http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987113000790

The Heilangou gold deposit is located in the northern QixiaePenglai gold belt, which is one amongst the three large gold belts in the eastern Shandong Province （Jiaodong Peninsula）. The ore body has formed within the Guojialing granite. In this study, we report the mineral chemistry of pyrite, as well as the S, Pb, and HeO isotope data of the Heilangou gold deposit. The chemical composition of pyrite in the Heilangou gold deposit indicates that the associated gold deposit is a typical magmatic hydrothermal one. The geochemical signatures and crystal structure of pyrite show that the ore-forming materials have been derived from the crust. The S isotope data of the pyrites from Heilangou show an overall range from 5.5 to 7.8＆amp;and an average of 6.7＆amp;. The S isotope data in this deposit are similar to those from the deposits in the Jiaodong gold belt. The Pb and S isotope variations are small in the Heilangou gold deposit. The 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb ratios are 17.4653e17.5958, 15.5105e15.5746 and 38.0749e38.4361, respec-tively. These data plot between the lower crust and the orogenic belt. The Pb isotope data in the Heilangou gold deposit are similar to those in the Linglong gold deposit. From the Qixia gold area （the Liukou and Majiayao gold deposits） to the MupingeRushan gold belt （Rushan gold deposit） to the ZhaoeYe gold belt （the Linglong, Sanshandao and Jiaojia gold deposits）, the 206Pb/204Pb ratios progressively increase. The DeO isotope data obtained from quartz separates suggest that the ore-forming fluid was similar to a mixture of magmatic and meteoric waters. These results suggest that the ore-forming elements were primarily from source fluids derived from the lower crust.     

Nature and source of the ore-forming fluids associated with orogenic gold deposits in the Dharwar Craton

Neoarchean orogenic gold deposits, associated with the greenstone-granite milieus in the Dharwar Craton include(1) the famous Kolar mine and the world class Hutti deposit;(2) small mines at HiraBuddini, Uti, Ajjanahalli, and Guddadarangavanahalli;(3) prospects at Jonnagiri; and(4) old mining camps in the Gadag and Ramagiri-Penakacherla belts. The existing diametric views on the source of ore fluid for formation of these deposits include fluids exsolved from granitic melts and extracted by metamorphic devolatilization of the greenstone sequences. Lode gold mineralization occurs in structurally controlled higher order splays in variety of host rocks such as mafic/felsic greenstones, banded iron formations, volcaniclastic rocks and granitoids. Estimated metamorphic conditions of the greenstones vary from lower greenschist facies to mid-amphibolite facies and mineralizations in all the camps are associated with distinct hydrothermal alterations. Fluid inclusion microthermometric and Raman spectroscopic studies document low salinity aqueous-gaseous(H_2O + CO_2 ± CH_4 + NaCl) ore fluids,which precipitated gold and altered the host rocks in a narrow P-T window of 0.7-2.5 kbar and 215-320℃. While the calculated fluid O-and C-isotopic values are ambiguous, S-isotopic compositions of pyrite-precipitating fluid show distinct craton-scale uniformity in terms of its reduced nature and a suggested crustal sulfur source.Available ages on greenstone metamorphism, granitoid plutonism and mineralization in the Hutti Belt are tantamount, making a geochronology-based resolution of the existing debate on the metamorphic vs.magmatic fluid source impossible. In contrast, tourmaline geochemistry suggests involvement of single fluid in formation of gold mineralization, primarily derived by metamorphic devolatilization of mafic greenstones and interlayered sedimentary rocks, with minor magmatic contributions. Similarly, compositions of scheelite, pyrite and arsenopyrite point toward operation of fault-valves that caused pressure fluctuation-induced fluid phase separation, which acted as the dominant process of gold precipitation,apart from fluid-rock sulfidation reactions. Therefore, results from geochemistry of hydrothermal minerals and those from fluid inclusion microthermometry corroborate in constraining source of ore fluid,nature of gold transport(by Au-bisulfide complex) and mechanism of gold ore formation in the Dharwar Craton.     

湘西桂东一带金矿地球化学研究

Six elemental groups in the gold deposits in the study region have been distinguished:( 1 ) tungsten-antimony-gold; (2) tungsten-gold; (3) antimony-gold; (4) lead-zinosilvergold; (5) uranium-silver-gold; (6) simple gold. Discussed in the present paper are the distribution, source, mineralization, migration and concentration of gold. The resuhs show that the ore-controlling strata or source beds related to gold deposits all show high background values of gold; the gold and other associated ore-forming dements are obviously derived from the country rocks. Mineralization is related chiefly to regional metamorphism in the ore-controlling strata, or alkali-pervasing metasomatism. During metamorphism in the orecontrolling strata, gold was released into solutions, and then transported and deposited in some localities. Gold carried in hydrothermal solutions occurs mainly in the form of Na[Au(SH)2]. Native gold or electrum were precipitated from the ore solutions and concen.trated into ore deposits with the decrease of T, pH and fO2.     

Laumontitization as an Exploration Indicator of Epithermal Gold Deposits： A Case Study of the Axi and Other Epithermal Systems in West Tianshan, China

In the light of field investigation, microscopic study, X-ray phase analysis and mineral infrared spectral analysis, it is considered that laumontitization is of extensive occurrence in the Axi gold orefield. The development of laumontitization and its relationship to mineralization show that the laumontitization appeared mainly at the top of and in the periphery of orebodies, and occurred at the edge of the epithermal system or at the late stage of epithermal system evolution. Therefore, laumontitization can be used as an exploration indicator of epithermal gold deposits. The fluids responsible for laumontitization in the Axi gold orefield are similar to those producing hot spring-type gold deposits or those from modem geothermal fields. Epithermal mineralization of the Axi gold deposit was dated at Carboniferous, indicating that the West Tianshan of China is a region favorable to epithermal-type gold mineralization and preservation. Hence the West Tianshan of China is a target area for exploring epithermal gold deposits.     

Structural geometry of orogenic gold deposits: Implications for exploration of world-class and giant deposits

With very few exceptions, orogenic gold deposits formed in subduction-related tectonic settings in accretionary to collisional orogenic belts from Archean to Tertiary times. Their genesis, including metal and fluid source, fluid pathways, depositional mechanisms, and timing relative to regional structural and metamorphic events, continues to be controversial. However, there is now general agreement that these deposits formed from metamorphic fluids, either from metamorphism of intra-basinal rock sequences or de-volatilization of a subducted sediment wedge, during a change from a compressional to transpressional, less commonly transtensional, stress regime, prior to orogenic collapse. In the case of Archean and Paleoproterozoic deposits, the formation of orogenic gold deposits was one of the last events prior to cratonization. The late timing of orogenic gold deposits within the structural evolution of the host orogen implies that any earlier structures may be mineralized and that the current structural geometry of the gold deposits is equivalent to that at the time of their formation provided that there has been no significant post-gold orogenic overprint. Within the host volcano-sedimentary sequences at the province scale, world-class orogenic gold deposits are most commonly located in second-order structures adjacent to crustal scale faults and shear zones, representing the first-order ore-forming fluid pathways, and whose deep lithospheric connection is marked by lamprophyre intrusions which, however, have no direct genetic association with gold deposition. More specifically, the gold deposits are located adjacent to ～10°-25° district-scale jogs in these crustal-scale faults. These jogs are commonly the site of arrays of ～70° cross faults that accommodate the bending of the more rigid components, for example volcanic rocks and intrusive sills, of the host belts. Rotation of blocks between these accommodation faults causes failure of more competent units and/or reactivation and dilation of pre-existing structures, leading to deposit-scale focussing of ore-fluid and gold deposition.Anticlinal or antiformal fold hinges, particularly those of 'locked-up' folds with ～30° apical angles and overturned back limbs, represent sites of brittle-ductile rock failure and provide one of the more robust parameters for location of orogenic gold deposits.In orogenic belts with abundant pre-gold granitic intrusions, particularly Precambrian granitegreenstone terranes, the boundaries between the rigid granitic bodies and more ductile greenstone sequences are commonly sites of heterogeneous stress and inhomogeneous strain. Thus, contacts between granitic intrusions and volcano-sedimentary sequences are common sites of ore-fluid infiltration and gold deposition. For orogenic gold deposits at deeper crustal levels, ore-forming fluids are commonly focused along strain gradients between more compressional zones where volcano-sedimentary sequences are thinned and relatively more extensional zones where they are thickened. World-class orogenic gold deposits are commonly located in the deformed volcano-sedimentary sequences in such strain gradients adjacent to triple-point junctions defined by the granitic intrusions, or along the zones of assembly of micro-blocks on a regional scale. These repetitive province to district-scale geometrical patterns of structures within the orogenic belts are clearly critical parameters in geology-based exploration targeting for orogenic gold deposits.     

Intrusion-related Gold Deposits in Egypt

Intrusion-related gold deposits(IRGDs) occur in the Eastern Desert(ED) of Egypt within magmatic districts that are exploited for tungsten and tin mineralization. IRGDs and intrusion-related rare metal deposits(IRRMDs) are almost invariably linked with the late to post collisional Younger Granites(YGs) that have three successive phases(I, II and III). At ～635–630 Ma, the ED underwent a transition in deformation style from compressional to extensional and a switch from subduction with crustal thickening to delamination with crustal thinning. This transition was concurrent with the emplacement of a short magmatic pulse(～635–630 Ma) that represents a transition between orogenic gold deposits and IRGDs. K-rich calc alkaline granites(phase I and II of the YGs) hosting IRGDs like the Hangalia deposit were emplaced during the time span 630–610 Ma. Alkaline magmatism began at 610 Ma, coexisting with the K-rich calc-alkaline magmatism over the 610–590 Ma time span, where the Fawakhir(598 ± 3 Ma) and Um Had(596 ± 2 Ma) granites that host the IRGDs were emplaced. In time, the alkaline magmatism became more alkaline giving rise to phase III of the YGs that hosts IRRMDs. A distinct metallogenic epoch comprising both IRGDs and IRRMDs, was undergoing extreme growth at ～600 Ma.     

Genesis of the Ciemas Gold Deposit and Relationship with Epithermal Deposits in West Java, Indonesia: Constraints from Fluid Inclusions and Stable Isotopes

The Ciemas gold deposit is located in West Java of Indonesia,which is a Cenozoic magmatism belt resulting from the Indo-Australian plate subducting under the Eurasian plate.Two different volcanic rock belts and associated epithermal deposits are distributed in West Java:the younger late Miocene-Pliocene magmatic belt generated the Pliocene-Pleistocene epithermal deposits,while the older late Eocene-early Miocene magmatic belt generated the Miocene epithermal deposits.To constrain the physico-chemical conditions and the origin of the ore fluid in Ciemas,a detailed study of ore petrography,fluid inclusions,laser Raman spectroscopy,oxygen-hydrogen isotopes for quartz was conducted.The results show that hydrothermal pyrite and quartz are widespread,hydrothermal alteration is well developed,and that leaching structures such as vuggy rocks and extension structures such as comb quartz are common.Fluid inclusions in quartz are mainly liquid-rich two phase inclusions,with fluid compositions in the NaCl-H20 fluid system,and contain no or little CO_2.Their homogenization temperatures cluster around 240℃-320℃,the salinities lie in the range of 14-17 wt.%NaCl equiv,and the calculated fluid densities are 0.65-1.00 g/cm~3.The values of δ~(18)O_(H2O-VSMOW)for quartz range from +5.5‰ to +7.7‰,the δD_(VSMOW) of fluid inclusions in quartz ranges from-70‰ to-115‰.All of these data indicate that mixing of magmatic fluid with meteoric water resulted in the formation of the Ciemas deposit.A comparison among gold deposits of West Java suggests that Miocene epithermal ore deposits in the southernmost part of West Java were more affected by magmatic fluids and exhibit a higher degree of sulfldation than those of Pliocene-Pleistocene.     

铜陵狮子山铜金矿田成矿流体成分及稳定同位素地球化学

Shizishan ore-field is a nonferrous and noble metal ore-field which is most rich in copper and gold.There are many types of fluid inclusions in minerals of the deposits.The homogeneous temperatures and the salinities of the fluid inclusions in main mineralization stages have wide ranges,while the different types of the fluid inclusions existed together and their homogeneous temperatures are almost identical in the same mineralization stage,which indicates that the ore-forming process has great relation with the fluid boiling.The gas and liquid chemical compositions and the carbon,hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of the fluid inclusions show that the ore-forming fluids of copper-gold deposits have the same characteristics and evolution tendency,which reflects that the ore-forming material mainly came from the magmatism.The stratigraphic component and the meteoric water may mix in ore- forming fluids in the later mineralization stages.Furthermore,with the fall of the ore-forming temperature the ratios of water and rock decreased.The characteristics of chemical composition and carbon isotopic composition of fluid inclusions indicate that CH4 may play an important role for separating copper and gold in the ore-forming process.     

Genesis of the Wulong gold deposit,Liaoning Province,NE China:Constrains from noble gases,radiogenic and stable isotope studies

TheWulong lode deposit contains over 80 tonnes of gold with an average grade of 5.35 g/t.It is one of the largest deposits in Dandong City,Liaoning Province in northeast China.Previous studies on the deposit focused on its geological characteristics,geochemistry,fluid inclusions,and the timing of gold mineralization.However,controversy remains regarding the origin of the ore-forming fluids and metals,and the genesis of the gold deposit.This paper presents zircon UePb and pyrite RbeSr ages and S,Pb,He,and Ar isotopic results along with quartz H and O isotopic data for all litho-units associated with the deposit.Laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry measurements yielded zircon UePb dates for samples of pre-mineralization rocks like granite porphyry dike,the Sanguliu granodiorite,fine-grained diorite,and syn-mineralization diorite,as well as post-mineralization dolerite,and lamprophyre;their emplacement ages are 126
1 Ma,124
1 Ma,123
1 Ma,120
1 Ma,119
2 Ma,and 115
2 Ma,respectively.The pyrite RbeSr isochron age is 119
1 Ma,indicating that both magmatism and mineralization occurred during the Early Cretaceous.The d18OH2O values of ore-forming hydrothermal fluids from the quartzepolymetallic sulfide vein stage vary from 4.8&to 6.5&,and the dDV-SMOW values are between67.7&and75.9&,indicating that the ore-forming fluids were primarily magmatic.The noble gas isotope compositions of fluid inclusions hosted in pyrite suggest that the ore-forming fluids were dominantly derived from crustal sources with minor mantle input.Sulfur isotopic values of pyrite vary between 0.2&and 3.5&,suggesting that S was derived from a homogeneous magmatic source or possibly from fluids derived from the crust.The Pb isotopic compositions of sulfides(207Pb/204Pb?15.51 e15.71,206Pb/204Pb?17.35e18.75,208Pb/204Pb?38.27e40.03)indicate that the Pb of the Wulong gold deposit is a mixture of crust and mantle components.Geochronological and geochemical data,together with the regional geological history,indicate that Early Cretaceous magmatism and mineralization of the Wulong gold deposit occurred during the rollback of the subducting Paleo-Pacific Plate,which resulted in lithospheric thinning and the destruction of the North China Craton(NCC),which indicates that the deposit is of magmaticehydrothermal origin.     

Enrichment of Platinum-group Elements (PGE) and Re-Os Isotopic Tracing for Porphyry Copper (Gold) Deposits

Platinum-group elements （PGE） in PGE-rich porphyry copper （gold） deposits are mainly Pt and Pd, whereas the concentrations of other PGE （Ru, Rh, Os, Ir） are significantly low. Moreover, Pt and Pd mainly exist in sulfides in the forms of crystal lattice or tiny platinum-group mineral （PGM） inclusions. The present data show that there is a positive relationship between Pt and Pd concentrations and Cu （Au） in porphyry copper （gold） deposits. The comparison of chondrite-normalized PGE distribution patterns between the ore-bearing porphyry intrusions and ore-barren porphyry intrusions in arc setting, 187^Os/188^Os, 87^Sr/86^Sr and S isotopes for porphyry copper （gold） deposits shows that PGEs were mainly derived from the mantle, and fluids from subduction zones devoted trivial PGE to the magma. The porphyry copper （gold） deposits associated with subducted events are most probably enriched in PGE, whereas those related to crustal thickening, lithospheric delamination or underplating rarely concentrate PGE. The osmium isotopic compositions in porphyry copper （gold） deposits reveal that （187^Os/188^Os）i values are highly variable and not lower than those of primitive upper mantle （PUM） and mantle peridotite, however, osmium concentrations are commonly lower than mantle peridotite, suggesting that parental magmas of some porphyry intrusions had experienced crustal contamination during magma evolution. Experimental investigations have proved that PGE exist in the forms of Cl^- and HS^- complexes during transportation and migration of the oreforming fluids. This paper summarizes previous studies including crucial controlling factors and mechanisms for PGE enrichment, and points out that the mantle-derived magmas parental to porphyry intrusions are the prerequisite for PGE enrichment in porphyry copper （gold） deposits. Favorable physical and chemical conditions （including salinity, temperature, pressure, pH, and oxygen fugacity） in hydrothermal fluids crucially control the     

西秦岭夏河—合作地区与还原性侵入岩有关的金成矿系统及其动力学背景和勘查意义

西秦岭造山带是我国最重要的金成矿带之一。以往研究大多认为造山型金矿床和(类)卡林型金矿床是西秦岭主要的金矿床类型,并且两类金矿床的金成矿作用主要与造山过程中的区域变质作用有关,而与岩浆活动不存在直接的成因联系。位于西秦岭造山带西段的夏河—合作地区大面积出露花岗岩类侵入体,其周缘发育有富金的夕卡岩型铜(钨)矿床。近年来该地区新发现的多个大型—超大型石英脉型金矿床和微细粒浸染型金矿床都与中酸性侵入岩的空间关系紧密,暗示这些金矿床可能和岩浆活动有成因联系。论文在作者研究结果以及总结前人成果基础上,综述了夏河—合作地区典型金(铜)矿床的地质矿化特征、地球化学特征、时空分布特征,以及中酸性侵入岩的岩性特征、形成时代和演化过程。年代学研究结果显示,夏河—合作地区的早子沟微细粒浸染型金矿床、德乌鲁夕卡岩型金(铜)矿床和老豆石英脉型金矿床均形成于250~240 Ma,与邻近的早中三叠世花岗闪长质石英闪长质侵入岩近于同时形成。拉布在卡等石英脉型金矿床略晚于区内中三叠世末期侵位的闪长玢岩脉(约230~225 Ma)形成。H、O、S、C、B、Pb等多种同位素地球化学特征指示该地区早中三叠世金矿床的成矿热液均为岩浆来源,并且显示低氧逸度的特征。早中三叠世中酸性侵入岩的还原性钛铁矿系列花岗岩类特征,以及同时代的多种金矿化类型和成矿分带性,表明夏河—合作地区在早中三叠世(约250~230 Ma)多期次侵位的钛铁矿系列I型中酸性岩浆是金成矿作用的成矿流体和成矿物质的主要来源,其中与250~240 Ma多期金成矿事件有关的准铝质弱过铝质、高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩类侵入岩均经历了幔源基性熔体和壳源酸性熔体的岩浆混合作用,而与约230 Ma的金成矿作用有关的闪长质岩浆岩则可能指示了更多幔源基性熔体的加入。与金(铜)成矿有关的早中三叠世还原性中酸性岩是在古特提斯洋俯冲过程中局部弧后伸展条件下交代富集地幔楔部分熔融形成的基性岩浆与壳源酸性岩浆混合作用的产物。夏河—合作地区形成于早中三叠世的夕卡岩型、电气石石英脉型、石英方解石脉型和微细粒浸染型金矿床共同构成了一个与还原性侵入岩有关的金成矿系统。夏河—合作地区与还原性侵入岩有关的金成矿系统的发现,丰富了西秦岭造山带区域成矿作用的类型,并为西秦岭西段其他早中三叠世岩浆岩分布区(如青海同仁地区)的金矿勘查工作提供了新的思想和方向。     

江南造山带中段正冲金矿矿床成因:来自流体包裹体和黄铁矿微量元素的证据

江南造山带上产出有大量金矿,但其成因存在争议,为厘清其成因,对该造山带上的正冲金矿床中的黄铁矿进行了LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析和流体包裹体研究。结果显示,正冲金矿的流体包裹体有含CO2包裹体、富CO2包裹体和水溶液包裹体,其中富CO2包裹体与水溶液包裹体共存,具有相似的均一温度,但盐度不同,说明流体不混溶可能导致了金的沉淀;正冲金矿不同阶段黄铁矿中的Au与As、Ag、Zn等有协同变化趋势,而Co/Ni<1,说明含金黄铁矿来源于沉积岩。将正冲金矿黄铁矿的微量元素特征与沉积、变质、浅成低温热液环境中形成的黄铁矿的微量元素特征进行对比,发现其与变质低温热液形成的黄铁矿相似,认为其为变质热液成因。研究认为,正冲金矿是一个典型的造山型金矿,其成矿流体为变质流体。     

西秦岭地区金矿类型及其成矿作用

西秦岭地区是中国最重要的金矿矿集区之一,除产出少数夕卡岩型金矿床外,几乎所有的其他金矿床都可归并为造山型、卡林型和类卡林型3种类型。研究表明,西秦岭地区中生代花岗岩主要形成于中晚三叠世,而金矿成矿主要集中在晚三叠世,它们都是华北板块与华南板块碰撞导致的秦岭造山作用的产物。西秦岭地区造山型金矿床主要赋存在泥盆系和石炭系一套复杂的构造变形和区域变质的绿片岩相岩中,主要受北西西向脆韧性剪切带控制,成矿元素组合主要为Au-Ag。矿石中含有大量显微自然金、银金矿,明金可见。成矿流体主要为变质流体。由造山作用引起的强烈构造运动为成矿流体提供了运移通道,为矿质沉淀提供了有利的场所。虽然一些造山型金矿床与中酸性岩体相邻,但矿化与岩浆活动不具直接的成因关系。西秦岭地区卡林型金矿床主要产于轻微变质的寒武系至三叠系沉积岩中,明显受地层、岩性和构造控制。金矿床中的金以超显微金和存在于含砷黄铁矿与毒砂晶格中的固溶体金为主。成矿元素组合为Au-As-Hg-Sb-Ba。成矿流体由早期形成的地层水被后期大气降水补给活化形成,也有部分岩浆水或变质水的加入。在伸展背景下大气降水通过循环演化形成了较浅层次的流体系统,导致Au等成矿元素发生沉淀而形成浸染状矿石。西秦岭地区类卡林型金矿床主要产于浅变质沉积岩建造中,受脆韧性剪切带的控制,并形成于花岗岩岩体附近。与造山型、卡林型金矿床最大的不同之处在于,类卡林型金矿床的形成与同时期的岩浆活动有密切的成因关系。矿石中存在显微自然金,载金矿物主要为黄铁矿、含砷黄铁矿和碲化物。成矿热液主要是岩浆水与变质水、建造水的混合流体。与造山型金矿床类似,流体不混溶导致类卡林型金矿床的形成。     

Uniformity in sulfur isotope composition in the orogenic gold deposits from the Dharwar Craton,southern India

The sulfur isotope composition of sulfides (mainly pyrite and arsenopyrite) from gold deposits/prospects of the Dharwar Craton such as Hutti, Hira-Buddini, Uti, Kolar (Chigargunta), Ajjanahalli, and Jonnagiri has a narrow range (δ³⁴S = +1.1 to +7.1‰). Such craton-scale uniformity of the above gold camps is noteworthy, in spite of the wide diversity in host rock compositions and their metamorphic conditions, and suggests a magmatic or average crustal source of sulfur for all deposits studied. In addition, our study points towards gold precipitation from reduced ore fluids, with near-homogeneous sulfur isotope compositions.     

湖南铲子坪金矿床地质特征及成因

湖南铲子坪金矿床位于雪峰弧形构造带西南段,是雪峰-金山巨型弧形推覆剪切金锑钨成矿带的重要组成部分,形成于碰撞或后碰撞地质背景下的走滑和逆冲构造事件中。文章通过总结前人系统的硫、铅、氧、氢同位素地球化学特征及成矿时代的研究,并进行了成矿流体特征的研究,在此基础上探讨了铲子坪金矿的成矿物质来源。研究结果显示,铲子坪金矿床矿石略富轻硫,具典型的岩浆硫+变质岩混合硫源特征,铅为壳幔混合铅,主要来自造山带。成矿期流体包裹体均一温度范围主要为140~220℃和260~300℃,盐度w(NaCleq.)范围主要为4%~10%和20%~24%,具有两个阶段成矿的特征,成矿流体为中低温、中低盐度、H2O-CO2-NaCl流体体系,存在流体沸腾现象,成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水,同时有大气降水的加入。成矿物质和成矿流体的来源为地层变质岩叠加印支期的岩浆作用。通过综合分析,初步认为铲子坪金矿床与造山型金矿相似,但具有一定特殊性。     

造山型金矿研究进展:兼论中国造山型金成矿作用

造山型金矿指与大洋板块俯冲和陆块拼贴有关、产在汇聚板块边界变质地体内部或者边缘受韧-脆性断裂构造控制的,成矿流体以低盐度H2O-CO2-CH4为主要特征的,成矿深度(2~20 km)和温度(200~650℃)及其相应的蚀变矿化组合有较大变化的系列金矿床.造山型金矿形成与超大陆聚合时限具有一致性.由于围岩类型和控矿构造多样性、地球化学特征具有多解性、金属源区和演化的不确定性以及成矿就位和物质起源的空间差距,造山型金矿成因模式有以下两个主要观点.第一种为大陆地壳变质流体成因模式,认为造山型金矿形成于造山作用同变质阶段,并随岩石圈演化矿床的物质来源发生变化;富金流体的释放由上地壳岩石绿片岩相到角闪岩相的进变质作用导致,该过程中的黄铁矿向磁黄铁矿转变释放了大量的金,这种模式被广泛运用于赋存在绿片岩相中的显生宙造山型金矿.然而越来越多的实例证实造山型金矿主要形成于峰期变质的退变质阶段或者与区域变质没有任何关系,变质流体成因模式受到了强烈质疑;与大陆地壳变质模式相对立的是幔源流体模式,其认为流体起源于俯冲洋壳脱水或富集地幔再活化,不同时代和地区的成矿流体具有一致性;尽管该模式不符合传统的平衡条件下的相变原理,但是基于幔源流体的存在及其浅部运移的大量观测,初步认为成矿流体是在超临界和非平衡条件下完成了金属的幔→壳迁移.中国造山型金矿分布于江南造山带志留纪、天山-阿尔泰二叠纪、华北克拉通北缘三叠-侏罗纪、特提斯造山带二叠-侏罗纪、华南板块晚三叠世-侏罗纪、华北克拉通东南缘白垩纪、青藏高原及周缘古近纪等七大成矿带,主要受到了显生宙不同时代造山作用的控制,成矿时代晚于变质峰期,重要成矿带大型矿集区(胶东、哀牢山、扬子西缘)的实例解剖均支持幔源流体成因模式.     

西秦岭李坝金矿床地质、同位素地球化学及其成因探讨

李坝金矿床位于西秦岭造山带中的礼-岷矿集区内,赋矿围岩为泥盆系浅变质细碎屑岩,矿床产于中川岩体的外侧热接触变质带内,矿体主要受断裂破碎带控制。本文在李坝金矿床地质特征研究的基础上,对赋矿围岩、花岗斑岩岩脉、矿石硫化物进行了LA-MC-ICPMS原位微区硫同位素测试及化学溶样法分析,对不同地质体的铅同位素进行了系统测定与示踪,测定了成矿流体的氢-氧同位素组成,并对与矿体相伴产出花岗斑岩脉进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年。研究表明,李坝金矿床花岗斑岩脉中黄铁矿δ34S值范围为8.19‰~10.06‰,赋矿围岩中金属硫化物δ34S值范围为4.94‰~9.81‰,矿石硫化物的δ34S值范围为4.94‰~10.82‰,矿石硫化物的硫同位素组成与矿区花岗斑岩及赋矿围岩的硫同位素组成相似,暗示成矿流体中的硫源主要来自受改造或变质的地层岩石与岩浆热液硫的混合。不同地质体的铅同位素组成变化范围较小,在Zartman铅构造模式图解中,样品投影点均落于造山带与上地壳演化线附近,矿石铅投影点与赋矿围岩及矿区岩脉的投影点重合,表明矿石中的铅可能来源于赋矿围岩和岩浆作用的混合。氢-氧同位素研究表明,成矿流体可能为变质流体、岩浆流体及地层建造水的混合热流体。矿区花岗斑岩脉与矿体相伴产出,花岗斑岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为223 Ma,与金矿化时间一致,暗示成矿作用与岩浆活动同时发生。李坝金矿床与矿区岩浆岩同为造山作用的产物,并且其矿床地质特征、同位素地球化学特征与造山型金矿床相似,为形成于秦岭造山带由碰撞向伸展转变环境下成矿物质来源复杂的造山型金矿床。     

Intrusion–Related Vein Gold Deposits: Types, Tectono-Magmatic Settings and Difficulties of Distinction from Orogenic Gold Deposits

Abstract: A spectrum of intrusion-related vein gold deposits is recognized. Representative examples are described of the following geochemical associations: Au-Fe oxide–Cu, Au–Cu–Mo–Zn, Au–As–Pb–Zn–Cu, Au–Te–Pb–Zn–Cu and Au–As–Bi–Sb. The associated intrusions range from small outcropping stocks to complex batholiths. The different vein associations are believed to reflect the compositions of related intrusions, which themselves characterize distinct tectonic settings. The Au-Fe oxide–Cu and Au–Cu–Mo–Zn associations belong to two broad groups of deposits, Fe oxide–Cu–Au and porphyry Cu–Au, both of which are related to highly oxidized calc-alkaline intrusions emplaced in sub–duction–related arcs. The Au–As–Pb–Zn–Cu association seems to be linked to somewhat less oxidized intrusions emplaced in a similar setting. The Au–Te–Pb–Zn–Cu association, which possesses well-known epithermal counterparts, is also found with highly oxidized intrusions, but of alkaline composition and back-arc location. In contrast, the Au–As–Bi–Sb association, part of a newly recognized class of intrusion-hosted Au–Bi–W–As deposits, is related to relatively reduced intrusions, spanning the boundary between the magnetite– and ilmenite–series. Such intrusions, which may host major bulk-mineable gold deposits, were emplaced along the landward sides of arcs, possibly during lulls in subduction, as well as in continental collision settings. Therefore, a variety of geological environments is prospective for vein and, by extrapolation, other styles of gold mineralization, not all of them fully appreciated in the past. Several features of vein gold deposits, including imprecise relationships to individual intrusive phases, poorly developed mineral and metal zoning, apparent time gaps between intrusion and mineralization and presence of low–salinity, CO₂–rich fluid inclusions, are commonly taken to indicate a non-igneous origin and to be more typical of orogenic (mesothermal) gold deposits generated during accretionary tectonic events. However, several or all of these features apply equally to some intrusion– related vein gold deposits and, therefore, do not constitute distinguishing criteria. The currently popular assignment of most gold-rich veins to the orogenic category requires caution, because of the geological convergence that they show with some intrusion-related deposits. A proper distinction between intrusion-related and orogenic gold deposits is crucial for exploration planning.