以死亡度为人口损失标志的概率预测模型

在论述用死亡度来描述强震破坏合理性的基础上,利用与目前震害资料现状相一致的概率模型和相关资料,计算得到了中国各分区在未来不同时间发生不同死亡度的概率曲线;并以唐山地震震害得到的死亡度衰减关系,由现行的地震危险性分析模型,计算了华北北部（114°－117°E,39°－41°N）未来10年和50年超越概率10％死亡度的空间分布。     

地震灾害生命损失的时空强分布特征分析

本文简要地分析了全球和我国地震灾害造成人员死亡的历史资料状况，认为在公元１５００年之前可能漏记大量的地震灾害生命损失事件。对近一二百年的资料分析表明，地震灾害生命损失的时间和空间分布显示出不均匀的性质，它不仅与地震活动水平有关，还强烈地依赖于人口密度和建筑物的抗震性能；在历史的地震灾害事件中，人员死亡度与其累加频度之间满足ｌｏｇ∑＝Ａ－ＢＥ的统计关系，表明死亡人数较多的事件，发生次数较少。     

基于最大似然法的亚洲地震人口损失预测

亚洲是全球地震活动,特别是浅源地震活动最活跃的地区之一,由于亚洲大多数国家属于发展中国家,抗御地震的能力偏低,导致地震灾害十分严重。本文采用最大似然法,据亚洲9个国家历史上因各次地震死亡的人口资料,计算得到了各国不同时期因地震造成不同死亡度的概率曲线;另外,由各国每10年的人口统计资料,拟合得到各国人口的增长曲线。将历史上因各次强震的死亡人数归一到2010年人口的死亡数字,并以此数据给出了各国在考虑了人口增长情况下的因震人口损失预测结果。     

线性度方法在前兆观测数据分析处理中的应用

利用空间线性度方法，对前兆场中不同台站，不同学科的前兆观测数据从总体形态上进行综合分析，得到关于描述前兆场的新的特征量ａ（空间线性度）本文给出了空间线性度的具体计算方法，并以华北地区为例，分析处理了区内１９７０～１９９４年部分地电阻率和地下水位观测资料，所得结果表明，新的前兆特征量ａ在中强地震之前一年左右时间内有异常显示。     

可能地震时建筑物性状的评价准则

分析了各种不同强度地震时调查建筑物损失所累积的大量资料，查明，潜在损失取决于预防将要发生地震的措施的效率。在处理资料的基础上，根据地震影响编制了不同强度地震使建筑物遭破坏程度的分布。地震烈度为６￣１０度时建筑物会受到中度破坏。     

2014年鲁甸6.5级地震人员死亡原因调查及初步分析

研究了2014年鲁甸6.5级地震中人员死亡的耦合因子特征,通过收集人员死亡统计数据,整理分析极重灾区内(Ⅸ、Ⅷ度区)重要调查点的人员死亡原因及数量,结合现场房屋震害调查数据及地震地质灾害考察资料,总结房屋倒毁、房屋结构类型及比例、地震地质灾害对人员死亡的影响,并归纳出房屋结构类型及比例与地震人员死亡的相关性。     

地壳垂直形变散度场特征及其物理意义探讨

推导了用富里叶级数表示的地壳垂直形变场所产生的散度场公式，对华北地区３０年多的资料及河西地区近期资料进行了计算，绘制出各时间段的散度等值线图，并对该区地震活动的散度场背景进行了分析研究，得到如下认识：（１）在散度图像中正源区和负源区之间通常有散度密集带，零散度线恰好位于密集带；（２）散度密集带和地壳厚度变异带在分布上呈现一致性，且在多数情况下二者方向一致；（３）中强地震通常发生在地壳垂直形变散度场     

2001年4月22日阳江4.2级地震前部分地震波参数变化特征

应用广东数字遥测地震台网的数字化的地震形资料，研究阳江地震前，地震波波形时间线性度、平均半周期和地震波波形空间线性度等地震波参数变化特征。结果表明，震前半年时间内，上述地震波参数不同程度地出现下降异常。利用线性偏振度自动检测的P、S波初至具有可靠的精度，为广泛利用地震波参数预报地震提供了方便。     

单项形变,应变资料信息的提取方法

介绍了４种单项形变，应变资料信息提取方法，即多点组信息法，信息标准化方法，畸形参数法和信息丛集度法，按定义，μ值亦可归属多点相法，故对μ值法亦作介绍，这些方法提取出了新的信息，具有不同的新特点和应用范围，在实际应用中均初步取得了较好的效果。     

大震前地磁场时空间线性度变化的初步研究

把用来分析地震波波形的时间线性度和空间线性度两种方法，应用到地磁资料分析当中，具体分析处理了１９７６年７月２８日唐山Ｍｓ７．８地震和１９８９年１０月１９日大同Ｍｓ６．１地震前后地磁场资料，并对这两次地震前后地磁时空线性度变化情况进行了研究。所得结果表明：①较大地震前地磁场的时空线性度均可能呈现出较明显的下降异常变化，有些在震前回升，②各分量的时空线性度呈现异常的时间基本上同步，并与波速异常发展趋势基本相符。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

正~~     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.