西藏冈底斯-念靑唐古拉成矿带典型矿床硫化物Pb同位素特征——对成矿元素组合分带性的指示

冈底斯-念青唐古拉成矿带矿床成矿元素组合由南向北存在着Cu-Au、Cu-Mo向Pb-Zn-Cu-Fe、Pb-Zn过渡的变化规律,但引起该变化规律的原因目前少研究。本文通过对成矿带典型矿床Pb同位素特征较为系统的总结,并结合成矿年代学和区域构造演化研究成果,从成矿物质来源的角度对该分带性进行了初步探讨。研究表明成矿带由南到北成矿物质来源存在着差异:最南端Cu-Au矿床Pb同位素组成具幔源特征(207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb平均值分别为15.490和38.016),反映成矿物质来自于俯冲过程中的交代地幔楔;最北端的Pb-Zn矿床Pb同位素组成与念青唐古拉群基底片麻岩相近(207Pb/204Pb和208Pb/204Pb分别变化于15.641～15.738和38.976～39.362),反映成矿物质来自于基底片麻岩。Pb-Zn-Cu-Fe矿床Pb同位素组成介于幔源Pb和上地壳Pb之间,且具混合线特征,反映了同碰撞期成矿物质同时从俯冲板片和念青唐古拉基底片麻岩活化的混源模式;而Cu-Mo矿床不具混合线特征的造山带Pb同位素组成,反映了成矿物质来源于俯冲阶段楔形地幔部分熔融并底侵到地壳底部与地壳发生物质交换后所形成的新生下地壳源区。甲马Cu多金属矿床Pb同位素组成具幔源和造山带两个端元,推测除新生下地壳源区提供成矿物质外,叶巴组火山岩也提供了部分成矿物质。由南向北成矿物质来源的差异很大程度上与板片俯冲的"距离效应"有关,正是由于成矿物质来源的差异导致成矿带成矿元素分带性的形成。     

Geology and Geochemistry of the Bianbianshan Au‐Ag‐Cu‐Pb‐Zn Deposit,Southern Da Hinggan Mountains,Northeastern China

The Bianbianshan deposit, the unique gold-polymetal (Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn) veined deposit of the polymetal metallogenic belt of the southern segment of Da Hinggan Mountains mineral province, is located at the southern part of the Hercynian fold belt of the south segment of Da Hinggan Mountains mineral province, NE China. Ores at the Bianbianshan deposit occur within Cretaceous andesite and rhyolite in the form of gold-bearing quartz veins and veinlet groups containing native gold, electrum, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite. The deposit is hosted by structurally controlled faults associated with intense hydrothermal alteration. The typical alteration assemblage is sericite + chlorite + calcite + quartz, with an inner pyrite - sericite - quartz zone and an outer seicite - chlorite - calcite - epidote zone between orebodies and wall rocks. δ34 S values of 17 sulfides from ores changing from –1.67 to +0.49‰ with average of –0.49‰, are similar to δ34 S values of magmatic or igneous sulfide sulfur. 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/ 204Pb data of sulfide from ores range within 17.66–17.75, 15.50–15.60, and 37.64–38.00, respectively. These sulfur and lead isotope compositions imply that ore-forming materials might mainly originate from deep sources. H and O isotope study of quartz from ore-bearing veins indicate a mixed source of deep-seated magmatic water and shallower meteoric water. The ore formations resulted from a combination of hydrothermal fluid mixing and a structural setting favoring gold-polymetal deposition. Fluid mixing was possibly the key factor resulting in Au-Ag-Cu-Pb-Zn deposition in the deposit. The metallogenesis of the Bianbianshan deposit may have a relationship with the Cretaceous volcanic-subvolcanic magmatic activity, and formed during the late stage of the crust thinning of North China.     

Geology and Geochemistry of the Buerkesidai and Kuoerzhenkuola Gold Deposits in the Sawuershan Region, Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region, Northwest China

The Sawuershan region, one of the important gold metallogenic belts of Xinjiang, is located in the western part of the Kalatongke island arc zone of north Xinjiang, NW China. There are two gold deposits in mining, namely the Kuoerzhenkuola and the Buerkesidai deposits. Gold ores at the Kuoerzhenkuola deposit occur within Carboniferous andesite and volcanic breccias in the form of gold‐bearing quartz–pyrite veins and veinlet groups containing native gold, electrum, pyrite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. Gold ores at the Buerkesidai deposit occur within Carboniferous tuffaceous siltstones in the form of gold‐bearing quartz veinlet groups and altered rocks, with electrum, pyrite and arsenopyrite as major metallic minerals. Both gold deposits are hosted by structurally controlled faults associated with intense hydrothermal alteration. The typical alteration assemblage is sericite + chlorite + calcite + quartz, with an inner pyrite–sericite zone and an outer chlorite–calcite–epidote zone between orebodies and wall rocks. δ³⁴S values (0.3–1.3‰) of pyrite of ores from Kuoerzhenkuola deposit are similar to those (0.4–2.9‰) of pyrite of ores from Buerkesidai deposit. δ³⁴S values (1.1–2.8‰) of pyrite from altered rocks are similar to δ³⁴S values of magmatic or igneous sulfide sulfur, but higher than those from ores. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb data of sulfide from ores range within 17.72–18.56, 15.34–15.61, and 37.21–38.28, respectively. These sulfur and lead isotope compositions imply that ore‐forming materials might originate from multiple, mainly deep sources. He and Ar isotope study on fluid inclusions of pyrites from ores of Kuoerzhenkuola and Buerkesidai gold deposits produces ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar and ³He/⁴He ratios in the range of 282–525 and 0.6–9.4 R/Ra, respectively, indicating a mixed source of deep‐seated magmatic water (mantle fluid) and shallower meteoric water. In terms of tectonic setting, the gold deposits in the Sawuershan region can be interpreted as epithermal. These formations resulted from a combination of protracted volcanic activity, hydrothermal fluid mixing, and a structural setting favoring gold deposition. Fluid mixing was possibly the key factor resulting in Au deposition in the gold deposits in Sawuershan region.     

Source of metals in the Guocheng gold deposit,Jiaodong Peninsula,North China Craton: Link to early Cretaceous mafic magmatism originating from Paleoproterozoic metasomatized lithospheric mantle

Widespread Mesozoic Au and other hydrothermal polymetal (Zn–Pb–Cu–Mo–Ag–W–Fe–REE) deposits or smaller prospects occur in association with ancient mobile belts surrounding and cutting through the North China Carton (NCC). Among these, the gold ores of the Jiaodong Peninsula, Shandong Province, eastern NCC, represent the largest gold district in China. However, the genesis of these important gold mineralizations has remained controversial, notably their relationships to widespread mafic magmatism of alkaline affinity.The ore bodies of the Guocheng gold deposit on the Jiaodong Peninsula are fracture-controlled, sulfide-rich veins and disseminations, formed contemporaneously with abundant dolerite, lamprophyre and monzonite dikes at ca. 120 Ma. Dolerite dikes possess mantle-like major element compositions and alkaline affinity, associated with prominent subduction-type trace element enrichments. The dikes show petrographic and chemical evidence of magma mixing that triggered exsolution of magmatic sulfide and anhydrite crystallization, preserved as primary inclusions in phenocrysts. LA-ICP-MS analysis of magmatic sulfide inclusions demonstrates that metal abundance ratios (Ag, As, Au, Bi, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn) largely correspond to those of both unaltered bulk rock and bulk ore. Together with identical Pb isotope ratios of dolerite and bulk ore, this demonstrates that gold mineralization and dolerite dikes share a common source.Lead isotope signatures of the ore sulfides are much less radiogenic (17.08 < ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb < 17.25, 15.41 <²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb < 15.45, 37.55 < ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb < 37.93) relative to the Pb signature of Phanerozoic convecting mantle and plot to the left of the Geochron and above the MORB-source mantle Pb evolution line. Forward Monte Carlo simulations indicate three events for the U–Th–Pb isotope evolution: (1) late Archean formation of juvenile crust is followed by (2) subduction of this aged crust at ca. 1.85 Ga along with the assembly of Jiao–Liao–Ji mobile belt (suture within Columbia supercontinent). This late-Archean subducted crust released fluids with drastically reduced U/Pb that metasomatized the overlying depleted mantle, which formed cratonic lithospheric mantle. This metasomatized lithospheric mantle was (3) tapped in response to early Cretaceous extensional tectonics affecting notably the eastern margin of the NCC to generate mafic magmas and associated gold mineralization at Guocheng. Similarly non-radiogenic uranogenic Pb isotope data characterize the contemporaneous mafic dikes and gold deposits in the entire Jiaodong Peninsula, suggesting that our genetic model applies to the entire Jiaodong gold district.We propose that early Cretaceous melting of subcontinental lithospheric mantle metasomatized by subduction fluids during Paleoproterozoic amalgamation of terranes to the eastern NCC along with Columbia supercontinent assembly generated mafic magmatism and associated gold deposits. Given the conspicuous association of Phanerozoic hydrothermal ore deposits associated with reactivated Paleoproterozoic mobile belts, we envisage that our genetic model, which largely corresponds to that which is proposed for the Bingham porphyry-Cu–Au–Mo deposit, USA, may explain much of the magmatic-hydrothermal activity and associated ore formation all around the NCC.     

Early Cretaceous gold mineralization in the Lesser Xing’an Range of NE China: the Yongxin example

ABSTRACT

The northern Lesser Xing’an Range in NE China hosts many gold deposits. However, genesis and tectonic background for the mineralization remain unclear. The newly discovered Yongxin gold deposit in this region provides a good example for understanding the related issues. Two economic orebodies have been recognized at Yongxin and they are mainly hosted in the hydrothermal breccias. Zircon U–Pb ages of granite porphyry and diorite porphyry are 119.3 ± 0.7 Ma and 119.9 ± 0.6 Ma, respectively. These data provide constraints to the upper limit of ore-forming age. The δ³⁴S values of pyrite from orebodies range from 2.3‰ to 5.1‰. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of the pyrite are of 18.126–18.255, 15.492–15.537 and 37.880–38.019, respectively. The δ¹⁸O_H2O and δD values of ore-forming fluids range from ?12.5‰ to 1.8‰ and from ?124.8‰ to ?102.1‰, respectively. The REE compositions of gold-bearing pyrite are similar to those of the volcanic rocks of the Longjiang formation, diorite porphyry and granite porphyry. The combined geological, geochronological and geochemical characteristics of the Yongxin gold deposit indicate that the ore-forming materials were likely sourced from the volcanic rocks of the Longjiang formation, diorite porphyry and granite porphyry, whereas the ore-forming fluids are dominated by meteoric water. The Yongxin gold deposit could be a product of the Early Cretaceous large-scale gold mineralization in northeast China which occurred in an extensional tectonic setting and were related to the rollback of the subducted Paleo-Pacific Oceanic Plate beneath the continental margin of northeast China.     

胶东半岛烟台地区杏山北钼矿床地质特征及其找矿预测

杏山北钼矿床为胶东半岛一典型矽卡岩型钼矿床,位于著名牟平乳山金成矿带和蓬莱栖霞金成矿带之间,区域上位于胶东辽东钼成矿带,具有较好的成矿地质条件。通过对比胶东地区其他典型钼矿床地质特征,认为胶东半岛钼矿床存在两期成矿时代;矽卡岩型矿床主要受近EW向断裂构造控制,斑岩型矿床主要受近EW向与NE向断裂复合构造控制。通过物探异常预测,认为杏山北钼矿床深部是寻找矽卡岩型和斑岩型铜钼矿床的有利部位。     

上黑龙江盆地虎拉林金矿床硫、铅同位素特征及其成因探讨

虎拉林矿床位于中亚造山带东段额尔古纳地块之上,处于上黑龙江盆地西侧,东与砂宝斯、老沟等金矿床相邻。矿床载金矿物主要为薄膜状、粒状及脉状黄铁矿,成矿与早白垩世花岗斑岩、石英斑岩及隐爆角砾岩有密切联系。在对矿床详尽的野外工作基础上,通过对金属硫化物硫、铅同位素分析研究,探讨成矿物质来源,揭示矿床成矿规律。研究结果表明,上黑龙江盆地虎拉林矿床矿石及围岩中黄铁矿δ34SV-CDT分布于0.7‰~2.2‰,平均为1.18‰,集中于1.0‰左右,呈塔式分布,显示主要为岩浆硫特征;铅同位素206Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、208Pb/204Pb值分别为18.468~18.511、15.578~15.625、38.215~38.370,分布范围较小,且具有造山带铅特征。铅同位素μ值为9.41~9.50,均小于9.58;ω值为35.04~35.93,均值35.49,小于正常铅ω值;Th/U为3.60~3.66,显示出具有壳幔混源特征;在铅同位素构造环境判别图中,显示出具有下地壳部分熔融的特征;Δγ-Δβ图解显示矿床铅来源于上地壳与地幔混合带俯冲岩浆作用成因的铅同位素源区。综合矿床类型、矿体产出特征、矿体及围岩硫、铅同位素特征认为,虎拉林金矿区成矿物质主要来源于下地壳物质熔融形成的深部岩浆,同时存在上地幔与上地壳部分熔融物质的参与,成矿过程与早白垩世岩浆活动关系密切,形成于蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋闭合后伸展环境背景下。     

Genesis of the Wulong gold deposit,Liaoning Province,NE China:Constrains from noble gases,radiogenic and stable isotope studies

TheWulong lode deposit contains over 80 tonnes of gold with an average grade of 5.35 g/t.It is one of the largest deposits in Dandong City,Liaoning Province in northeast China.Previous studies on the deposit focused on its geological characteristics,geochemistry,fluid inclusions,and the timing of gold mineralization.However,controversy remains regarding the origin of the ore-forming fluids and metals,and the genesis of the gold deposit.This paper presents zircon UePb and pyrite RbeSr ages and S,Pb,He,and Ar isotopic results along with quartz H and O isotopic data for all litho-units associated with the deposit.Laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry measurements yielded zircon UePb dates for samples of pre-mineralization rocks like granite porphyry dike,the Sanguliu granodiorite,fine-grained diorite,and syn-mineralization diorite,as well as post-mineralization dolerite,and lamprophyre;their emplacement ages are 126
1 Ma,124
1 Ma,123
1 Ma,120
1 Ma,119
2 Ma,and 115
2 Ma,respectively.The pyrite RbeSr isochron age is 119
1 Ma,indicating that both magmatism and mineralization occurred during the Early Cretaceous.The d18OH2O values of ore-forming hydrothermal fluids from the quartzepolymetallic sulfide vein stage vary from 4.8&to 6.5&,and the dDV-SMOW values are between67.7&and75.9&,indicating that the ore-forming fluids were primarily magmatic.The noble gas isotope compositions of fluid inclusions hosted in pyrite suggest that the ore-forming fluids were dominantly derived from crustal sources with minor mantle input.Sulfur isotopic values of pyrite vary between 0.2&and 3.5&,suggesting that S was derived from a homogeneous magmatic source or possibly from fluids derived from the crust.The Pb isotopic compositions of sulfides(207Pb/204Pb?15.51 e15.71,206Pb/204Pb?17.35e18.75,208Pb/204Pb?38.27e40.03)indicate that the Pb of the Wulong gold deposit is a mixture of crust and mantle components.Geochronological and geochemical data,together with the regional geological history,indicate that Early Cretaceous magmatism and mineralization of the Wulong gold deposit occurred during the rollback of the subducting Paleo-Pacific Plate,which resulted in lithospheric thinning and the destruction of the North China Craton(NCC),which indicates that the deposit is of magmaticehydrothermal origin.     

河南围山城金银成矿带铅同位素地球化学及矿床成因

桐柏山区的围山城金银成矿带包括破山特大型银矿、银洞坡大型金矿、银洞岭大型银多金属矿床及一些矿点,所有矿床赋存于上元古界歪头山组地层,并具有层控特征。矿石矿物的铅同位素组成为²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=16.753~17.216,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.417~15.638,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=38.251~39.050;与歪头山组地层的铅同位素组成一致,而与桐柏地区的其他地层、岩体差别较大,表明成矿物质来自赋矿地层歪头山组。围山城成矿带应属于典型的层控造山型金银成矿系统,它形成于中生代扬子与华北板块的陆陆碰撞造山过程,碰撞造山期间的下插板片变质脱水诱发了矿带内流体成矿系统的发育,强烈的流体-岩石相互作用使歪头山组内的成矿物质被萃取、迁移、聚集到碳质绢云片岩层。     

Isotope geochemistry and geochronology of the Niujuan silver deposit,northern North China Craton: Implications for magmatism and metallogeny in an extensional tectonic setting

The Niujuan breccia-type silver deposit forms part of the North Hebei metallogenic belt along the northern margin of the North China Craton. The Hercynian Baiyingou coarse-grained granite and the Yanshanian Er’daogou fine-grained granite are the major Mesozoic intrusions exposed in this region. Here we investigate the salient characteristics of the mineralization and evaluate its genesis through zircon U-Pb and fluorite Sm-Nd age data, and Pb, S, O, H, He and Ar isotope data. The orebodies of the Niujuan silver deposit are hosted in breccias, which contain angular fragments of the Baiyingou and Er’daogou granitoids. The δ³⁴S values of pyrite from the silver mineralized veins range from 2.4‰ to 5.3‰. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of the sulfide minerals show ranges of 16.837–16.932, 15.420–15.501 and 37.599–37.950, respectively. The ³He/⁴He and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios of the fluids trapped in pyrite are 0.921–4.81Ra and 299.34–303.84, respectively. The δ¹⁸O and δ¹⁸D_w values of the ore-forming fluids range from 0.6‰ to −4.15‰ and from −119.4‰ to −98.7‰, respectively. Our isotopic data suggest that the ore-forming fluids were originally derived from the subvolcanic plutons and evolved into a mixture of magmatic and meteoric water during the main hydrothermal stage. The ore-forming materials were primarily derived from the lower crust with limited incorporation of mantle materials. The emplacement time of the Er’daogou granite is constrained by LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb geochronology at 145.5 ± 2.1 Ma. Five fluorite samples from the last hydrothermal stage yielded a Sm-Nd isochron age of 139.2 ± 3.8 Ma, indicating the upper age limit for the silver mineralization. These ages correlate with the formation of the Niujuan deposit in an extensional setting associated with the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific oceanic plate beneath the North China Craton.     

Sulfur and lead isotope geochemistry of hypogene mineralization at the Barite Hill Gold Deposit, Carolina Slate Belt, southeastern United States: a window into and through regional metamorphism

The Barite Hill gold deposit, at the southwestern end of the Carolina slate belt in the southeastern United States, is one of four gold deposits in the region that have a combined yield of 110 metric tons of gold over the past 10 years. At Barite Hill, production has dominantly come from oxidized ores. Sulfur isotope data from hypogene portions of the Barite Hill gold deposit vary systematically with pyrite–barite associations and provide insights into both the pre-metamorphic Late Proterozoic hydrothermal and the Paleozoic regional metamorphic histories of the deposit. The δ³⁴S values of massive barite cluster tightly between 25.0 and 28.0‰, which closely match the published values for Late Proterozoic seawater and thus support a seafloor hydrothermal origin. The δ³⁴S values of massive sulfide range from 1.0 to 5.3‰ and fall within the range of values observed for modern and ancient seafloor hydrothermal sulfide deposits. In contrast, δ³⁴S values for finer-grained, intergrown pyrite (5.1–6.8‰) and barite (21.0–23.9‰) are higher and lower than their massive counterparts, respectively. Calculated sulfur isotope temperatures for the latter barite–pyrite pairs (Δ=15.9–17.1‰) range from 332–355 °C and probably reflect post-depositional equilibration at greenschist-facies regional metamorphic conditions. Thus, pyrite and barite occurring separately from one another provide pre-metamorphic information about the hydrothermal origin of the deposit, whereas pyrite and barite occurring together equilibrated to record the metamorphic conditions. Preliminary fluid inclusion data from sphalerite are consistent with a modified seawater source for the mineralizing fluids, but data from quartz and barite may reflect later metamorphic and (or) more recent meteoric water input. Lead isotope values from pyrites range for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 18.005–18.294, for ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 15.567–15.645, and for ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 37.555–38.015. The data indicate derivation of the ore leads from the country rocks, which themselves show evidence for contributions from relatively unradiogenic, mantle-like lead, and more evolved or crustal lead. Geological relationships, and stable and radiogenic isotopic data, suggest that the Barite Hill gold deposit formed on the Late Proterozoic seafloor through exhalative hydrothermal processes similar to those that were responsible for the massive sulfide deposits of the Kuroko district, Japan. On the basis of similarities with other gold-rich massive sulfide deposits and modern seafloor hydrothermal systems, the gold at Barite Hill was probably introduced as an integral part of the formation of the massive sulfide deposit. Received: 17 August 1998 / Accepted: 12 October 2000     

Geochemistry of main types of gold deposits in shear zones, China

Shear zone-hosted gold deposits in China can be divided into four types:ductile,brittle-ductile,ductile-brittle and brittle,of which the ductile and brittle types are the basic ones.All these types of gold deposits have their own geochemical characteristics.The Hetai gold deposit in Guangdong Province,for example,is a mylonite-type gold deposit in a ductile shear zone.With increasing mylonitization,obvious changes took place in trace elements in minerals and rocks,enriching gold and mineralizing elements.The S and Pb isotope data indicated that the ore-forming materials were derived from the strata.Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic and fluid inclusion studies also implied that the ore-forming fluid was much closer to meteoric water from the early to the late ore-forming stage.The Linglong gold deposit,Shangdong Province,is a quartz-type gold deposit in a brittle shear zone.Changes in rocks,minerals and trace elements occurred in the process of f ormation of gold quartz veins,and the analytical results of S,Pb ,Hand O isotopes showed that ore deposition is connected not only with the Jiaodong Group,but also with anatexic granites.     

Geochemical studies of Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopes on the Guojialing granite suite: Implications to region Au mineralization in the Jiaodong ore-cluster region

Based on the systematic elemental and isotope geochemical study on the Guojialing granite that is closely related to the gold mineralization in the Jiaodong ore-cluster region, further understandings have been made regarding its genetic mechanism, source material and gold mineralization conditions of the Guojialing granites. The (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i values of Guojialing granite range from 0.7106 to 0.7120, and the εNd(t) from −18.1 to −13.2, respectively, which are similar to the initial SrNd isotopic compositions of those Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous granites widely distributed in the Sulu orogenic belt, indicating similar sources of these intrusions in both Jiaodong and Su-Lu regions. The values of (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i and(²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i of Guojialing granite are from 17.158–17.316, 15.453–15.478, respectively, indicating that the source of granites could be originated from mantle mixed with orogenic belt. The zircon Hf isotope of the Guojialing granite is decoupled from the Nd isotope of the whole rock, it has a zircon Hf model age(1979–3202 Ma) older than the full-rock Nd model age (1928 Ma). Compared to the full-rock Nd model age, the zircon Hf model age provides a more reliable age of crust-mantle differentiation and crust formation, suggesting that there is extensive crust deep-melting in the source area before the granitic magma activity, which was accompanied by strong Sm/Nd differentiation. Guojialing granite has similar characteristics to adakite, indicating that garnet is an important residual phase during magma formation. The formation of the Guojialing granite magma may be the partial melting of lithospheric mantle and thickened lower crust under eclogite facies, mixed with significant Neoarchaean crust or even Linglong granites when the magma upwelling. The Guojialing granite has high zircon Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ ratios with the average values of 1151.7 and 811.4 respectively, indicating that the Guojialing granite was formed in a high oxygen fugacity environment, where sulfur is mainly present in the form of SO or SO₂, which prevents the immiscibility of sulfides in the magma and avoids the removal of the sulfide metal elements. With crystallization differentiation, high oxygen fugitive magma will become a magma-hydrothermal fluid which is rich in sulfide metal elements, providing favorable material and environmental conditions for gold mineralization, thus favorably formed such giant gold deposit.     

胶东玲珑金矿黄铁矿的化学成分标型特征及其矿床学意义

玲珑金矿作为胶东地区一个规模最大且最典型的石英脉型金矿,历经多年的开采,其保有储量已不足以支持持续生产,深部及边部找矿迫在眉睫。本文基于成因矿物学理论,通过矿物地球化学方法对矿区内的黄铁矿化学成分标型特征研究,结果表明:1)胶东玲珑金矿中黄铁矿为亏硫型,根据其N(S)/N(Fe)值变化趋势,显示其形成温度由成矿前期至成矿期最后到成矿后期逐渐降低。2)胶东玲珑金矿中黄铁矿为富As特征,可作为找矿标志之一;Fe、Cu、Pb三种元素整体上呈迁入状态,随着流体的进一步运移,热液中的HS-等组分逐渐流失,进而导致Au(HS)2-络合物失稳而分解,Fe2+、Fe3+被消耗形成黄铁矿,与此同时Au开始逐渐聚集并沉淀。3)黄铁矿的NiCo图解及As-Co-Ni三角相图显示,绝大部分黄铁矿都属于岩浆热液成因,黄铁矿w(Co)/w(Ni)均值为2.79,说明Au沉淀时的温度为中温。综上并结合区域地质、矿区地质特征及蚀变带特征,认为玲珑金矿床为"岩浆核杂岩"隆起-拆离带中的岩浆期后热液矿床。上述研究成果对玲珑金矿下一步的深部及边部找矿具一定的参考价值。     

云南富宁者桑金矿床硫铅同位素地球化学特征与成矿物质来源

者桑金矿床赋存于上二叠统吴家坪组沉积碎屑岩中,矿体受构造破碎带控制,呈似层状、透镜状产出,是滇东南金成矿带上一个典型的卡林型金矿床。硫铅同位素地球化学研究显示,沉积黄铁矿和热液硫化物(黄铁矿和毒砂)的δ34S值均为正值,变化范围较窄(8.4‰～11.3‰),与二叠纪沉积时期海水硫酸盐δ34S值一致,具有地层硫的特征。矿石中的硫主要通过地层中有机质与海水硫酸盐的热还原作用(TSR)提供。铅同位素组成中,206Pb/204Pb变化范围较宽,207Pb/204Pb和208 Pb/204 Pb较为稳定,计算获得的模式年龄变化范围大(-62～389Ma),甚至出现"负年龄",表明除正常铅外,还有较多的放射性成因铅的混入。铅主要来自于上地壳,有少量岩浆物质的混入。矿石与围岩的硫铅同位素具有一定的继承性,成矿物质主要来自地层。     

Implications of pyrite geochemistry for gold mineralisation and remobilisation in the Jiaodong gold district,northeast China

The Jiaodong gold district of eastern China, the largest gold producing district in China, is located on the eastern margin of the North China Craton. It consists of three mineralisation belts: the western Zhao-Ye belt, the middle Qixia belt, and the eastern Muping–Rushan (Muru) belt. Over 85% of mineralisation is hosted in the Zhao-Ye belt, which is bordered by the mantle-tapping Tan Lu fault zone. Pyrite crystals from three deposits in the Zhao-Ye belt and three deposits in the Muru belt were studied using a combination of optical petrography, bulk pyrite geochemistry, and in-situ laser ablation ICP-MS. Results show that although mineralisation is broadly similar between the two belts, there are significant differences in ore and gangue mineral textures, pyrite geochemistry, and style of gold mineralisation.Texturally, pyrite grains from the Zhao-Ye belt are generally cubic and do not exhibit zoning. In contrast, Muru pyrite grains are more often pyritohedral, commonly exhibit well-defined concentric zoning, and display textures in ore and gangue minerals indicative of open space growth. Bulk pyrite geochemistry suggests a distinct enrichment in Pb, Bi, Au, Ag and Te in the Zhao-Ye belt, whereas the Muru belt pyrite is significantly enriched in As, Cu and Co. In situ pyrite geochemistry indicates that Au and As are variably correlated in the Zhao-Ye belt, typically only exhibiting correlation at low Au concentrations. Most gold occurs as visible electrum along pyrite fractures and grain boundaries, with a minor generation of invisible gold formed through As-facilitated uptake into pyrite. In the Muru belt, Au and As have a strong correlation and there is limited occurrence of gold particles, indicating that most gold in the Muru belt is invisible gold contained in the crystal structure of As-rich pyrite.The differences in style of gold mineralisation between the belts indicates an inherent difference in timing of gold introduction: in the Zhao-Ye belt, the visible electrum accounting for most of the gold endowment is formed post-pyrite, whereas the invisible gold in the Zhao-Ye and Muru belts is formed syn-pyrite. The heterogeneity in gold distribution in the Jiaodong district is attributed to melting of metallogenically fertile Archean crust at the base of the well-endowed Zhao-Ye belt, and the lack of a similarly fertile source region beneath the Muru belt.     

胶东唐家沟金矿床独居石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素年代学及其地质意义

唐家沟金矿床是胶东地区牟平-乳山金矿带内一典型石英脉型金矿床。矿体产出于昆嵛山岩体与古元古代荆山群变质岩接触带附近的昆嵛山岩体中,受唐家沟断裂及其次级北东向断裂控制。矿体呈串珠状等间距分布,沿走向分支复合、膨胀夹缩现象明显。围岩昆嵛山二长花岗岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年结果为157.57±0.82Ma,含金石英脉中热液独居石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年结果为122.1±2.8Ma,代表了金矿的成矿时代。结合近年来已有成果,认为昆嵛山岩体是陆陆挤压碰撞环境下,地壳部分熔融形成的,与金成矿无直接关系,为成矿前构造-岩浆活动的产物;早白垩世,古太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲,构造体制由挤压向伸展转换,形成一套壳幔混合型花岗岩,成矿作用发生于岩浆作用晚期,时代集中于117-122Ma,为牟平-乳山成矿带成矿期构造-岩浆活动的代表;110-120Ma,胶东地区岩石圈强烈减薄,在伸展的构造环境下发育的三佛山岩体,与成矿无直接关系。     

金顶超大型铅锌矿床的成矿金属来源——来自铅同位素组成的制约

金顶矿床是世界著名的超大型铅锌矿床,其巨量的金属堆积引起许多学者对成矿金属来源的关注。前人通过铅同位素示踪研究,提出了成矿金属来自地幔、上地壳、下地壳及不同端员混合等不同认识。理论分析表明,这些观点认识的差异可能源于不同作者分析铅同位素数据存在测试误差。基于此,笔者在金顶矿床选择了7个代表性硫化物样品,再次进行了铅同位素分析。结果显示,矿床铅同位素组成为~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb=18.3945~18.4429、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb=15.6412~15.6583、~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb=38.6266~38.6772,在铅同位素演化模式图解(Zartman et al.,1979)中数据点分布集中,处于"造山带"和"上地壳"演化曲线之间,未显示出明显的线性分布特点,表明金顶矿床成矿金属来源主要为壳源;区域对比表明,金顶矿床明显比白秧坪矿带铅锌矿床贫放射性成因铅,而与区域VMS型矿床铅同位素组成更为接近,这表明金顶矿床与白秧坪矿带矿床有着不同的金属物源区,其金属可能来自盆地底部晚三叠世火山岩或其内早期的VMS矿化。     

胶东煌斑岩的地球化学特征及成因探讨

胶东金矿区煌斑岩脉广泛发育,这些煌斑岩具有高碱富钾、较高的铝含量、Ｍｇ＾＃值较大等特征,岩性相当于玄武质－玄武安山质的岩石组合。煌斑岩的Ｃｒ与Ｎｉ、Ｋ与Ｒｂ、Ｓｒ与Ｂａ呈现正相关性,其比值接近华北地块上地壳的值;煌斑岩全岩的δ＾１８Ｏ值和＾８７Ｓｒ／＾８６Ｓｒ值也较高,εＮｄ（ｔ）则呈较大的负值,表明煌斑岩的成岩物质来源与地壳有关。胶东群的两阶段部分熔融模式可以较好地解释这类煌斑岩的成因机制。     

黑龙江省东宁县五道沟金矿成矿流体特征及矿床成因

五道沟金矿位于太平岭金-铜多金属成矿带,矿体呈脉状赋存于下二叠统双桥子组碳质板岩中,并严格受NE向断裂控制。根据野外观察和岩相学研究,将五道沟金矿成矿划分为早期石英阶段、石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英-碳酸盐阶段3个阶段,其中石英-黄铁矿阶段为主要成矿阶段。石英流体包裹体显微测温和拉曼光谱分析表明,金成矿期流体为中低温、低盐度的含CO₂流体。氢氧同位素分析表明,成矿流体是岩浆水和大气降水的混合流体。黄铁矿微量元素特征表明矿区内黄铁矿为岩浆热液成因;矿石硫同位素数据显示其具有岩浆硫和地层硫的混合特征。铅同位素组成图上,矿石铅、围岩铅和岩浆岩铅三者呈线性关系,具有同源特征,矿石中²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb和²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb值明显高于围岩的相应值,暗示了矿石铅为围岩铅淋滤产物。矿石同位素特征表明双桥子组碳质板岩应为金矿矿源层。综合矿床地质特征、流体包裹体和H-O-S-Pb同位素分析,认为五道沟金矿为造山型金矿。