其管理职能、依法对管理相对人是否遵守有关海洋法律、法规和规章所进行的单方强制性了解的行政行为称作海洋行政检查。是实施海洋行政管理的重要手段，也是行政执法起始步骤。研究并把握海洋行政检查的特点、内容及规范等事项，具有重要的现实意义。海洋行政检查的目的在于了…     

重大海洋违法案件会审工作规则

为规范海洋行政处罚的设定和实施,保障各级海洋行政主管部门及其所属的海监机构有效实施行政处罚,自2003年3月1日起施行的《海洋行政处罚实施办法》建立了重大海洋违法案件会审制度。为贯彻实施该办法,进一步完善重大海洋违法案件会审工作程序,近日国家海洋局印发了《重大海洋违法案件会审工作规则》。该《规则》明确由中国海监各海区总队负责所管辖范围内的重大案件行政处罚会审工作,并对会审所做出的决定负责;规定对国家海洋局及其分局管辖的重大案件及沿海省(自治区、直辖市)海洋行政主管部门上报的重大案件,由海区总队具体组织会审。会审由海区总队负责人主持,分局海域管理、环境保护、综合部门(法制、涉外)及海区总队相关部门作为会审会议的成员单位,必须派代表参加会审会议。《规则》还就会审工作具体程序、审议内容、会审决定的作出及会审笔录的制作等作出了规定,并要求中国海监总队、各分局加强对重大案件会审工作的监督和指导。作为《海洋行政处罚实施办法》的重要配套文件之一,制定该《规则》的目的在于规范重大海洋违法案件会审工作程序,保证处罚决定定性准确、处罚适当、程序合法、提高违法案件查处工作效率。该《规则》的出台,对中国海监机构依法履行行政处罚职责,对有效查处重大海洋违法     

非法生产、进口和出口水产苗种的法律责任及其完善

为促进我国水产养殖业和水产品贸易的发展，文章梳理我国关于生产、进口和出口水产苗种的相关规定，分析对非法生产、进口和出口水产苗种进行处罚的原因和力度，并提出建议。研究结果表明：水产苗种是重要的渔业资源，具有自身特点和内在规律，我国以法律形式对生产、进口和出口水产苗种进行规定；我国对非法生产、进口和出口水产苗种进行处罚的法律规定较宽泛，建议以法律形式完善水产苗种检疫体系、完善水产苗种许可制度以及规定从轻或减轻处罚条款。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

A model of the dynamics of the ecosystem of the Sea of Azov

We use many-year archival observations of hydrologic and hydrobiologic state of the Sea of Azov for the identification of the structure of a model of its ecosystem. The ecosystem model, supplemented with expert estimates of bioresource consumption (fish reserve), contamination level, and possible ecologic fines for violation of the sea natural state, is formalized by the method of system dynamics. Hereat, the major part of influence functions is found in terms of observational data with application of self-organization algorithms. We also present the results of simulated experiments with the model of the ecosystem, which enable us to analyse scenarios of its behaviour under the influence of various external factors (wind, river discharge, water exchange with the Black Sea, etc.). Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.