包气带在干旱半干旱地区地下水补给研究中的应用

在干旱半干旱地区,包气带的溶质和同位素剖面不但可以提供较长时间尺度上的地下水补给信息,而且记录了过去气候变化与环境变化信息。本文基于学科组近10年的研究成果,以鄂尔多斯盆地为例（包括南部的黄土高原和北部的沙漠高原）,将包气带和饱和带结合起来,利用多种环境示踪技术,提升了包气带在干旱半干旱地区地下水研究中的潜力,并将其应用到地下水补给历史重建、地下水补给机制确定、植被变化对地下水补给影响评价和地下水污染物全过程示踪中。研究表明,由于在干旱半干旱地区,包气带较厚且补给量有限,地下水和现今的浅表水文过程未达到水力平衡,如在沙漠高原西部,近2 500 a降水尚储存在包气带13 m以浅,地下水是4 000 a以前补给的,其水化学特征与浅部包气带水差异巨大;而在黄土高原,补给量较大,但包气带巨厚,年降水仍需要几十到上百年时间入渗到地下水（但并不意味着没有补给,其土壤水在包气带中平均入渗速率为0.1~0.3 m·a-1）,包气带浅部溶质含量较深部和地下水中的高;典型黄土塬区的地下水均不含氚,地下水年龄在几百到上万年。黄土内部层状均匀的土壤质地特征和相对较老的地下水年龄揭示的均匀活塞流入渗是黄土塬区浅层地下水补给的主要方式。黄土高原退耕还林还草和沙漠区植被恢复导致地下水补给呈现不同程度的减少,反映在包气带上表现为溶质含量的增加,可用于定量化确定地下水补给量的变化。本文强化了包气带在干旱半干旱地区地下水补给研究中的作用,在未来地下水资源评价、地下水污染全过程刻画中应得到重视。     

干旱区包气带土壤水分运移及其对地下水补给研究进展

包气带是指地表到地下水之间垂直剖面中土壤孔隙没有被水充满、水分处于非饱和状态的区域,是地表水进入地下水的通道。包气带土壤水分运移过程不仅影响到地下水补给,而且与相邻景观之间存在水力联系。评述了干旱区包气带土壤水分运移模拟、地球化学示踪技术、地球物理技术在包气带土壤水分运移研究中的应用、影响包气带土壤水分运移及对地下水补给的因素、包气带水分运移对景观间水分交换的影响等方面的研究进展,提出在未来的研究中,应加强包气带土壤水分运移参数的试验观测及数据库建立、加强包气带土壤水分运移及其对地下水补给的研究,应借鉴地球关键带研究的思路,开展包气带土壤水分运移、溶质运移、地下水补给耦合研究。     

干旱区地下水补给与气候变化的包气带地球化学记录--以巴丹吉林沙漠为例

氯平衡原理在降雨极其稀少的干旱区研究地下水补给具有较强的适用性,与H、O稳定同位素及含水量在包气带垂向的变化相结合,能够准确地计算地下水的多年平均补给率.在巴丹吉林沙漠南缘的2个钻孔剖面分别记录了过去574 a(B1)和812 a(B2)以来的补给量变化过程及其所反映的气候波动特征,在该地区,多年降雨量为89 mm,而补给量平均仅为1.3 mm/a,从B2剖面完整的记录可以将800 a B P气候划分为4个干期和3 个湿期.1500～1530年是干旱区气候突变的时期,18世纪末至19世纪初是气候环境演化的又一个十分重要的时间界限,自此以后的漫长时间,干旱化进程进一步加剧.     

包气带硝酸盐分布的差异性及其形成机理:以正定、栾城为例

在地表等量氮输入条件下,包气带中硝酸盐含量分布是其抗污染能力的直接表征。阐明不同包气带中硝酸盐分布的差异并分析其成因对于评价下覆含水层的硝酸盐污染脆弱性、保护地下水资源免遭硝酸盐污染,具有重要意义。本文基于太行山山前冲洪积扇上栾城和正定两个16m深包气带硝酸盐含量数据,指出两个剖面上包气带中硝酸盐分布特征的差异性。分析研究区的施肥历史、大气降水的入渗补给强度及土壤有机质含量,认为包气带水分运移速度和反硝化能力是导致包气带硝酸盐分布差异的两个关键因素。在分析N同位素测试技术进步的基础上,指出利用同位素技术对包气带中的反硝化能力的定量化研究有望取得新进展。     

包气带土体生物地球化学特征与氮转化研究—以河北平原正定试验场剖面为例

为研究氮素的生物地球化学循环问题,通过对河北平原典型试验场贯穿包气带18．5m钻孔剖面土样的物理性质,地球化学指标,有机质含量的测试和微生物的培养鉴定,发现土体的氮素,可溶盐含量（TDS）,Cl^-含量以及微生物细菌的变化随深度不呈简单的线性分布。经分析认为,剖面中的粘性土层是生物的活性层,在氮素转化过程中起主导作用;剖面中多种指标的变化与地质结构呈良好 对应关系,反映环境演化的过程,同时表明,包气带存在着更多尚待提取的全球变化对比研究信息。     

中国北方岩溶地下水补给研究进展

地下水补给研究是进行地下水资源评价、制定水资源可持续利用方案、开展水资源管理的基础,也是建立地下水模型、进行环评的关键。从地下水补给量的评价方法、地下水补给的时空分布规律以及地下水补给的过程和机理等方面入手,综述了国内外有关地下水补给研究方面进展及发展趋势。同时,针对中国北方岩溶地区的岩溶发育特征和岩溶地下水赋存规律,对岩溶地下水的补给研究现状及存在的问题进行了阐述,分析了当前研究不足,并提出了如下建议:开展北方典型岩溶区入渗补给过程和机理研究,揭示不同地质条件和气候条件下的入渗补给机制;研究降水入渗补给系数的时空变化规律,探讨降水入渗补给系数的变值问题;开展碳酸盐岩裸露区巨厚层包气带的水文功能研究,加强入渗补给滞后性和有效入渗补给量确定方面的研究;探讨岩溶地区植树造林的水文效应。为中国北方岩溶区地下水补给定量化研究提供新的思路,为揭示岩溶区地下水补给机制和岩溶地下水可持续利用提供科学依据。     

利用环境示踪剂估算滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水天然补给

包气带是降水补给地下水的一个主要环节,是了解补给变化的地质信息载体。以滹沱河冲洪积扇河北省正定试验场包气带剖面为研究对象,利用环境示踪剂(氚和氯)方法,估算了该区地下水近三十多年来的天然补给强度。研究结果表明:近30年来天然降水平均补给强度约为0.089m/a,在天然条件下该区降水垂直运移速度约为0.6m/a,其变化趋势主要受降水量变化影响,并表现出一定的滞后性。     

试论洛川黄土塬区包气带水分的赋存与运移

当前在开发利用地下水的同时,包气带水分的赋存与运移问题及其对地下水的形成与补给作用,引起了人们的关注。大家知道,饱和带与包气带是地下水同一连续系统中的两个部分,二者不可分割。包气带中水分下渗,其数量与速率决定了地下水的储量与动态,反之,地下水的变化影响着包气带水分剖面及其运移条件。尤其是黄土地区特定的自然地理条件下,     

汉江上游全新世特大古洪水事件光释光测年研究

古洪水事件对中国古代文明的演变进程产生过重大影响,古洪水水文学研究是全球变化研究的前沿课题.通过野外深入考察,在汉江上游河谷阶地上,发现典型的全新世剖面中赋存古洪水滞流沉积层,记录了古洪水事件的气候水文信息.选择三个剖面系统采样,应用SAR法的Post-IR OSL技术对样品进行测年研究,获得了14个OSL年龄数据.结合样品的粒度成分和磁化率等气候替代指标测定分析,获得了全新世洪水事件与气候变化关系的记录.证明在距今9.5~8.5 ka和3.2~2.8 ka前,汉江上游经历了2个特大洪水期.该流域黄土—古土壤剖面记录了全新世早期气温回升增湿的气候,由于大气波动失稳,出现了9~8 ka前的全球降温事件;中期土壤成壤强烈,记录了温暖湿润的气候;晚期形成的现代黄土和表土层,记录了相对干旱的气候.由此揭示了在全新世早期气候波动失稳和中期向晚期过渡的气候转折时期,气候变化剧烈,降水变率增大,是导致特大古洪水事件频发的主要原因,这也是该区域气候水文事件对全球气候变化响应规律的具体表现.     

新疆三工河流域厚层包气带区地下水垂向补给量的厘定

通过对荒漠区荒地、绿洲区耕地及摞荒地厚层包气带剖面土壤水的含水率、易溶盐离子及稳定同位素(δD、δ18O)的测定和分析,对厚层包气带区土壤水的补给来源及地下水的垂向补给量进行了厘定。结果表明:荒漠区荒地、绿洲区耕地与摞荒地土壤含水率、易溶盐中氯离子与土壤水氢氧同位素在垂向上均呈现旋回变化,每个旋回经历了一次新水入渗补给的过程。绿洲区土壤水与荒漠区土壤补给水中的δD值为-124.10‰~-94.44‰,土壤补给水来源于冬季大气降水或降雪的入渗补给。绿洲内耕地区、摞荒地区及荒漠区地下水垂向入渗补给量分别为1.29~5.53 mm/a、0.52~1.85 mm/a及0.03~0.08 mm/a。     

Groundwater recharge estimation using chloride,stable isotopes and tritium profiles in the sands of northwestern Senegal

A study of environmental chloride, deuterium, oxygen-18, and tritium in deep sand profiles (35 m) has been carried out in order to estimate their relative value for measuring average groundwater recharge. The investigation was located at a 0.1-km² site in Quaternary sands near the northwestern coast of Senegal in a zone of rainfed agriculture. By using a steady-state model for duplicate unsaturated zone chloride profiles, the long-term average recharge at the site was estimated to be 30 mm yr^–1 or around 10% of the average precipitation (290 mm). The chloride concentration of adjacent shallow groundwater was relatively uniform and comparable to the unsaturated zone average, while the spatial variability in the depth distribution of Cl^– in the unsaturated zone was considerable. Stable isotope (deuterium and oxygen-18) data show that there is some isotopic enrichment due to direct evaporation through the soil surface. The degree of heavy isotope enrichment is proportional to the extent of evaporative loss and there is good correspondance with the chloride enrichment. Nevertheless, stable isotopes cannot be used quantitatively to estimate the recharge. The excellent preservation of the peak in thermonuclear tritium in precipitation in the unsaturated zone at depths between 12 and 20 m enables an estimated annual recharge of 24 mm yr^–1 in this area to be calculated, using the piston flow model. Agreement therefore between Cl and³H as tools for recharge measurement is reasonable over the site.     

Geochemistry of sediment moisture in the Badain Jaran desert: Implications of recent environmental changes and water-rock interaction

Unsaturated zone pore water has the potential to record history of recharge, palaeoenvironment, pollution movement and water-rock interaction as it percolates through and moves towards the water table. In this study, two 6-m cores from the Badain Jaran desert (NW China) were collected to explore this potential using directly extracted moisture. Pore waters in these unsaturated zone sediments (1–5% moisture by wet weight) were directly extracted using immiscible liquid displacement and then analysed for major anions, cations and trace elements. Results show enrichment in pore water chemistry in the top 1–2 m where strong temperature and moisture fluxes occur. The enrichment in cations relative to chloride is primarily due to silicate mineral dissolution during infiltration. High nitrate and low iron concentrations indicate the overall oxidizing environment, which allows the mobility of oxyanions, such as uranium, arsenic and chromium. The trace elements show enrichment in the upper zone of fluctuation where chemical gradients are strong, but with lesser reaction lower in the profile. The calculated groundwater recharge rates using the chloride mass balance are negligible in this arid region between 1.5 and 3.0 mm/year. The modern rainfall infiltration signature contrasts with that of the underlying groundwater body, which has a distant, regional recharge signature.This reconnaissance study demonstrates the potential for a new geochemical approach to studying geochemical processes in the unsaturated sediments in semi-arid environments due to both natural and human influences. The use of directly extracted water, rather than extraction by dilution (elutriation), facilitates an improved understanding of hydrological and geochemical processes in the unsaturated zone and into the capillary fringe at the water table, because it avoids potential chemical changes induced during elutriation.     

Groundwater and lake evolution in the Badain Jaran Desert ecosystem, Inner Mongolia

The amount and timing of aquifer recharge and the evolution of lakes and groundwater in the south-eastern Badain Jaran desert of Inner Mongolia, with high megadunes, has been investigated using stable isotopes and hydrochemistry. Unsaturated zone moisture profiles down to 22 m have recorded recharge over 1185 years. Small but finite amounts of recharge are recorded with mean recharge rates of 0.95-1.33 mm year^?1, determined using a chloride mass balance technique. The unsaturated profile also acts as a unique archive of hydrological and climate change. Before 1300, it was relatively dry but distinct wet periods may be recognised during 1340-1450, 1500-1610 and 1710-1820. Since the mid 1800s, the climate shows a trend towards greater aridity. The interdune lakes are generally fresh but locally, hypersaline lakes are found in juxtaposition. This implies that in general, the lakes have low residence times and flow back into the dune system, but sedimentary obstruction locally prevents outflow and extreme evaporation occurs. The stable isotope records show that the lakes are fed by palaeowaters which on the basis of other proxy data must predate the Last Glacial Maximum. Their recharge source is problematic but most likely this derives from a diminishing water table extending some 30 m south to the Yabulai Mountains.     

Estimating groundwater recharge in a cold desert environment in northern China using chloride

Understanding sources and rates of recharge to the Badain Jaran Desert in northern China is important for assessing sustainability of the area’s oasis lake ecosystem and its water resources in general. For this purpose, direct recharge was investigated with the chloride mass balance method for 18 unsaturated zone profiles (6–16 m depth). Spatial variability is low across the area (range in mean Cl in profiles: 62–164 mg/L Cl), largely attributable to the uniformity of sandy unsaturated zone conditions. No strong correlations between environmental factors of profile locations and recharge rates were found, though a weak relationship between recharge and vegetation density was suggested. The study area’s complex dune morphology appears to have no measurable impact on recharge variability. Mean estimated diffuse recharge is 1.4 mm/year (1.0–3.6 mm/year for 95% confidence level), approximately 1.7% of mean annual precipitation. Temporal fluctuations in recharge due to climate variability are apparent and there is good correspondence in temporal trends over a time span of 200–300 years. Water balance considerations indicate that direct recharge is insufficient to support the numerous perennial lakes in the study area, suggesting that diffuse recharge presently plays a minor role in the overall water balance of the desert’s shallow Quaternary aquifer.     

确定干旱—半干旱地区降水入渗补给量的新方法——氯离子示踪法

在干旱－半干旱地区由于入渗水分大部分滞留在包气带中，强烈地蒸发、蒸作用导致包气带中土壤水的氯离子浓度改变。氯离子示踪方法从质量守恒角度，通过比较土壤水分的氯离子浓度和降水输入的氯离子浓度大小，可以定量确定降水入渗量和降水入渗补给的历史变化过程。本文介绍了目前国外应用较普遍的氯离子均衡法和氯离子累积法，并讨论了方法应用时存在的一些问题。     

A 70-year groundwater recharge record from sandy loess in northwestern China and its climatic implications

The processes and rates of groundwater recharge in arid and semiarid environments are highly related to local climate parameters, particularly precipitation. The chloride profile of an unsaturated zone in an arid and semiarid region can be used to infer the recharge history and past changes in climate, by extension. In this study, a 17-m chloride profile was collected from the sandy loess in the northwestern Chinese Loess Plateau, which also lies in the transition zone between desert and loess. A 71-year groundwater recharge history was reconstructed using the chloride mass balance method with an annual Cl^? input of 0.84 g/m²/year. The reconstructed history revealed a long-term decline in recharge with multiple shorter-term oscillations. Five recharge stages between 1938–1946, 1947–1955, 1956–1975, 1976–2000, and 2001–2008 AD were identified, where the lowest average recharge value was 25.1 mm/a in 1976–2000 AD and the highest was 71.7 mm/a in 1947–1955 AD. Climate conditions during these five periods were also inferred based on the reconstructed recharge rates with the knowledge that high recharge corresponds to more humid climates. The climate over the past 71 years generally became drier in the study area, despite some fluctuations. The reconstructed recharge rates, calculated from 1/Cl^? in the profile, exhibited the same variability as annual precipitation measured in the region, both in long- and short-term oscillations over the period from 1955 to 2008. The chloride concentration variations in the profile, indicating changes in recharge flux, also well correlated with annual precipitation anomalies in the region to the east of 100°E in China for the whole study period. These comparisons verified that it is feasible to study not only groundwater recharge, but also past climate change using a chloride profile from the sandy loess area. The results suggested that unsaturated zones of sandy loess may be valuable archives for reconstructing recharge history and regional paleoclimate changes in the region.     

Study of evaporation and recharge in desert soil using environmental tracers, New Mexico, USA

 The purpose of this study is to investigate the rates and mechanisms of recharge and evaporation in soils of a desert environment using two environmental tracers (chloride and oxygen-18). The profiles of chloride concentration and oxygen-18 enrichment in soil-water, together with the depth distribution of water content in soil, reveal information about long-term recharge and instantaneous evaporation processes without needing to know the physical properties of the soil. Three holes were hand-augured, in different desert settings in southeastern New Mexico. The chloride concentration profiles were used, with the chloride mass balance method, to estimate long-term recharge rates in these three holes as 0.5, 0.8, and 2.4 mm yr^–1. Analysis using a bimodal flow and transport model shows that possibly 85% of the recharge occurs via movement of water through preferred pathways in the root zone. Preferential flow was evident in all three sampling sites. Clay layers have a noticeable effect on the development of water content distribution and thus on oxygen-18 enrichment and chloride concentration profiles. The spatial variation in clay layering partly explains the variation in recharge rate estimates. Received: 13 October 1995 · Accepted: 15 November 1995     

乍得湖盆地典型区域降雨入渗补给地下水试验

针对尼日利亚北部乍得湖盆地降雨入渗补给地下水的问题,选择典型区域开展土壤剖面取样工作,采用氯离子平衡法计算各剖面降雨入渗补给量,并结合野外调查、钻探等工作研究影响降雨入渗补给的主要因素。结果表明：4个取样点（Y₁、Y₂、Y₃、Y₄）土壤剖面年平均降雨入渗补给量分别为4.9、1.5、7.9、26.2 mm/a,平均值为10.1 mm/a,年平均降雨入渗补给率仅为0.72%、0.22%、1.17%、3.87%,平均值为1.49%;研究区降雨入渗补给量很少,降雨对地下水资源的补给有限,地下水的主要补给来源为Hadejia河;研究区蒸散发量大,植物根系发达、吸水能力强,地表入渗水分多在表层土壤中或泥质层与风积砂层交界面上消耗于蒸发蒸腾,最终散失到大气中。在人类活动严重改变Hadejia河水文情势的背景下,研究区这种独特的地下水补给特征导致地下水位快速下降,使得区内正面临较严重的地下水资源枯竭问题。     

Review: Environmental tracers in arid-zone hydrology

Application of environmental tracers to arid-zone hydrology over the past several decades is reviewed, with particular reference to the Australian continent. Some notable successes in the application of stable and radio-isotopes include identifying arid-zone groundwater as palaeowaters, understanding the importance of episodicity and of large flood events to recharge, and delineating sources of water to vegetation. Estimating the rates of recharge and discharge have relied to a large extent on chloride and tritium profiles in the unsaturated zone, while radiocarbon and chlorine-36 are used to estimate horizontal flow rates. A number of new research opportunities are suggested. Improved understanding of processes that modify isotopic signatures at the interface zones such as the upper 5?m of the soil zone, the capillary zone, and the discharge zone, are needed to better quantify water fluxes across these zones. Furthermore, linkages between the atmosphere-soil-water-vegetation continuum although qualitatively understood, elude quantitative transfer to a scale commensurate with basin-scale groundwater management. The new generation of improved and more robust stable isotope and radiometric dating techniques, will be invaluable in advancing the science and its application to better management of meagre water resources in dry parts of the world.